Manhua (traditional Chinese: 漫畫; simplified Chinese: 漫画; pinyin: Mànhuà) are Chinese comics originally produced in China. Fung Wan ( is a Manhua series in Hong Kong. It was the first manhua released by Ma Wing Shing in 1989 with the help of assistant Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Comics (via Latin from the Greek "" kōmikos, of or pertaining to "comedy" from kōmos "revel" China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Possibly due to their greater degree of artistic freedom of expression and closer international ties with Japan, Hong Kong and Taiwan have been the places of publication of most manhua thus far, often including Chinese translations of Korean manhwa and Japanese manga. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. Manhwa (manɦʷa is the general Korean term for Comics and print Cartoons (common usage also includes animated cartoons For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. ˈmɑŋgə is the Japanese word for Comics (sometimes called komikku コミック and print Cartoons In their modern form manga date from shortly
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History
The oldest surviving examples of Chinese drawings are stone reliefs from the 11th century B.C. and pottery from 5000 to 3000 B. Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River ( valley in the Neolithic era A relief is a Sculptured Artwork where a modeled form is raised (or alternatively lowered from a flattened background without being disconnected from it Pottery is the Ceramic ware made by potters It also refers to a group of materials that includes Earthenware, Stoneware C. Other examples include symbolic brush drawings from the Ming Dynasty, a satirical drawing titled "Peacocks" by the early Qing Dynasty artist Zhua Da, and a work called "Ghosts' Farce Pictures" from around 1771 by Luo Liang-feng. The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China Chinese manhua was born in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, roughly during the years 1867 to 1927[1].
The introduction of lithographic printing methods derived from the West was a critical step in expanding the art in the early 20th century. Lithography is a method for Printing using a plate or stone with a completely smooth surface Beginning in the 1870s, satirical drawings appeared in newspapers and periodicals. By the 1920s palm-sized picture books like Lianhuanhua were popular in Shanghai[2]. Lianhuanhua ( Chinese: 连环画 ( Simplified) 連環畫 ( Traditional) Pinyin: Liánhuánhuà or 連環圖 is a palm-size Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million They are considered the predecessor of modern day manhua.
One of the first magazines of satirical cartoons came from the United Kingdom entitled "The China Punch"[1]. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The first piece drawn by a person of Chinese nationality was "The Situation in the Far East" from Tse Tsan-Tai in 1899, printed in Japan. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Sun Yat-Sen established the Republic of China in 1911 using Hong Kong's manhua to circulate anti-Qing propaganda. Sun Yat-sen ( November 12, 1866 &ndash March 12, 1925) was a Chinese Revolutionary and political leader often REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China Some of the manhua that mirrored the early struggles of the transitional political and war periods were "The True Record" and "Renjian Pictorial"[1].
Up until the establishment of "Manhua Hui" in China 1927, all prior works were Lianhuanhua or loose collections of materials. Year 1927 ( MCMXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Lianhuanhua ( Chinese: 连环画 ( Simplified) 連環畫 ( Traditional) Pinyin: Liánhuánhuà or 連環圖 is a palm-size The first Chinese manhua magazine, "Shanghai Sketch" appeared in 1928[1]. Between 1934 and 1937 about 17 manhua magazines were published in Shanghai. This format would once again be put to propaganda use with the outbeak of the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Second Sino-Japanese War ( July 7, 1937 to September 9, 1945) was a major war fought between the Republic of China and the By the time the Japanese occupied Hong Kong in 1941, all manhua activities had stopped. The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began after the Governor of Hong Kong, Sir Mark Young surrendered the territory of Hong Kong to Japan on 25 December With the defeat of the Japanese in 1945, political mayhem between Chinese Nationalists and Communists took place. The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the One of the critical manhua, "This Is a Cartoon Era" by Renjian Huahui made note of the political backdrop at the time[1].
The turmoil in China continued into the 50s and 60s. The rise of Chinese immigration turned Hong Kong into the main manhua-ready market, especially with the baby boom generation of children. A baby boom is any period of greatly increased birth rate during a certain period and usually within certain geographical bounds and when the birth rate exceeds 2% of the population The most influential manhua magazine for adults was the 1956 "Cartoons World", which fueled the best-selling Uncle Choi. Uncle Choi (Chinese 財叔 was a popular Manhua in Hong Kong. The availability of Japanese and Taiwanese comics challenged the local industry, selling at a pirated bargain price of 10 cents[1]. Manhua like Old Master Q were needed to revitalize the local industry. Old Master Q ( is a popular Chinese Manhua created by Alfonso Wong.
The arrival of television in the 1970s was a changing point. Bruce Lee's films dominated the era and his popularity launched a new wave of Kung Fu manhua[1]. Bruce Lee ( November 27 1940 – July 20 1973 was an American-born Martial artist, Philosopher, instructor, Martial arts actor and the Kung fu and wushu are popular terms that have become synonymous with Chinese Martial arts. The explicit violence helped sell comic books, and the Government of Hong Kong intervened with the Indecent Publication Law in 1975[1]. The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China ( see pronunciation; conventional short Little Rascals was one of the pieces which absorbed all the social changes. Oriental Heroes is a popular Hong Kong -based Manhua created by writer Wong Yuk Long, a writer responsible for also creating a number of other The materials would also bloom in the 90s with work like McMug and three-part stories like "Teddy Boy", "Portland Street" and "Red Light District"[1]. McMug ( is a Cartoon Pig who first appeared in Mingpao weekly magazine in 1988
Since the 1950s, Hong Kong's manhua market has been separate from that of mainland China. Hong Kong's transfer of sovereignty back to China in 1997 may signify a reunification of both markets. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders The transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China, often referred to as the Handover Depending on how cultural materials are to be handled, especially via self-censorship, the much larger audience in the mainland can be beneficial to both. Self-censorship is the act of censoring or classifying one's own work ( Blog, Book (s Film (s or other means of expression out
Terminology
In 1925, the political work of Feng Zi-Kai published a collection entitled "Zi-Kai Manhua" in "Wenxue Zhoubao" (Literature Weekly)[2]. While the term "Manhua" had existed before when borrowed from Japanese "manga", this particular publication took precedence over the many other description of cartoon arts that came before it[1]. As a result the term manhua became associated with Chinese comic materials. The Chinese characters for manhua are identical for those used in Japanese manga, Korean manhwa, and Vietnamese manhoa. A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese ( ˈmɑŋgə is the Japanese word for Comics (sometimes called komikku コミック and print Cartoons In their modern form manga date from shortly Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. Manhwa (manɦʷa is the general Korean term for Comics and print Cartoons (common usage also includes animated cartoons Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially
Categories
Before the official terminology was established, the art form were known by several names. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders [1]
| English | Pinyin | Chinese (traditional/simplified) |
|---|---|---|
| Allegorical Pictures | Rúyì Huà | 如意畫 / 如意画 |
| Satirical Pictures | Fĕngcì Huà | 諷刺畫 / 讽刺画 |
| Political Pictures | Zhèngzhì Huà | 政治畫 / 政治画 |
| Current Pictures | Shíshì Huà | 時事畫 / 时事画 |
| Reporting Pictures | Bàodǎo Huà | 報導畫 / 报导画 |
| Recording Pictures | Jìlù Huà | 紀錄畫 / 纪录画 |
| Amusement Pictures | Huáji Huà | 滑稽畫 / 滑稽画 |
| Comedy Pictures | Xiào Huà | 笑畫 / 笑画 |
Today's manhua are simply distinguished by four categories. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use
| English |
|---|
| Satirical and political manhua |
| Comical manhua |
| Action manhua |
| Children's manhua |
Characteristics
Modern Chinese-style manhua characteristics is credited to the breakthrough art work of the 1982 Chinese Hero[1]. Chinese Hero ( is a popular Manhua created by Chinese artist Ma Wing Shing. Chinese Hero ( is a popular Manhua created by Chinese artist Ma Wing Shing. It had innovative, realistic drawings with details resembling real people. Most manhua work from the 1800s to the 1930s contained characters that appeared serious. The cultural openness in Hong Kong brought the translation of American Disney characters like Mickey Mouse and Pinocchio in the 1950s, demonstrating western influence in local work like "Little Angeli" in 1954. Mickey Mouse is a comic animal Cartoon character who has become an icon for The Walt Disney Company. Pinocchio (piˈnɔkːjo in Italian is a fictional character that first appeared in 1883, in The Adventures of Pinocchio by Carlo Collodi, and The influx of translated Japanese manga of the 60s, as well as televised anime in Hong Kong also made a significant impression. ˈmɑŋgə is the Japanese word for Comics (sometimes called komikku コミック and print Cartoons In their modern form manga date from shortly (anime in Japanese, Unlike manga, manhua comes in full color with some panels rendered entirely in painting.
Lists
References
- Wai-ming Ng (2003) "Japanese Elements in Hong Kong Comics: History, Art, and Industry". This is a list of Manhua ordered by year then alphabetical order and shown with region and author This is a list of Manhua publishers around the world United States ComicsOne DrMaster International Journal of Comic Art. International Journal of Comic Art is a journal of Comic art published biannually 5 (2). 184-193.
Footnotes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Wong, Wendy Siuyi. [2002] (2001) Hong Kong Comics: A History of Manhua. Hong Kong Comics A History of Manhua is a reference book on Hong Kong comics. Princeton Architectural Press, New York. The Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University. ISBN 1-56898-269-0
- ^ a b Lent, John A. [2001] (2001) Illustrating Asia: Comics, Humor Magazines, and Picture Books. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0824824717
See also
- Chinese art
- Hong Kong Comics: A History of Manhua
- Lianhuanhua
- Ani-Com Hong Kong
- Chinese Animation
- Anime
- Manga (Japanese comics)
- Manhwa (Korean comics)
External links
Chinese art ( Chinese: 中國藝術/中国艺术 has varied throughout its ancient history, divided into periods by the ruling Dynasties of China and changing Hong Kong Comics A History of Manhua is a reference book on Hong Kong comics. Lianhuanhua ( Chinese: 连环画 ( Simplified) 連環畫 ( Traditional) Pinyin: Liánhuánhuà or 連環圖 is a palm-size Chinese animation ( are Animations from China, including the regions Mainland China, and Hong Kong. (anime in Japanese, ˈmɑŋgə is the Japanese word for Comics (sometimes called komikku コミック and print Cartoons In their modern form manga date from shortly Manhwa (manɦʷa is the general Korean term for Comics and print Cartoons (common usage also includes animated cartoonsDapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic