Mange (from Middle English manjeue, from Old French manjue, from mangier, meaning to eat)^[1] is a parasitic infestation of the skin of animals. Middle English is the name given by Historical linguistics to the diverse forms of the English language spoken between the Norman invasion of Old French was the Romance Dialect continuum spoken in territories which span roughly the northern half of modern France and parts of modern Belgium Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between Organisms of different Species. The skin is the outer covering of living tissue of an animal (or plant Common symptoms include hair loss, itching and inflammation, all of which are caused by microscopic mites. Hair is a keratinised protein filament that grows through the epidermis from follicles deep within the Dermis. Inflammation ( Latin, inflamatio, to set on fire is the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli such as Pathogens Mites, along with Ticks belong to the subclass Acarina (also known as Acari and the class Arachnida Mites are among the most diverse and successful Mange is most commonly found in dogs and other canines, but it can occur in other domestic and wild animals. The dog ( Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated Subspecies of the gray wolf, a Mammal of the Canidae family of the order The Canidae (ˈkænədiː ′kanə′dē family is a part of the order Carnivora within the Mammals (Class Mammalia

Similar skin infestations in humans are not usually called mange but Demodicosis which may have a rosacea-like appearance. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus Rosacea (rəʊˈzeɪʃə is a common but often misunderstood condition that is estimated to affect over 45 million people worldwide ^[2]

The mites embed themselves in the hair follicles or skin, depending on the type. A hair follicle is part of the Skin that grows Hair by packing old cells together The skin is the outer covering of living tissue of an animal (or plant Both detection and treatment can be difficult and generally require consultation with a veterinarian.

Two types of mites produce canine mange, and each type has characteristic symptoms.

Demodectic mange

Demodex canis

Also called demodicosis or Red Mange, demodectic mange in dogs is caused by a sensitivity to and overpopulation of Demodex canis as the animal's immune system is unable to keep the mites in check. Demodex is a Genus of tiny parasitic Mites that live in or near Hair follicles of Mammals About 65 species of Demodex This is a mite that occurs naturally in the hair follicles of most dogs in low numbers around the face and other areas of the body. Mites, along with Ticks belong to the subclass Acarina (also known as Acari and the class Arachnida Mites are among the most diverse and successful In most dogs, these mites never cause problems. However, in certain situations, such as an under-developed or impaired immune system, intense stress, or malnutrition, the mites can reproduce rapidly, causing symptoms in sensitive dogs that range from mild irritation and hair loss on a small patch of skin to severe and widespread inflammation, secondary infection, and — in rare cases — a life-threatening condition. An immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an Organism that protects against Disease by identifying and killing Pathogens and Tumor Malnutrition is a general term for a medical condition caused by an improper or insufficient diet. Small patches of demodicosis often correct themselves over time as the dog's immune system matures, although treatment is usually recommended.

Minor cases of demodectic mange usually do not cause much itching but might cause pustules on the dog's skin, redness, scaling, hair loss, or any combination of these. It most commonly appears first on the face, around the eyes, or at the corners of the mouth, and on the forelimbs and paws.

A dog with skin irritation and hair loss on its front leg caused by mange

In the more severe form, hair loss can occur in patches all over the body and might be accompanied by crusting, pain, enlarged lymph nodes, and deep skin infections.

Demodectic mange is not generally contagious to people, other animals, or even other dogs (except from mother to pup); these mites thrive only on very specific hosts (dogs) and transmission usually occurs only from the mother to nursing puppies during the first few days after birth. The transmission of these mites from mother to pup is normal (which is why the mites are normal inhabitants of the dog's skin), but some individuals are sensitive to the mites, which can lead to the development of demodectic mange.

Some breeds appear to have an increased risk of mild cases as young dogs, including the Afghan Hound, American Staffordshire Terrier, Boston Terrier, Boxer, Chihuahua, Shar Pei, Collie, Dalmatian, Doberman Pinscher, Bulldog, German Shepherd Dog, Great Dane, Old English Sheepdog, American Pit Bull Terrier, West Highland White Terrier, Rat Terrier, and Pug. The Afghan Hound is a very old Sighthound Dog breed. Distinguished by its thick fine The American Staffordshire Terrier is a breed of Dog. The breed is a relative of the American Pit Bull Terrier. The Boston Terrier is a breed of Dog of the Terrier dog type, originating in the United States of America. Developed in Germany the Boxer is a breed of stocky medium-sized short-haired Dog. The (Chihuahueño is the smallest breed of Dog in the world and is named after the state of Chihuahua in Mexico. The Shar Pei or Chinese Shar-Pei is a breed of Dog known for its distinctive features of deep wrinkles and a blue-black tongue For the Rough Collie and Smooth Collie see their separate articles or for information on both see Scotch Collie. The Bulldog, colloquially known as the British Bulldog or English Bulldog, is a medium-size breed of Dog that originated in England The German Shepherd Dog ( GSD) (Deutscher Schäferhund is a breed of large-sized dog that originates from Germany. The Great Dane, Danish Hound, or German Mastiff, is a breed of Domestic dog ( The The American Pit Bull Terrier was first recognized by the United Kennel Club (UKC in the late 19th century West Highland White Terriers, commonly known as Westies, are a breed of Dog known for their distinctive http//enwikipediaorg/wiki/WikipediaWikiProject_Dog_breeds#Infobox_Dogbreed_template for full explanation The Pug is a small breed of Dog with a wrinkly short muzzled face. There is strong evidence that a predilection for juvenile demodectic mange is inherited, and those suffering from this form should not be bred.

A juvenile coyote (Canis latrans) with severe hair loss from mange in a yard in Southern California

Demodectic mange also occurs in other domestic and wild animals. The coyote (kaɪˈoʊti ˈkaɪoʊt ( Canis latrans) also known as the prairie wolf, is a Mammal of the order Carnivora The mites are specific to their hosts, and each mammal species is host to one or two unique species of Demodex mites. There are two types of Demodectic mange in cats. Demodex cati causes follicular mange, similar to that seen in dogs, though it is much less common. Demodex gatoi is a more superficial form of mange, causes an itchy skin condition, and is contagious amongst cats.

Treatment

Minor, localized cases are often treated with medicated shampoos and not treated with agents aimed at killing mites as these infestations often resolve within several weeks in young dogs. Shampoo is a Hair care product used for the removal of oils, dirt skin particles Dandruff, environmental pollutants and other contaminant particles that

Demodectic mange with secondary infection is treated with antibiotics and medicated shampoos as well as parasiticidal agents. In modern usage an antibiotic is a Chemotherapeutic agent with activity against Microorganisms such as Bacteria, fungi or Protozoa Amitraz is a parasiticidal rinse that is licensed for use in many countries for treating canine demodicosis. Amitraz is an antiparasitic drug Product names include Aazdieno Acarac Aludex Amitraze Avartin Baam Edrizan Maitac Mitac Mitaban Triatox Triatix Vapcozin Taktic Triazid It is applied weekly or biweekly, for several weeks, until no mites can be detected by skin scrapings.

Demodectic mange in dogs can also be managed with ivermectins, although there are few countries which license these drugs, which are given by mouth, daily, for this use. Ivermectin (2223-dihydroavermectin B1a + 2223-dihydroavermectin B1b is a broad-spectrum Antiparasitic medication traditionally used against Worms Ivermectin is used most frequently; collie-like herding breeds often do not tolerate this drug due to a defect in the blood-brain barrier, though not all of them have this defect. For the Rough Collie and Smooth Collie see their separate articles or for information on both see Scotch Collie. Other avermectin drugs that can be used include doramectin and milbemycin. Treatment and control of internal parasitosis (gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematodes ticks and mange (and other

Cats with Demodex gatoi must be treated with weekly or bi-weekly sulfurated lime rinses. Demodex cati is treated similarly to canine demodicosis.

Sarcoptic mange

Sarcoptes scabiei

Also known as canine scabies, sarcoptic mange is a highly contagious infestation of Sarcoptes scabiei canis, a burrowing mite. Scabies is a transmissible ectoparasite Skin Infection characterized by superficial Burrows intense pruritus (itching and Secondary Mites, along with Ticks belong to the subclass Acarina (also known as Acari and the class Arachnida Mites are among the most diverse and successful The canine sarcoptic mite can also infest humans and cats, pigs, horses, sheep and various other species.

Puppy with Sarcoptic mange

These mites dig into and through the skin, causing intense itching and crusting that can quickly become infected. An infection is the detrimental Colonization of a host Organism by a foreign Species. Hair loss and crusting frequently appear first on elbows and ears. Skin damage can occur from the dog's intense scratching and biting and secondary skin infection is common. Dogs with chronic sarcoptic mange are often in poor condition.

Treatment

Affected dogs need to be isolated from other dogs and their bedding, and places they have occupied must be thoroughly cleaned. Other dogs in contact with a diagnosed case should be evaluated and treated.

There are a number of parasiticidal treatments useful in treating canine scabies. Sulfurated lime rinses applied weekly or bi-weekly are effective. Selamectin is licensed for treatment by veterinary prescription in several countries; it is applied as a drip-on directly to the skin. Selamectin is the active ingredient in the prescription drug Revolution (manufactured by Pfizer Canada. Unlicensed, but frequently used, ivermectin, given by mouth for two to four weekly treatments; this drug is not safe to use on some collie-like herding dogs, however. Ivermectin (2223-dihydroavermectin B1a + 2223-dihydroavermectin B1b is a broad-spectrum Antiparasitic medication traditionally used against Worms A herding dog is a type of Pastoral dog that either has been trained in Herding or belongs to a breed developed for herding Other avermectin drugs are also effective, but none is licensed for use on dogs.

Diagnosis

Veterinarians usually attempt diagnosis with skin scrapings from multiple areas, which are then examined under a microscope for mites. A veterinarian ( American English) or a Veterinary surgeon ( British English) often shortened to vet, is a Physician A microscope ( Greek: ( micron) = small + ( skopein) = to look or see is an instrument for viewing objects that are Sarcoptes, because they may be present in relatively low numbers, and because they are often removed by dogs chewing at themselves, may be difficult to demonstrate. As a result, diagnosis in Sarcoptic mange is often based on symptoms rather than actual confirmation of the presence of mites. A common and simple way of determining if a dog has mange is if it displays what is called a "Pedal-Pinna reflex", which is when the dog moves one of its hind legs in a scratching motion as the ear is being manipulated and scratched gently by the examiner; because the mites proliferate on the ear margins in nearly all cases at some point, this method works over 95% of the time. A reflex action, also known as a reflex, is an involuntary and almost instant movement in response to stimulus. ^[3] It is helpful in cases where all symptoms of mange are present but no mites are observed with a microscope. In some countries, a serologic test is available that may be useful in diagnosis.

For demodectic mange, properly performed deep skin scrapings generally allow the veterinarian to identify the microscopic mites. However because the mite is a normal inhabitant of the dog's skin, the presence of the mites does not conclusively mean the dog suffers from demodex. Rather abnormally high numbers of the mite are more useful. In breeds such as the West Highland White Terrier, relatively minor skin irritation which would otherwise be considered allergy should be carefully scraped because of the predilection of these dogs to demodectic mange. Skin scrapings may be used to follow the progress of treatment in demodectic mange.

See also

• Cheyletiellosis

References

• Carroll, David L. (2001). ASPCA Complete Guide to Pet Care. The Penguin Group. ISBN 0-7394-1960-9
• Marder, Amy V. M. D. (1997). The Complete Dog Owner's Manual. Fog City Press. ISBN 1-74089-313-1
• Siegal, Mordecai (Ed. , 1995). UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine Book of Dogs. Harper Collins. ISBN 0-06-270136-3
• Medleau, Linda; Keith A Hnilica (2006). Small Animal Dermatology A Color Atlas and Therapeutic Guide. St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 0-7216-2825-7.  
• Scott, Danny W. ; William H. Miller, Jr; Craig E Griffin (2001). Muller & Kirk's Small Animal Dermatology 6th Edition. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Company. ISBN 0-7216-7618-9.  
• Red Mange (Demodicosis) on Veterinary Partner
• Demodectic mange in cats on Veterinary Partner
• Sarcoptic Mange on Veterinary Partner
• Sarcoptic Mange in the Pet Health Library