|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| General | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name, symbol, number | manganese, Mn, 25 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical series | transition metals | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Group, period, block | 7, 4, d | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appearance | silvery metallic |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Standard atomic weight | 54.938045(5) g·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electron configuration | [Ar] 4s2 3d5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 13, 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Physical properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Phase | solid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Density (near r.t.) | 7. Chromium (ˈkroʊmiəm is a Chemical element which has the symbol Cr and Atomic number 24 Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Technetium (tɛkˈniːʃɪəm is the lightest Chemical element with no Stable isotope. This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In Chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings It commonly refers to any element in In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic See also A period 4 element is one of the Chemical elements in the fourth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. The d-block of the periodic table of the elements consists of those Periodic table groups that contain elements in which in the atomic ground state the highest-energy The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various Mass levels between 10&minus36&thinsp kg and 1053&thinspkg Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other This article pertains to the chemical element For other uses see Argon (disambiguation. The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 21 g·cm−3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Liquid density at m.p. | 5. Kilogram per cubic metre is the SI measure of Density and is represented as kg/m³ where kg stands for Kilogram and m³ stands for Cubic metre The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 95 g·cm−3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Melting point | 1519 K (1246 °C, 2275 °F) |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Boiling point | 2334 K (2061 °C, 3742 °F) |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of fusion | 12. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of 91 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of vaporization | 221 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Specific heat capacity | (25 °C) 26. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 32 J·mol−1·K−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | cubic A12 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oxidation states | 7, 6, 5 [3], 4, 3, 2, 1 [4] (oxides: acidic, basic or amphoteric depending on the oxidation state) |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electronegativity | 1. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. The oxidation number of a central atom in a coordination compound is the charge that it would have if all the Ligands were removed along with the Electron pairs " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 55 (Pauling scale) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ionization energies (more) |
1st: 717. The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron These tables list the Ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove one mole of Electrons from one mole of neutral gaseous Atoms (first energy respectively 3 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd: 1509. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material 0 kJ·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd: 3248 kJ·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius | 140 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius (calc. Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth ) | 161 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Covalent radius | 139 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Miscellaneous | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Magnetic ordering | paramagnetic | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrical resistivity | (20 °C) 1. The covalent radius, r cov is a measure of the size of Atom which forms part of a Covalent bond. In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of Electric current. 44 µΩ·m | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal conductivity | (300 K) 7. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. 81 W·m−1·K−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal expansion | (25 °C) 21. When the Temperature of a substance changes the energy that is stored in the Intermolecular bonds between atoms changes 7 µm·m−1·K−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Speed of sound (thin rod) | (20 °C) 5150 m/s | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Young's modulus | 198 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bulk modulus | 120 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mohs hardness | 6. Sound is a vibration that travels through an elastic medium as a Wave. In Solid mechanics, Young's modulus (E is a measure of the Stiffness of an isotropic elastic material The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various Minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Brinell hardness | 196 MPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CAS registry number | 7439-96-5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selected isotopes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| References | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Manganese (pronounced /ˈmæŋgəniːz/) is a chemical element that is designated by the symbol Mn and has an atomic number of 25. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton It is found as the free element in nature (often in combination with iron), and in many minerals. The free element is a metal with important industrial metal alloy uses. Manganese ions are variously colored, and are used industrially as pigments and as oxidation chemicals. For the drug referred to as "pigment" see Black tar heroin. Manganese (II) ions function as cofactors for a number of enzymes; the element is thus a required trace mineral for all known living organisms. A cofactor is a non-protein Chemical compound that is bound (either tightly or loosely to an Enzyme and is required for Catalysis.
Contents |
Notable chemical characteristics
Manganese is a gray-white metal resembling iron. The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across It is a hard metal and is very brittle, fusible with difficulty, but easily oxidized. Manganese metal and its common ions are paramagnetic. Paramagnetism is a form of magnetism which occurs only in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field This means that, while manganese metal does not form a permanent magnet, it does exhibit strong magnetic properties in the presence of an external magnetic field.
The most common oxidation states of manganese are +2, +3, +4, +6 and +7, though oxidation states from +1 to +7 are observed. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. Mn2+ often competes with Mg2+ in biological systems, and manganese compounds where manganese is in oxidation state +7 are powerful oxidizing agents. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state
Industrially important compounds
Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl is used as an additive in unleaded gasoline to boost octane rating and reduce engine knocking. Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT is an Organometallic compound with the formula (CH3C5H4Mn(CO3 The octane rating is a measure of the resistance of Gasoline and other Fuels to Detonation ( Engine knocking) in spark-ignition Knocking (also called knock, detonation or spark knock, pinking in UK English or pinging in US English in spark-ignition The manganese in this unusual organometallic compound is in the +1 oxidation state.
The most stable oxidation state for manganese is +2, which has a pink to red color, and many manganese(II) compounds are known, such as manganese(II) sulfate (MnSO4) and manganese(II) chloride (MnCl2). Manganese(II sulfate is the Inorganic compound with the formula MnSO4 Manganese(II chloride describes a series of compounds with the formula Mn[[chloride Cl]]2(H2Ox where the value of x can be 0 2 or 4 This oxidation state is also seen in the mineral rhodochrosite, (manganese(II) carbonate). Rhodochrosite is a Manganese Carbonate Mineral with chemical composition MnCO3. Manganese carbonate is a compound with the Chemical formula Mn[[Carbon C]] O 3 The +2 oxidation state is the state use in living organisms for essential functions; all of the other states are much more toxic.
The +3 oxidation state is known, in compounds such as manganese(III) acetate, but these are quite powerful oxidizing agents. Manganese(III acetate or Manganese triacetate is an inorganic chemical that is usually found as the dihydrate and often smells of Acetic acid. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state
Manganese(IV) oxide (manganese dioxide, MnO2) is used as a reagent in organic chemistry for the oxidation of benzylic alcohols (i. Manganese(IV oxide is the Chemical compound MnO2 commonly called manganese dioxide. Organic chemistry is a discipline within Chemistry which involves the scientific study of the structure properties composition reactions, and preparation Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon e. adjacent to an aromatic ring). Manganese dioxide has been used since antiquity to oxidatively neutralize the greenish tinge in glass caused by trace amounts of iron contamination. Manganese(IV oxide is the Chemical compound MnO2 commonly called manganese dioxide. MnO2 is also used in the manufacture of oxygen and chlorine, and in drying black paints. In some preparations it is a brown pigment that can be used to make paint and is a constituent of natural umber. For the drug referred to as "pigment" see Black tar heroin. Paint is any Liquid, liquifiable or mastic composition which after application to a substrate in a thin layer is converted to an opaque Solid Umber is a natural brown Clay Pigment which contains Iron and Manganese Oxides The color becomes more intense when calcined (heated
Manganese(IV) oxide was used in the original type of dry cell battery as an electron acceptor from zinc, and is the blackish material found when opening carbon-zinc type flashlight cells. Manganese(IV oxide is the Chemical compound MnO2 commonly called manganese dioxide. A dry cell is a galvanic Electrochemical cell with a pasty low-moisture Electrolyte. In electronics a battery is a combination of two or more Electrochemical cells which store chemical Energy which can be converted into electrical energy The same material also functions in newer alkaline batteries (usually battery cells), which use the same basic reaction, but a different electrolyte mixture. Alkaline batteries are a type of disposable battery dependent upon the reaction between Zinc and Manganese (IV oxide ( Zn / Mn[[Oxygen
Manganese phosphating is used as a treatment for rust and corrosion prevention on steel. Parkerizing (also called phosphating and phosphatizing) is a method of protecting a Steel surface from Corrosion and increasing its resistance
Permanganate (+7 oxidation state) manganese compounds are purple, and can color glass an amethyst color. Potassium permanganate, sodium permanganate and barium permanganate are all potent oxidizers. Potassium permanganate is the Chemical compound K[[manganese Mn]] O 4 Sodium permanganate is the Inorganic compound with the formula Na[[manganese Mn]] O 4 Potassium permanganate, also called Condy's crystals, is a commonly used laboratory reagent because of its oxidizing properties and finds use as a topical medicine (for example, in the treatment of fish diseases). Potassium permanganate is the Chemical compound K[[manganese Mn]] O 4 Potassium permanganate is the Chemical compound K[[manganese Mn]] O 4 A reagent or reactant is a substance or compound consumed during a Chemical reaction. Solutions of potassium permanganate were among the first stains and fixatives to be used in the preparation of biological cells and tissues for electron microscopy[1].
Substitutes: Manganese has no satisfactory substitute in its major applications, which are related to metallurgical alloy use. In minor applications, (e. g. , manganese phosphating), zinc and sometimes vanadium are viable substitutes. Parkerizing (also called phosphating and phosphatizing) is a method of protecting a Steel surface from Corrosion and increasing its resistance Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 Vanadium (vəˈneɪdiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol V and Atomic number 23 In disposable battery manufacture, standard and alkaline cells using manganese will probably eventually be mostly replaced with lithium battery technology. Lithium batteries are not to be confused with lithium-ion batteries which are high energy-density rechargeable batteries Lithium batteries are
The overall level and nature of manganese use in the United States is expected to remain about the same in the near term. No practical technologies exist for replacing manganese with other materials or for using domestic deposits or other accumulations to reduce the complete dependence of the United States on other countries for manganese ore.
Metal alloys
Manganese is essential to iron and steel production by virtue of its sulfur-fixing, deoxidizing, and alloying properties. In Chemistry, a Pourbaix diagram, also known as a potential/pH diagram, maps out possible stable ( equilibrium) phases of an aqueous electrochemical system Steelmaking is the second step in producing Steel from Iron ore. A deoxidizer is a chemical used in a reaction or process to remove Oxygen. An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has Steelmaking, including its ironmaking component, has accounted for most manganese demand, presently in the range of 85% to 90% of the total demand. Steelmaking is the second step in producing Steel from Iron ore. Among a variety of other uses, manganese is a key component of low-cost stainless steel formulations and certain widely used aluminium alloys. In Metallurgy, stainless steel is defined as a Steel Alloy with a minimum of 11 WikipediaNaming
The metal is very occasionally used in coins; the only United States coins to use manganese were the "wartime" nickel from 1942–1945, and, since 2000, dollar coins. The United States five- cent Coin, commonly called a nickel, is a unit of Currency equaling one-twentieth or five hundredths of a Dollar coins have been minted in the United States in Gold, Silver, and Base metal versions The EU uses manganese in 1 and 2 Euro coins, due to greater and cheaper availability.
History
The origin of the name manganese is complex. In ancient times, two black minerals from Magnesia in what is now modern Greece were both called magnes, but were thought to differ in gender. Magnesia (Μαγνησία Magnisía, maɣniˈsia deriving from the tribe name Magnetes, is the name of the southeastern area of Thessaly The male magnes attracted iron, and was the iron ore we now know as lodestone or magnetite, and which probably gave us the term magnet. Lodestone or loadstone refers to either Magnetite, a Magnetic Mineral form of iron(II, Iron(III oxide Magnetite is not to be confused with Magnesite or Maghemite. Magnetite is a ferrimagnetic Mineral with chemical A magnet (from Greek grc μαγνήτης λίθος " Magnesian stone" is a material or object that produces a Magnetic field. The female magnes ore did not attract iron, but was used to decolorize glass. This feminine magnes was later called magnesia, known now in modern times as pyrolusite or manganese dioxide. Pyrolusite is a Mineral consisting essentially of Manganese dioxide ( Mn[[oxygen O]]2 and is important as an Ore of manganese Manganese(IV oxide is the Chemical compound MnO2 commonly called manganese dioxide. This mineral is never magnetic (although manganese itself is paramagnetic). Paramagnetism is a form of magnetism which occurs only in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field In the 16th century, the latter compound was called manganesum (note the two n's instead of one) by glassmakers, possibly as a corruption of two words since alchemists and glassmakers eventually had to differentiate a magnesia negra (the black ore) from magnesia alba (a white ore, also from Magnesia, also useful in glassmaking). Mercati called magnesia negra Manganesa, and finally the metal isolated from it became known as manganese (German: Mangan). The name magnesia eventually was then used to refer only to the white magnesia alba (magnesium oxide), which provided the name magnesium for that free element, when it was eventually isolated, much later. Magnesium (mægˈniːziəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Mg, Atomic number 12 Atomic weight 24 [3]
Manganese compounds were in use in prehistoric times; paints that were pigmented with manganese dioxide can be traced back 17,000 years. Manganese(IV oxide is the Chemical compound MnO2 commonly called manganese dioxide. The Egyptians and Romans used manganese compounds in glass-making, to either remove color from glass or add color to it. Manganese can be found in the iron ores used by the Spartans. The city of Sparta ( Doric Σπάρτα Attic Σπάρτη Some speculate that the exceptional hardness of Spartan steels derives from the inadvertent production of an iron-manganese alloy.
In the 17th century, German chemist Johann Glauber first produced permanganate, a useful laboratory reagent (although some people believe that it was discovered by Ignites Kaim in 1770). Johann Rudolf Glauber ( 1604 (? March 10 1670) a German - Dutch alchemist and Chemist. By the mid-18th century, manganese dioxide was in use in the manufacture of chlorine (which it produces when mixed with hydrochloric acid, or commercially with a mixture of dilute sulfuric acid and sodium chloride). Manganese(IV oxide is the Chemical compound MnO2 commonly called manganese dioxide. Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. The Swedish chemist Scheele was the first to recognize that manganese was an element, and his colleague, Johan Gottlieb Gahn, isolated the pure element in 1774 by reduction of the dioxide with carbon. Carl Wilhelm Scheele (9 December 1742 &ndash 21 May 1786 was a German - Swedish pharmaceutical chemist born in Stralsund, Western Pomerania, Johan Gottlieb Gahn (1745 &ndash 1818 was a Swedish Chemist who discovered Manganese in 1774 Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Around the beginning of the 19th century, scientists began exploring the use of manganese in steelmaking, with patents being granted for its use at the time. In 1816, it was noted that adding manganese to iron made it harder, without making it any more brittle. In 1837, British academic James Couper noted an association between heavy exposure to manganese in mines with a form of Parkinson's Disease. Parkinson's disease (also known as Parkinson disease or PD) is a degenerative disorder of the Central nervous system that often impairs the sufferer's In 1912, manganese phosphating electrochemical conversion coatings for protecting firearms against rust and corrosion were patented in the United States, and have seen widespread use ever since. Parkerizing (also called phosphating and phosphatizing) is a method of protecting a Steel surface from Corrosion and increasing its resistance
In the 20th century, manganese dioxide has seen wide commercial use as the chief cathodic material for commercial disposable dry cells and dry batteries of both the standard (carbon-zinc) and alkaline type. Manganese(IV oxide is the Chemical compound MnO2 commonly called manganese dioxide. A dry cell is a galvanic Electrochemical cell with a pasty low-moisture Electrolyte.
Biological role
Manganese is an essential trace nutrient in all forms of life.
The classes of enzymes that have manganese cofactors are very broad and include such classes as oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, ligases, lectins, and integrins. A cofactor is a non-protein Chemical compound that is bound (either tightly or loosely to an Enzyme and is required for Catalysis. In Biochemistry, an oxidoreductase is an Enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of Electrons from one molecule (the reductant, also called the hydrogen In Biochemistry, a transferase is an Enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a Functional group (e In Biochemistry, a hydrolase is an Enzyme that catalyzes the Hydrolysis of a Chemical bond. In Biochemistry, a lyase is an Enzyme that catalyzes the breaking of various Chemical bonds by means other than Hydrolysis and Oxidation In Biochemistry, an isomerase is an Enzyme that catalyses the structural rearrangement of Isomers Isomerases thus catalyze reactions of the form In Biochemistry, a ligase (from the Latin verb ligāre &mdash "to bind" or "to glue together" is an Enzyme that can catalyse Lectins are sugar-binding Proteins which are highly specific for their sugar Moieties. Integrins are Cell surface receptors that interact with the Extracellular matrix (ECM and mediate various intracellular signals. The reverse transcriptases of many retroviruses (though not lentiviruses such as HIV) contain manganese. In Biochemistry, a reverse transcriptase, also known as RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, is a DNA polymerase Enzyme that transcribes A retrovirus is any Virus belonging to the viral family Retroviridae. Lentivirus ( lenti-, Latin for " slow " is a Genus of slow Viruses of the Retroviridae family Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) is a Lentivirus (a member of the Retrovirus family that can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome The best known manganese-containing polypeptides may be arginase, the diphtheria toxin, and Mn-containing superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD). Peptides (from the Greek πεπτίδια, "small digestibles" are short Polymers formed from the linking in a defined order of α- Amino Arginase is a Manganese -containing Enzyme. The reaction catalyzed by this enzyme is Arginine + H2O → Ornithine + Diphtheria toxin is an Exotoxin secreted by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the Pathogen bacterium that causes Diphtheria. The enzyme superoxide dismutase ( SOD,) catalyzes the Dismutation of Superoxide into Oxygen and Hydrogen peroxide. Superoxide dismutase 2 mitochondrial, also known as SOD2, is a human Gene.
Mn-SOD is the type of SOD present in eukaryotic mitochondria, and also in most bacteria (this fact is in keeping with the bacterial-origin theory of mitochondria). The Mn-SOD enzyme is probably one of the most ancient, for nearly all organisms living in the presence of oxygen use it to deal with the toxic effects of superoxide, formed from the 1-electron reduction of dioxygen. Superoxide is the Anion O2&minus It is important as the product of the one-electron reduction of Dioxygen, which occurs widely in nature Exceptions include a few kinds of bacteria such as Lactobacillus plantarum and related lactobacilli, which use a different non-enzymatic mechanism, involving manganese (Mn2+) ions complexed with polyphosphate directly for this task, indicating how this function possibly evolved in aerobic life. Lactobacillus plantarum is a widespread member of the genus Lactobacillus, commonly found in Sauerkraut, pickles brined olives Korean Lactobacillus is a Genus of Gram-positive Facultative anaerobic or Microaerophilic Bacteria.
The human body contains about 10 mg of manganese,which is stored mainly in liver & kidneys.
Manganese is also important in photosynthetic oxygen evolution in chloroplasts in plants, which are also evolutionarily of bacterial origin. Oxygen evolution is the process of generating molecular Oxygen through Chemical reaction. Chloroplasts are Organelles found in Plant cells and eukaryotic Algae that conduct Photosynthesis. The oxygen evolving complex (OEC), a water-oxidizing enzyme contained in chloroplast membrane, and which is involved in the terminal photooxidation of water during the light reactions of photosynthesis, has a metalloenzyme core containing four atoms of manganese[4] For this reason, most broad-spectrum plant fertilizers contain manganese. The oxygen evolving complex, (OEC also known as the water-splitting complex is a water oxidizing enzyme involved in the photooxidation of water during the Light reactions Oxygen evolution is the process of generating molecular Oxygen through Chemical reaction. The initial stage of the photosynthetic system is the light-dependent reaction, which converts solar energy into Potential energy. Photosynthesis is a Metabolic pathway that converts Light Energy into Chemical energy.
Occurrence
Manganese occurs principally as pyrolusite (MnO2), braunite, (Mn2+Mn3+6SiO12), psilomelane (Ba(Mn2+)(Mn4+)8O16(OH)4), and to a lesser extent as rhodochrosite (MnCO3). Pyrolusite is a Mineral consisting essentially of Manganese dioxide ( Mn[[oxygen O]]2 and is important as an Ore of manganese Manganese(IV oxide is the Chemical compound MnO2 commonly called manganese dioxide. Braunite is a Silicate mineral containing both di- and tri-valent Manganese with the Chemical formula: Mn2+Mn3+6SiO12 Psilomelane, also known as black hematite, is a group name for hard black Manganese oxides such as hollandite and Romanechite. Rhodochrosite is a Manganese Carbonate Mineral with chemical composition MnCO3. Manganese carbonate is a compound with the Chemical formula Mn[[Carbon C]] O 3 Land-based resources are large but irregularly distributed; those of the United States are very low grade and have potentially high extraction costs. Over 80% of the known world manganese resources are found in South Africa and Ukraine. Other important manganese deposits are in China, Australia, Brazil, Gabon, India, and Mexico.
US Import Sources (1998-2001): Manganese ore: Gabon, 70%; South Africa, 10%; Australia, 9%; Mexico, 5%; and other, 6%. Ferromanganese: South Africa, 47%; France, 22%; Mexico, 8%; Australia, 8%; and other, 15%. Manganese contained in all manganese imports: South Africa, 31%; Gabon, 21%; Australia, 13%; Mexico, 8%; and other, 27%.
Manganese is mined in Australia, Burkina Faso and Gabon. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Burkina Faso (bɚˌkiːnəˈfɑːsoʊ burr-KEE-na FAH-soh) also known by its short-form name Burkina, is a Landlocked nation in West Africa Gabon (gəˈbɒn or /gaˈbõ/ in French) is a country in west central Africa sharing borders with Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, Republic
Vast quantities of manganese exist in manganese nodules on the ocean floor. Polymetallic nodules, also called manganese nodules, are rock concretions on the Sea bottom formed of concentric layers of Iron and Manganese "Ocean Floor" redirects here For the 2001 song by Audio Adrenaline, see Lift (Audio Adrenaline album. Attempts to find economically viable methods of harvesting manganese nodules were abandoned in the 1970s. This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970.
See also manganese minerals.
Isotopes
Naturally occurring manganese is composed of 1 stable isotope; 55Mn. Naturally occurring Manganese ( Mn) is composed of 1 stable Isotope; 55Mn Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides 18 radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being 53Mn with a half-life of 3. A radionuclide is an Atom with an unstable nucleus, which is a nucleus characterized by excess energy which is available to be imparted either to a newly-created Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page 7 million years, 54Mn with a half-life of 312. 3 days, and 52Mn with a half-life of 5. 591 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half lives that are less than 3 hours and the majority of these have half lives that are less than 1 minute. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. This element also has 3 meta states. A nuclear isomer is a Metastable state of an Atomic nucleus caused by the excitation of one or more of its Nucleons A nuclear isomer occupies
Manganese is part of the iron group of elements which are thought to be synthesized in large stars shortly before supernova explosion. Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 A star is a massive luminous ball of plasma. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun, which is the source of most of the Energy on Earth A supernova (plural supernovae or supernovas) is a stellar Explosion. 53Mn decays to 53Cr with a half-life of 3. Chromium (ˈkroʊmiəm is a Chemical element which has the symbol Cr and Atomic number 24 Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page 7 million years. Because of its relatively short half-life, 53Mn is an extinct radionuclide. A radionuclide is an Atom with an unstable nucleus, which is a nucleus characterized by excess energy which is available to be imparted either to a newly-created Manganese isotopic contents are typically combined with chromium isotopic contents and have found application in isotope geology and radiometric dating. Chromium (ˈkroʊmiəm is a Chemical element which has the symbol Cr and Atomic number 24 Isotope geochemistry is an aspect of Geology based upon study of the relative and absolute concentrations of the elements and their Isotopes in the Radiometric dating (often called radioactive dating) is a technique used to date materials usually based on a comparison between the observed abundance of a naturally occurring Mn-Cr isotopic ratios reinforce the evidence from 26Al and 107Pd for the early history of the solar system. WikipediaNaming Palladium (pronounced \pəˈleɪdiəm\ is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal that was discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston, who named it palladium after the The Solar System consists of the Sun and those celestial objects bound to it by Gravity. Variations in 53Cr/52Cr and Mn/Cr ratios from several meteorites indicate an initial 53Mn/55Mn ratio that suggests Mn-Cr isotopic systematics must result from in-situ decay of 53Mn in differentiated planetary bodies. A meteorite is a natural object originating in Outer space that survives an impact with the Earth 's surface Hence 53Mn provides additional evidence for nucleosynthetic processes immediately before coalescence of the solar system. Nucleosynthesis is the process of creating new atomic nuclei from preexisting Nucleons (protons and neutrons The Solar System consists of the Sun and those celestial objects bound to it by Gravity.
The isotopes of manganese range in atomic weight from 46 u (46Mn) to 65 u (65Mn). The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass The unified atomic mass unit ( u) or Dalton ( Da) or sometimes universal mass unit, is an unit of Mass used to express The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 55Mn, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta decay. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted
Precautions
Manganese compounds are less toxic than those of other widespread metals such as nickel and copper. Nickel (ˈnɪkəl is a metallic Chemical element with the symbol Ni and Atomic number 28 Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Exposure to manganese dusts and fumes should not exceed the ceiling value of 5 mg/m3 even for short periods because of its toxicity level. Manganese poses a particular risk for children due to its propensity to bind to CH-7 receptors. Manganese poisoning has been linked to impaired motor skills and cognitive disorders. [5] Chronic exposure to manganese dust has caused miners to go mad.
Acidic permanganate solutions will oxidize any organic material they come into contact with. The oxidation process can generate enough heat to ignite some organic substances.
In 2005, a study suggested a possible link between manganese inhalation and central nervous system toxicity in rats. [6] It is hypothesized that long-term exposure to the naturally occurring manganese in shower water puts up to 8. 7 million Americans at risk.
A form of neurodegeneration similar to Parkinson's Disease called "manganism" has been linked to manganese exposure amongst miners and smelters since the early 19th Century. Parkinson's disease (also known as Parkinson disease or PD) is a degenerative disorder of the Central nervous system that often impairs the sufferer's Manganism or manganese Poisoning is a Toxic condition resulting from chronic exposure to Manganese and first identified in 1837 by James Allegations of inhalation-induced manganism have been made regarding the welding industry. Manganese exposure USA is regulated by Occupational Safety and Health Administration. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA is an agency of the United States Department of Labor. [7]
See also
References
- ^ Luft, JH (1956) Permanganate - a new fixative for electron microscopy. Parkerizing (also called phosphating and phosphatizing) is a method of protecting a Steel surface from Corrosion and increasing its resistance Potassium permanganate is the Chemical compound K[[manganese Mn]] O 4 A magnet (from Greek grc μαγνήτης λίθος " Magnesian stone" is a material or object that produces a Magnetic field. A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. The periodic table of the chemical elements is a tabular method of displaying the Chemical elements Although precursors to this table exist its invention is Manganism or manganese Poisoning is a Toxic condition resulting from chronic exposure to Manganese and first identified in 1837 by James Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology 2, 799-802
- ^ Ignasi Puigdomenech, Hydra/Medusa Chemical Equilibrium Database and Plotting Software (2004) KTH Royal Institute of Technology, freely downloadable software at [1]
- ^ Chromium and Manganese
- ^ [2] Accessed Jan 5, 2008
- ^ Risk Assessment Information System Toxicity Summary for MANGANESE. Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
- ^ Elsevier Article Locator. 080225 dx. doi. org
- ^ Safety and Health Topics: Manganese Compounds (as Mn). 080225 osha. gov
External links
- National Pollutant Inventory - Manganese and compounds Fact Sheet
- WebElements.com – Manganese
- International Manganese Institute
- Neurotoxicity of inhaled manganese: Public health danger in the shower?
- NIOSH Manganese Topic Page
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic