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The Stradivarius mandolin
The Stradivarius mandolin
This article is about the musical instrument. A musical instrument is a device constructed or modified for the purpose of making Music. For the cooking tool, see Mandoline. Cooking is the process of preparing Food by applying Heat, selecting measuring and combining of ingredients in an ordered procedure for producing safe and edible A mandoline ( French; English doʊ 'lɪn}} is a Kitchen utensil used for slicing and cutting juliennes.
Mandolin
Mandolin
Classification

String instrument
Playing range
(a regularly tuned mandolin with 14 frets to body)
Related instruments

A mandolin is a musical instrument in the lute family (plucked, or strummed). A musical instrument is a device constructed or modified for the purpose of making Music. A string instrument (or stringed instrument) is a Musical instrument that produces Sound by means of Vibrating strings In the Hornbostel-Sachs Plucked string instruments are a subcategory of String instruments that are played by plucking the strings Plucking is a way of pulling and releasing the string in In Music, the range of a Musical instrument is the distance from the lowest to the highest pitch it can play A musical instrument is a device constructed or modified for the purpose of making Music. The mandola (US and Canada or tenor mandola (Europe Ireland and UK is a fretted stringed Musical instrument. The octave mandolin or octave mandola is an instrument which in construction is almost identical to a Mandola but is slightly longer in scale The mandocello (mandoloncello, liuto cantabile or liuto moderno is a Plucked string instrument of the Mandolin family The mandobass is the musical instrument of the mandolin family with the lowest range The angélique (French from Italian angelica) is a plucked string instrument of the Lute family of the baroque era The archlute (Italian arciliuto, German Erzlaute, Russian Архилютня) is a European plucked String instrument developed around 1600 The balalaika (балала́йка) (also Balabaika балаба́йка - is a stringed instrument of Russian origin with a characteristic triangular body and The barbat is a Lute of ancient Persian origin History The barbat originated in Persia in ancient times and was refined during the The bağlama is a stringed Musical instrument shared by various Cultures in the Eastern Mediterranean, Near East, and Central The biwa ( 琵琶) is a Japanese short-necked fretted Lute, and a close variant of the Chinese Pipa. The bouzouki ( gr το μπουζούκι pl. τα μπουζούκια (plural sometimes transliterated as bouzoukia) is the mainstay of modern This article is about an instrument For the album by British Trip-Hop band Morcheeba, see Charango. Chitarra Italiana is a Lute -shaped plucked instrument with 4 or 5 single (sometimes double strings in a tuning similar to that of guitar The daguangxian ( literally "large wide string " is a Chinese bowed string instrument in the Huqin family of instruments The đàn tỳ bà is a Vietnamese traditional plucked String instrument. The dombra is a long-necked Stringed instrument possessing a wooden resonating chamber somewhat similar to a Banjo Not to be confused with Dombra The domra (Russian language домра is a long-necked Russian String instrument The dutar ( Persian: دو تار, Uzbek: dutor (also dotar or doutar) is a traditional long-necked two-stringed Lute The erhu ( also called nanhu ( 南[[wikt 胡|胡]] "southern fiddle" and sometimes known in the West as the "Chinese The Irish bouzouki (colloquially the "zouk" is a derivative of the Greek Bouzouki. The term kobza refers to various musical instruments in eastern Europe The liuqin ( 柳琴; Pinyin: liǔq­ín) is a four-stringed Chinese Lute with a pear-shaped body Lute can refer generally to any plucked string instrument with a neck (either Fretted or unfretted and a deep round back or more specifically to an instrument from A tricordia (also trichordia or tricordio) or mandriola is a twelve-stringed variation of the Mandolin. The oud ( عود ʿūd, plural أعواد, a‘wād; kaban; Persian: بربط barbat; ud The pandura is an ancient String instrument from the Mediterranian basin The pipa ( is a plucked Chinese String instrument. Sometimes called the Chinese Lute, the instrument has a pear-shaped wooden body Rubab or Robab ( Rūbāb, Hindi: रुबाब is a Lute -like musical instrument from Afghanistan. Setar ( Persian: سه ‌تار, from seh, meaning "three" and tār, meaning "string" is a Persian musical instrument The sitar ( Hindi: सितार Urdu: ستار Persian: سی تار) is a Plucked stringed instrument. The Surbahar ( Hindi: सुर बहार also known as bass sitar) is a Plucked string instrument used in the Hindustani classical music The term tanbūr ( Persian: تنبور) can refer to various long-necked Fretted Lutes originating in the Middle East Tanbur (spelled Tambur in keeping with TDK conventions is a fretted string instrument of Turkey and the former lands of the Ottoman Empire The tembûr, a Fretted String instrument, is a form of tanbūr. A theorbo (tiorba also tuorbe; tiorba Theorbe is a plucked string instrument A tiorbino, a little Theorbo ( tiorbo in Italian is a rare stringed instrument a type of long-necked Lute resembling a Theorbo but significantly The tiqin ( is a name applied to several two-stringed Chinese bowed string instruments in the Huqin family of instruments Topshur (Топшур in the Cyrillic alphabet of the Altayans) is a two-stringed plucked or strummed lute played by the Altayans. A tricordia (also trichordia or tricordio) or mandriola is a twelve-stringed variation of the Mandolin. The ukulele (ˌjʉːkəˈlɛɪli from ʻukulele /ˌʔukuˈlele/ variantly spelled ukelele (particularly in the UK) or alternatively abbreviated uke Veena (also spelled 'vina' Kannada: ವೀಣ Malayalam: വീണ Tamil: வீணா Telugu: వీణ is a Plucked stringed The zhonghu (中胡 Pinyin: zhōnghú) is a low-pitched Chinese bowed String instrument. Lute can refer generally to any plucked string instrument with a neck (either Fretted or unfretted and a deep round back or more specifically to an instrument from It is descended from the mandore, a soprano member of the lute family. The mandora or mandore, also known as the gallizona or gallichon, is a type of 6 or 8-course bass Lute (possibly a descendant of Guiterne It has a body with a teardrop-shaped soundboard, or one which is essentially oval in shape, with a soundhole, or soundholes, of varying shapes which are open and are not decorated with an intricately carved grille like the Baroque era mandolins. [1][2]

Originally mandolins had six double courses of gut strings tuned similarly to lutes, and plucked with the fingertips, while the design common today has eight metal strings in four pairs (courses) which are plucked with a plectrum. Often called a pick or plec, a plectrum is a small flat tool used to pluck or strum a stringed instrument. The latter originated in Naples, Italy during the 3rd quarter of the 18th century. Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the

There were and still are many variants. These include Milanese, Lombard, Brescian and other 6-course types, as well as four-string (one string per course), twelve-string (three strings per course), and sixteen-string (four strings per course).


Contents

Mandolin construction

A mandolin's typically hollow wooden body has a neck with a flat (or slight radius) fretted fingerboard, a nut and floating bridge, a tailpiece or pinblock at the edge of the face to which the strings are attached, and mechanical tuning machines, rather than friction pegs, to accommodate metal strings. Like the guitar, the mandolin has relatively poor sustain; that is, the sound from a plucked string decays quickly. The guitar is a Musical instrument with ancient roots that is used in a wide variety of musical styles A note cannot be maintained for an arbitrary length of time as with a bowed note on a violin. Its small size and higher pitch makes this problem more severe than with the guitar, and the use of tremolo (rapid picking of one or more pairs of strings) is often used to create a sustained note or chords. Pitch represents the perceived Fundamental frequency of a sound Tremolo, or tremolando, is a Musical term with several meanings A regular and repetitive variation in Amplitude for the duration This technique works particularly well with a mandolin's paired strings, where one of the pair is sounding while the other is being struck by the pick, giving a more rounded and continuous sound than is possible with a single coursed instrument.

Mandolin forms

Carved (acoustic-electric) and round backed mandolins (front)
Carved (acoustic-electric) and round backed mandolins (front)
Carved and round backed mandolins (back)
Carved and round backed mandolins (back)
F-5-style mandolin (f-holes)
F-5-style mandolin (f-holes)
A-5-style mandolin (f-holes)
A-5-style mandolin (f-holes)
Example of an A-4-style mandolin (oval hole)
Example of an A-4-style mandolin (oval hole)

Mandolins come in several forms. The Neapolitan style, known as a round-back or bowl-back (or "tater-bug", colloquial American) has a vaulted back made of a number of strips of wood in a bowl formation, similar to a lute, and usually a canted, two-plane, uncarved top. The Colorado potato beetle ( Leptinotarsa decemlineata, also known as the Colorado beetle, ten-striped spearman, the ten-lined potato beetle Lute can refer generally to any plucked string instrument with a neck (either Fretted or unfretted and a deep round back or more specifically to an instrument from The Portuguese bandolim, a flat-back style, is derived from the cittern, but is tuned the same as most mandolins. The cittern (occasionally spelled " cithern " is a stringed instrument of the Lute / Guitar family dating from the Renaissance. Another form has a banjo-style body. The banjo is a Stringed instrument developed by enslaved Africans in the United States, adapted from several African instruments

At the very end of the nineteenth century, a new style, with a carved top and back construction inspired by violin family instruments began to supplant the European-style bowl-back instruments, especially in the United States. This new style is credited to mandolins designed and built by Orville Gibson, a Kalamazoo, Michigan luthier who founded the "Gibson Mandolin-Guitar Manufacturing Co. Orville H Gibson ( 1856 - August 21 1918, Chateaugay New York) was a Luthier who founded the Gibson Guitar Corporation , Limited" in 1902. Gibson mandolins evolved into two basic styles: the Florentine or F-style, which has a decorative scroll near the neck, two points on the lower body, and usually a scroll carved into the headstock; and the A-style, which is pear shaped, has no points, and usually has a simpler headstock.

These styles generally have either two f-shaped soundholes like a violin (F-5 and A-5), or an oval sound hole (F-4 and A-4 and lower models) directly under the strings. Much variation exists between makers working from these archetypes, and other variants have become increasingly common. The Gibson F-hole F-5-style mandolins have come to be considered the most typical and traditional for playing American bluegrass music, while the A-style is generally more associated with Irish, folk, or classical music. A sound hole is an opening in the upper Sounding board of a stringed Musical instrument. Bluegrass music is a form of American roots music, and is a sub-genre of Country music. The more complicated woodwork also translates into a more expensive instrument.

Internal bracing in the F-style mandolins was usually achieved with parallel tone bars, similar to a violin's bassbar. Some makers instead employ "x-bracing" which is simply two tone bars mortised to each other to cross into an X supporting the top. Some luthiers are now using a "modified x-bracing", which incorporates both a tone bar and x-bracing.

Numerous modern mandolin makers build instruments which are largely replicas of the Gibson F-5 Artist models built in the early 1920s under the supervision of Gibson acoustician Lloyd Loar. Lloyd Allayre Loar (1886-1943 was a Gibson sound engineer and master Luthier in the early part of the 20th century Original Loar-signed instruments are sought after and extremely valuable.

Other American-made variants include the Howe-Orme guitar-shaped mandolin (manufactured by the Elias Howe Company between 1897 and roughly 1920), which featured a cylindrical bulge along the top from fingerboard end to tailpiece; the Army-Navy style with a flat back and top; and the Vega mando-lute (more commonly called a cylinder-back mandolin manufactured by the Vega Company between 1913 and roughly 1927), which had a similar longitudinal bulge but on the back rather than the front of the instrument. Howe-Orme instruments were manufactured by the Elias Howe Company of Boston MA The Elias Howe Company was a nineteenth and early twentieth century musical firm located in Boston, USA and founded by Elias Howe Jr The cylinder-back is a style of Mandolin manufactured by the Vega Company of Boston MA between 1913 and roughly 1925 The Vega Company was one of an illustrious group of musical instrument manufacturers trading in Boston Massachusetts at the latter part of the 19th and early part of the 20th

As with almost every other contemporary string instrument, another modern variant is the electric mandolin. The electric mandolin is an instrument tuned and played as the Mandolin and amplified in similar fashion to an Electric guitar. These mandolins can have four (single), five (single) or eight (double) strings.

Mandolin history

Mandolins evolved from the lute family in Italy during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and the deep bowled mandolin produced particularly in Naples became a common type in the nineteenth century. The original instrument was the mandore which evolved in the fourteenth century from the lute. The mandore, also called mandola, is a small member of the Lute family and was in use in Europe during the Renaissance. Lute can refer generally to any plucked string instrument with a neck (either Fretted or unfretted and a deep round back or more specifically to an instrument from As time passed and the instrument spread around Europe, it took on many names and various structural characteristics.

Further back, dating to around 15,000 BC to 8,000 BC, single-stringed instruments have been seen in cave paintings and murals. They were struck, plucked, and eventually bowed. From these, the families of stringed instruments developed. Single strings were long and gave a single melody line. To shorten the scale length, other strings were added with a different tension and pitch so one string took over where another left off. In turn, this led to being able to play dyads and chords. In Music, a dyad is a set of two notes or pitches. Although most chords have three or more notes in certain contexts a dyad may be considered to be a The bowed family became the rabob, and then the rebec fiddle, evolving into the modern violin family by 1520 (incidentally also in Italy). The rebab ( Arabic الرباب or رباب; also rebap, rabab, rebeb, The rebec (sometimes rebeck, and originally various other spellings is a bowed string Musical instrument. The plucked family led to lute-like instruments in 2000 BC Mesopotamia, and developed into the oud or ud before appearing in Spain, first documented around 711 AD, courtesy of the Moors.

Over the next centuries, the strings were doubled to courses, and eventually (in Europe) frets were added, leading to the first lute appearing in the thirteenth century. The history of the lute and the mandolin are intertwined from this point. The lute gained a fifth course by the fifteenth century, a sixth a century later, and up to thirteen courses in its heyday. As early as the fourteenth century a miniature lute or mandora appeared. Similar to the mandola, it had counterparts in Assyria (pandura), the Arab countries (dambura), and Ukraine (kobza-bandura). The term kobza refers to various musical instruments in eastern Europe From this, the mandolino (a small gut-strung mandola with six strings tuned g b e' a' d g sometimes called the Baroque mandolin and played with a quill, wooden plectrum or finger-style) was developed in several places in Italy. The mandolino was sometimes called a mandolin in the early eighteenth century (around 1735) Naples. At this point, all such instruments were strung with gut strings.

The first evidence of modern steel-strung mandolins is from literature regarding popular Italian players who traveled through Europe teaching and giving concerts. The' Italian people' are a Southern European Ethnic group located primarily in Italy, Switzerland, France and by virtue of a wide-ranging Notable is Signor Leone and G. B. Gervasio who traveled widely between 1750 and 1810. Year 1750 ( MDCCL) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1810 ( MDCCCX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year [2] This, with the records gleaned from the Italian Vinaccia family of luthiers in Naples, Italy, lead some musicologists to believe that the modern steel-strung mandolin was developed in Naples by the Vinaccia family. Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Gennaro Vinaccia was active circa 1710 to circa 1788, and Antonio Vinaccia was active circa 1734 to circa 1796. [3] An early extant example of a mandolin is one built by Antonio Vinaccia in 1772 which resides at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, England. Year 1772 ( MDCCLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A) in London is the world's largest museum of decorative arts and design housing a permanent collection London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Another is by Giuseppe Vinaccia built in 1763, residing at the Kenneth G. Year 1763 ( MDCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Fiske Museum of Musical Instruments in Claremont, California. Claremont is a College town in eastern Los Angeles County, California, USA, about 30 miles (45 km east of downtown Los Angeles [4] The earliest extant mandolin was built in 1744 by Gaetano Vinaccia. Year 1744 ( MDCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a It resides in the Conservatoire Royal de Musique in Brussels, Belgium. Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is [5]

These early mandolins are termed Neapolitan mandolins, because of their origin from Naples. They are distinguished by an almond-shaped body with a bowled back which is constructed from curved strips of wood along its length. The soundtable is bent just behind the bridge, the bending achieved with a heated bending iron. This "canted" table aids the body to support a greater string tension. A hardwood fingerboard is flush with the soundtable. Ten metal or ivory frets are spaced along the neck in semitones, with additional frets glued upon the soundtable. The strings are brass except for the lowest string course which are gut or metal wound onto gut. The bridge is a movable length of hardwood or ivory placed in front of ivory pins which hold the strings. Wooden tuning pegs are inserted through the back of a flat pegboard. The mandolins have a tortoise shell pickguard below the soundhole under the strings. A quill or shaped piece of tortoise shell is used as a plectrum. [5][6]

Other luthiers who built mandolins included Calace (1863 onwards) in Naples, Luigi Embergher (1856–1943), the Ferrari family (1716 onwards, also originally mandolino makers), and De Santi (1834–1916) in Rome. The Neapolitan style of mandolin construction was adopted and developed by others, notably in Rome, giving two distinct but similar types of mandolin — Neapolitan and Roman.

The twentieth century saw the rise in popularity of the mandolin for Celtic, bluegrass, jazz, and classical styles. Much of the development of the mandolin from Neapolitan bowl-back to the flat-back style (actually, gently rounded and carved like a violin) is attributable to Orville Gibson (1856–1918). Orville H Gibson ( 1856 - August 21 1918, Chateaugay New York) was a Luthier who founded the Gibson Guitar Corporation See above.

Tuning

A variety of different tunings are used. Usually, courses of 2 adjacent strings are doubled (tuned to the same pitch). A course is a pair or more of adjacent strings tuned to unison or an octave and usually played together as if a single string The most common tuning by far (GDAE), is the same as violin tuning, and the opposite of that of a bass guitar:

Image:Mandolin fretboard.png

Other tunings exist, including "cross-tunings" in which the usually doubled string runs are tuned to discrete pitches. Additionally, guitarists may sometimes tune a mandolin to mimic a portion of the intervals on a standard guitar tuning to achieve familiar fretting patterns.

Mandolin family

The mandolin is the soprano member of the mandolin family, as the violin is the soprano member of the violin family. The violin is a bowed String instrument with four strings usually tuned in Perfect fifths It is the smallest and highest-pitched member The Violin family of Musical instruments was developed in Italy in the Sixteenth century. Like the violin, its scale length is typically about 13 inches (330 mm). Modern American mandolins modeled after Gibsons have a longer scale, about 13-7/8" (352mm).

Other members of the mandolin family are:

Mandolin music

Mandolins have a long history, and much early music was written for them. In the first half of the 20th century, they enjoyed a period of great popularity in Europe and the Americas as an easier approach to playing string music. Many professional and amateur mandolin groups and orchestras were formed to play light classical string repertory. Just as this practice was falling into disuse, the mandolin found a new niche in American country, old-time music, bluegrass, and folk music. Country music is a blend of popular musical forms originally found in the Southern United States and the Appalachian Mountains. Old-time music is a form of North American Folk music, with roots in the Folk musics of many countries including England, Scotland, Bluegrass music is a form of American roots music, and is a sub-genre of Country music. Folk music can have a number of different meanings including Traditional music: The original meaning of the term "folk music" was synonymous More recently, the Baroque and Classical mandolin repertory and styles have benefited from the raised awareness of and interest in Early music. Early music is commonly defined as European classical music from the Middle Ages, the Renaissance and the Baroque. Tremolo and fingerpicking methods are used while playing a mandolin.

The United States of America

The mandolin's popularity in the United States was spurred by the success of a group of touring young European musicians known as the Estudiantina Figaro, or in the United States, simply the "Spanish Students. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the " The group landed in the U. S. on January 2, 1880 in New York City, and played in Boston and New York to wildly enthusiastic crowds. Ironically, this ensemble did not play mandolins but rather Bandurrias, which are also small, double-strung instruments resembling the mandolin. The bandurria is a Plectrum plucked Chordophone from Spain, similar to the Cittern and the Mandolin, primarily used in Spanish The success of the Figaro Spanish Students spawned several groups who imitated their musical style and colorful costumes. In many cases, the players in these new musical ensembles were Italian-born Americans who had brought mandolins from their native land. A musical ensemble is a group of two or more Musicians who perform instrumental or vocal Music. An Italian American is an American of Italian descent and/or dual citizenship Thus, the Spanish Student imitators did primarily play mandolins and helped to generate enormous public interest in an instrument which previously was relatively unknown in the United States.

Mandolins were a fad instrument from the turn of the century to the mid-twenties. Instruments were marketed by teacher-dealers, much as the title character in the popular musical The Music Man. The Music Man is a musical with book music and lyrics by Meredith Willson. Often these teacher-dealers would conduct mandolin orchestras: groups of 4-50 musicians who would play various mandolin family instruments together. One musician and director who made his start with a mandolin orchestra was pioneer African-American composer James Reese Europe. James Reese Europe ( 22 February, 1881 &ndash 9 May, 1919) was an American Ragtime and early Jazz The instrument was primarily used in an ensemble setting well into the 1930s, although the fad died out at the beginning of the 1930s; the famous Lloyd Loar Master Model from Gibson (1923) was designed to boost the flagging interest in mandolin ensembles, with little success. Lloyd Allayre Loar (1886-1943 was a Gibson sound engineer and master Luthier in the early part of the 20th century The Gibson Guitar Corporation of Nashville Tennessee, USA is a manufacturer of acoustic and Electric guitars The company's most popular guitar Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The true destiny of the "Loar" as the defining instrument of bluegrass music didn't appear until Bill Monroe purchased F-5 S/N 73987[1] in a Florida barbershop in 1943 and popularized it as his main instrument. Bluegrass music is a form of American roots music, and is a sub-genre of Country music. William Smith Monroe ( September 13, 1911 – September 9, 1996) was an American musician who developed the style of music known as

The mandolin orchestras never completely went away, however. In fact, along with all the other musical forms the mandolin is involved with, the mandolin ensemble (groups usually arranged like the string section of a modern symphony orchestra, with first mandolins, second mandolins, mandolas, mandocellos, mando-basses, and guitars, and sometimes supplemented by other instruments) continues to grow in popularity. Since the mid-nineties, several public-school mandolin-based guitar programs have blossomed around the country, including Fretworks Mandolin and Guitar Orchestra, the first of its kind. The brainchild of the Classical guitarist and Banjo and Lute performer Douglas Back Fretworks Mandolin and Guitar Orchestra was the first public-school-affiliated The national organization which represents these groups is the Classical Mandolin Society of America. The Classical Mandolin Society of America, or CMSA was founded in 1986 to promote knowledge and interest in the the mandolin its family ( Mandolin, Mandola, Mandocello

Single mandolins were first used in southern string band music in the 1930s, most notably by brother duets such as the sedate Blue Sky Boys (Bill Bolick and Earl Bolick) and the more hard-driving Monroe Brothers (Bill Monroe and Charlie Monroe). The Blue Sky Boys were an American Country music duo comprised the brothers Earl Bolick (b However, the mandolin's modern popularity in country music can be directly traced to one man: Bill Monroe, the father of bluegrass music. After the Monroe Brothers broke up in 1939, Bill Monroe formed his own group, after a brief time called the Blue Grass Boys, and completed the transition of mandolin styles from a "parlor" sound typical of brother duets to the modern "bluegrass" style. He joined the Grand Ole Opry in 1939 and its powerful clear-channel broadcast signal on WSM-AM spread his style throughout the South, directly inspiring many musicians to take up the mandolin. The Grand Ole Opry is a weekly Country music radio program and concert broadcast live on WSM radio in Nashville, Tennessee WSM is the Callsign of a 50000 watt AM radio station located in Nashville Tennessee. Monroe famously played Gibson F-5 mandolin, signed and dated July 9, 1923, by Lloyd Loar, chief acoustic engineer at Gibson. The Gibson Guitar Corporation of Nashville Tennessee, USA is a manufacturer of acoustic and Electric guitars The company's most popular guitar Lloyd Allayre Loar (1886-1943 was a Gibson sound engineer and master Luthier in the early part of the 20th century The F-5 has since become the most imitated tonally and aesthetically by modern builders. In Music, timbre (ˈtæm-bər' like timber, or, from Fr timbre tɛ̃bʁ is the quality of a Musical note or sound that distinguishes different Traditionally the aesthetics of music or musical aesthetics concentrated on the quality and study of the beauty and enjoyment ( Plaisir and Monroe's style involved playing lead melodies in the style of a fiddler, and also a percussive chording sound referred to as "the chop" for the sound made by the quickly struck and muted strings. He also perfected a sparse, percussive blues style, especially up the neck in keys which had not been used much in country music, notably B and E. He emphasized a powerful, syncopated right hand at the expense of left-hand virtuosity. Monroe's most influential follower of the second generation is Frank Wakefield and nowadays Mike Compton of the Nashville Bluegrass Band and David Long, who often tour as a duet. Franklin Delano Roosevelt Wakefield (born June 26, 1934) is a legendary American Mandolin player This article is about the NFL Player For the musician please see Mike Compton (Musician. The Nashville Bluegrass Band is an American Bluegrass music ensemble founded in 1984 Tiny Moore of the Texas Playboys developed an electric five-string mandolin and helped popularize the instrument in Western Swing music. Tiny Moore (1920&ndash1987 was a Musician who played the Electric mandolin and fiddle with Western swing legend Bob Wills and the Texas Playboys The Texas Playboys were a Western Swing band long led by Bob Wills, and considered by many to be the definitive progenitor of that musical genre This article is about the Musical genre. For the popular western swing Steel guitar tuning see E9 tuning. [7]

The other major original bluegrass stylists, both emerging in the early 1950s and active still, are generally acknowledged to be Jesse McReynolds (of Jim and Jesse) who invented a syncopated banjo-roll style of crosspicking and Bobby Osborne of the Osborne Brothers, who is a master of clarity and sparkling single-note runs. Jesse Lester McReynolds (born July 9, 1929, in Coeburn Virginia) is known for his innovative Crosspicking and split-string styles of Mandolin Jim & Jesse were an American Bluegrass music duo consisting of two brothers Jim McReynolds (born February 13, 1927 Coeburn Virginia Crosspicking is a technique popularised by bluegrass musician Jesse McReynolds for playing the mandolin or guitar using a Plectrum or flatpick in a rolling Syncopated Bobby Osborne is a Bluegrass musician known for his Mandolin playing and high lead vocals The Osborne Brothers, Sonny Osborne, born October 29 1937 and Bobby Osborne, born December 9 1931 were an influential and popular bluegrass act from Highly-respected and influential modern bluegrass players include Herschel Sizemore, Doyle Lawson, and the multi-genre Sam Bush, who is equally at home with old-time fiddle tunes, rock, reggae, and jazz. Sam Bush (b April 13, 1952 in Bowling Green, Kentucky) is an American bluegrass Mandolin player considered Ronnie McCoury of the Del McCoury Band has won numerous awards for his Monroe-influenced playing. Ronnie McCoury is a Mandolin player singer and songwriter born in 1967 The Del McCoury Band is a Grammy Award -winning bluegrass band The late John Duffey of the original Country Gentlemen and later the Seldom Scene did much to popularize the bluegrass mandolin among folk and urban audiences, especially on the east coast and in the Washington, D.C. area. John Duffey ( March 4, 1934 - December 10, 1996) was a Washington DC-based Bluegrass music innovator and musician The Country Gentlemen are a bluegrass band originating in the area of Washington DC, United States. The Seldom Scene is an American bluegrass band formed in 1971 in Bethesda Maryland out of the weekly jam sessions in the basement of Banjo player Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D

Jethro Burns, best known as half of the comedy duo Homer and Jethro, was also the first important jazz mandolinist. Kenneth C Burns (born in Conasaga, Tennessee on March 10, 1920 - died in Evanston, Illinois on February 4, Homer and Jethro were an American Country music team with a long career from the 1940s through the 1960s sometimes known as "the thinking man's hillbillies Tiny Moore popularized the mandolin in Western swing music. He initially played an 8-string Gibson but switched after 1952 to a 5-string solidbody electric instrument built by Paul Bigsby. Paul Adelburt Bigsby (1899&ndash1968 was the designer of the Bigsby vibrato tailpiece (also known as a Tremolo arm) and proprietor of Bigsby Guitars Modern players David Grisman, Sam Bush, and Mike Marshall, among others, have worked since the early 1970s to demonstrate the mandolin's versatility for all styles of music. David Grisman (born March 23, 1945 in Hackensack New Jersey) is a Jewish bluegrass / newgrass Mandolinist Sam Bush (b April 13, 1952 in Bowling Green, Kentucky) is an American bluegrass Mandolin player considered Mike Marshall is an American Mandolin player and Multi-instrumentalist who grew up in central Florida and now lives in Oakland California Chris Thile of California is a well known player; the band Nickel Creek features his playing in its blend of traditional and pop styles. Chris Thile (ˈθiːlɪ (born February 20, 1981) is a musician from The United States, best known as mandolinist and vocalist for the progressive acoustic Nickel Creek is an American acoustic music trio Although the group's music has roots from bluegrass, the trio describes itself as "progressive acoustic"

Some rock musicians use mandolins, typically single-stringed electric models rather than double-stringed acoustic mandolins. One example is Tim Brennan of the Irish-American punk rock band Dropkick Murphys. In addition to electric guitar, bass, and drums, the band uses several instruments associated with traditional Celtic music, including mandolin, tin whistle, and Great Highland bagpipes. The Great Highland Bagpipe ( Gaelic: A' Phìob Mhòr) is probably the best-known variety of Bagpipe. The band explains that these instruments accentuate the growling sound they favor. Levon Helm of The Band occasionally moved from his drum kit to play mandolin, most notably on 'Evangeline' and 'Rockin' Chair. Mark Lavon Helm (born May 26, 1940) better known as Levon Helm, is an American rock Musician and actor most famous as The Band was a rock group active from 1967 to 1976 and again from 1983 to 1999 The 1991 R.E.M. hit "Losing My Religion" also featured a simple mandolin lick played by guitarist Peter Buck, who also played the mandolin in nearly a dozen other songs. REM is an American rock band formed in Athens, Georgia, in 1980 by Michael Stipe ( lead vocals) Peter Buck ( Guitar " Losing My Religion " is a song by the American Alternative rock band R Peter Lawrence Buck (born December 6, 1956 in Berkeley California) is the guitarist and co-founder along with Bill Berry, Mike Mills Rod Stewart's still-played 1971 hit "Maggie May" features a significant mandolin riff in its motif. " Maggie May " is a song written by singer Rod Stewart and Martin Quittenton and recorded by Stewart in 1971 for his album Every Every song on Mark Heard's final album, 1992's Satellite Sky, was written on a mandolin, Heard's antique National Silvo electric mandolin was prominently featured on every track of the recording. John Mark Heard ( December 16, 1951 - August 16, 1992) was a Record producer, folk-rock Satellite Sky is the title of the final album by Mark Heard, released in 1992 on Heard's own Fingerprint Records, shortly before his death Jack White of The White Stripes played mandolin for the film Cold Mountain, and plays mandolin on the song "Little Ghost" on the White Stripes album Get Behind Me Satan; he also plays mandolin on "Prickly Thorn, But Sweetly Worn" on "Icky Thump". Jack White (born John Anthony Gillis on July 9 1975 is an American musician Record producer, and occasional actor best known as the guitarist and lead vocalist The White Stripes is an American Garage rock band, formed in 1997 in Detroit, Michigan. Cold Mountain is a 2003 film written and directed by Anthony Minghella, and stars Jude Law, Nicole Kidman, Renée Zellweger, Get Behind Me Satan is the fifth album by American Alternative rock band The White Stripes, released in June 2005 Icky Thump is the sixth studio album by American Alternative rock band The White Stripes. David Immerglück of the Counting Crows, Monks of Doom, and Glider is also known to feature the mandolin in many of his recordings, especially those with the Counting Crows. David Immerglück is a Multi-instrumentalist who is probably best known as a Guitar player for Adult alternative band Counting Crows and Counting Crows is a Rock band originating from Berkeley California. Counting Crows is a Rock band originating from Berkeley California. Rock superstar Tommy Shaw of STYX has used the mandolin in the their international hit "Boat on the River" (1979) and on the Shaw/Blades album Influence in the song "Dance with Me". Tommy Roland Shaw (born September 11, 1953) is an American Guitarist, best known for his work with the rock band Styx Styx ( pronounced: /stɪks/ is an American Rock band. Their hit songs have included " Come Sail Away " " Babe " " The Country band Sugarland's own Kristian Bush has been known to play the mandolin from time to time. Kristian Merrill Bush (born March 14, 1970 in Knoxville Tennessee) is an American Folk rock and country Pop rock band Green Day has used a mandolin in several occasions, especially on their 2000 album, Warning. Pop rock is a hybrid of Pop music and Rock music that uses catchy pop style with light lyrics over top of guitar-based songs Green Day is an American rock trio 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Warning is the sixth full length album by Green Day, released in 2000 Boyd Tinsley, violin player of the Dave Matthews Band has been using an electric mandolin since 2005. Boyd Calvin Tinsley (b May 16, 1964, Charlottesville Virginia) is the Violinist, mandolinist and one of the backup singers in the The violin is a bowed String instrument with four strings usually tuned in Perfect fifths It is the smallest and highest-pitched member Dave Matthews Band (also known by the initials DMB) is a United States -based rock band originally formed in Charlottesville, Virginia Nancy Wilson, rhythm guitarist of Heart, uses a mandolin in Heart's Dream Of The Archer from the album Little Queen, as well as in Heart's cover of Led Zeppelin's song Battle Of Evermore. Nancy Lamoureux Wilson (born March 16 1954, San Francisco California) is an American Singer, Songwriter and Heart is a rock band whose founding members came from the Seattle, Washington, scene but came together in Vancouver, British Columbia Heart is a rock band whose founding members came from the Seattle, Washington, scene but came together in Vancouver, British Columbia Little Queen is the third album released by the band Heart. It was released in May 1977 (see 1977 in music) and re-released in 2004 (see 2004 in music Led Zeppelin were Mandolin has also been used in blues music, such as by Johnny 'Man' Young and Gerry Hundt. Johnny Young ( January 1, 1918 - April 18, 1974) was an American Blues singer Mandolin player and Guitarist Gerry Hundt is an accomplished professional musician specializing in Chicago Blues having spent much of his life in the Chicago area

Very rarely mandolins are played with bottlenecks or slides. Sam Bush plays with a slide, mostly on a four string mandolin.

Portugal

The bandolim (Portuguese for mandolin) was a favourite instrument within the Portuguese bourgeoisie of the 19th century, but its rapid spread took it to other places, joining other instruments. Today you can see mandolins as part of the traditional and folk culture of Portuguese singing groups. The Portuguese influence brought the mandolin to Brazil.

The United Kingdom

The mandolin has been used extensively in the traditional music of England and Scotland for generations, but the instrument has also found its way into British rock music. The mandolin was used by Vivian Stanshall on Mike Oldfield's album "Tubular Bells". Vivian Stanshall (born Victor Anthony Stanshall, 21 March 1943 &ndash 5 March 1995) was an Michael Gordon Oldfield (born 15 May 1953 in Reading, Berkshire) is an English Multi-instrumentalist Musician Tubular Bells is a record album, written and mostly performed by Mike Oldfield, released in 1973. It was used extensively by the British folk-rock band Lindisfarne, who featured two members on the instrument, Ray Jackson and Simon Cowe, and whose "Fog on the Tyne" was the biggest selling UK album of 1971-1972. Lindisfarne were a British folk / rock group of the 1970s fronted by singer/songwriter Alan Hull. Ray Jackson (born November 13, 1973) is a former American college and professional Basketball player Fog On The Tyne was a 1971 album by English rock band Lindisfarne. "Maggie May" by Rod Stewart, which hit No. " Maggie May " is a song written by singer Rod Stewart and Martin Quittenton and recorded by Stewart in 1971 for his album Every Roderick "Rod" David Stewart, CBE (born 10 January 1945 is a Singer and Songwriter born and raised in London England and currently 1 on both the British charts and the Billboard Hot 100, also featured Jackson's playing. It has also been used by other British rock musicians, including Led Zeppelin, whose bassist John Paul Jones is an accomplished mandolin player and has recorded numerous songs on mandolin including "Going to California" and "That's the Way"; the mandolin part on "The Battle of Evermore" is played by Jimmy Page, who composed the song. Led Zeppelin were John Paul Jones (born John Baldwin on January 3, 1946) is an English Musician, Composer, arranger, Record " Going to California " is the penultimate song by the English Rock band Led Zeppelin on their fourth album, released in 1971 " That's the Way " is a song by English rock band Led Zeppelin from their third album Led Zeppelin III, released in " The Battle of Evermore " is an acoustic guitar and Mandolin song by the English Rock band Led Zeppelin, featured on their James Patrick Page, OBE (born 9 January 1944 is an English Guitarist, Composer and record producer Another Led Zeppelin song featuring mandolin is "Hey Hey What Can I Do". " Hey Hey What Can I Do " is a song by English Rock group Led Zeppelin. Pete Townshend of The Who played mandolin on the track "Mike Post Theme", along with many other tracks on Endless Wire. Peter Dennis Blandford Townshend (born 19 May 1945 in Chiswick, London) is an English rock Guitarist, Singer, The Who are an English rock band formed in 1964. The primary lineup consisted of guitarist Pete Townshend Endless Wire is the eleventh album by the English rock band The Who. McGuinness Flint, for whom Benny Gallagher played the mandolin on their most successful single, "When I'm Dead And Gone", is another example. McGuinness Flint was a Rock band formed in 1970 by Tom McGuinness, former Guitarist with Manfred Mann, and Hughie Flint, former Gallagher and Lyle, the Scottish pairing of Benny Gallagher and Graham Lyle joined forces in 1959 initially as members of local Largs Band The Bluefrets. Gallagher was also briefly a member of Ronnie Lane's Slim Chance, and played mandolin on their hit "How Come". Ronnie Lane's Slim Chance is the second solo album by Ronnie Lane, one of the founding members of Small Faces and Faces. " How Come " is a 2004 rap single by the rap group D12. One of the more prominent early users of the mandolin in popular music were The Incredible String Band, in which Robin Williamson played the instrument extensively throughout the bands musical career. The Incredible String Band (abbreviated as ISB were a psychedelic folk band formed in Scotland in 1965 Robin Williamson (born November 24, 1943, Edinburgh) is a Scottish multi-instrumentalist musician singer songwriter and storyteller who first Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull (band) is a highly accomplished mandolin player, as is his guitarist Martin Barre. The name Ian Anderson may refer to In music: Ian Anderson (musician, head of the rock band Jethro Tull Ian A Jethro Tull are a British rock group formed in 1967-1968 Their music is marked by the distinctive vocal style and lead Flute work of front man Martin Lancelot Barre (born 17 November 1946, in Kings Heath, Birmingham, West Midlands, England) is an English The popular song "Please Please Please Let Me Get What I Want" by The Smiths featured a mandolin solo played by Johnny Marr. " Please Please Please Let Me Get What I Want " is a song originally performed written and released by British group The Smiths, featured on the compilation albums The Smiths were an English rock band formed in Manchester in 1982 Johnny Marr (born John Martin Maher on 31 October 1963 in Ardwick, Manchester) is an English Guitarist, More recently, the Glasgow-based band Sons and Daughters have featured the mandolin, as played by Ailidh Lennon, on tracks such as "Fight", "Start to End", and "Medicine". Sons and Daughters are a Rock band from Glasgow, Scotland. Biography Conceived of while on tour with Arab Strap in 2001 British folk-punk icons the Levellers also regularly use the mandolin in their songs. The Levellers are a popular English rock band influenced by punk and traditional English music. Current bands are also beginning to use the Mandolin and its unique sound - such as South London's Indigo Moss who use it throughout their recordings and live gigs. indigo Moss are an alternative, Rock and roll, bluegrass band based in London, England. The mandolin has also recently featured in the playing of Matthew Bellamy in the rock band Muse. Matthew James Bellamy (born 9 June, 1978) is the main Songwriter and Lead vocalist, Guitarist and Pianist in Muse are It also forms the basis of Paul McCartney's 2007 hit "Dance Tonight". Sir James Paul McCartney, MBE (born 18 June 1942 is an English rock Singer, Bass guitarist songwriter Composer, " Dance Tonight " is a song by Paul McCartney and the opening track to his 2007 Album Memory Almost Full.

Ireland

The mandolin is becoming a somewhat more common instrument amongst Irish traditional musicians. Fiddle tunes are readily accessible to the mandolin player because of the equivalent range of the two instruments and the practically identical (allowing for the lack of frets on the fiddle) left hand fingerings.

Although almost any variety of acoustic mandolin might be adequate for Irish traditional music, virtually all Irish players prefer flat-backed instruments with oval sound holes to the Italian-style bowl-back mandolins or the carved-top mandolins with f-holes favoured by bluegrass mandolinists. The former are often too soft-toned to hold their own in a session (as well as having a tendency to not stay in place on the player's lap), whilst the latter tend to sound harsh and overbearing to the traditional ear. Greatly preferred are flat-topped "Irish-style" mandolins (reminiscent of the WWI-era Martin Army-Navy mandolin) and carved (arch) top mandolins with oval soundholes, such as the Gibson A-style of the 1920s. Noteworthy Irish mandolinists include Andy Irvine (who almost always tunes the E down to D), Mick Moloney, Paul Kelly, and Claudine Langille. Andrew Kennedy 'Andy' Irvine (born 14 June, 1942) is a Folk musician singer and songwriter and a founding member of the popular band Planxty Mick Moloney is a traditional Irish musician and scholar Born in County Limerick, he was an important figure on the Dublin folk-song revival in the 1960s Paul Kelly, born June 19, 1940, is a United States Singer-songwriter. John Sheahan and Barney McKenna, fiddle player and tenor banjo player respectively, with The Dubliners are also accomplished Irish mandolin players. John Sheahan (born 19 May 1939) is a notable Irish Violinist, Folk musician Composer and member of the folk band Barney (Bernard Noël McKenna or Banjo Barney as he is known amongst his fellow musicians (born December 16, 1939 in Donnycarney, Dublin The Dubliners are an Irish folk band founded in 1962. Formation and history The Dubliners formed in 1962 The Dubliners 'Live at the Gaiety' DVD features an extensive mandolin duet of a three-tune 'set', two hornpipes and a reel. The instruments used are flat-backed, oval hole examples as described above: in this case made by UK luthier Fylde. The Irish guitarist Rory Gallagher often played the mandolin on stage, and he most famously used it in the song 'Going To My Hometown'. Rory Gallagher (2 March 1948&ndash14 June 1995 was an Irish Blues / rock Guitarist Born in Ballyshannon, County Donegal

Continental Europe

See also: Czech bluegrass

An increased interest in bluegrass music, especially in Central European countries such as the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic, has inspired many new mandolin players and builders. Czech Bluegrass is a term that describes Czech interpretations of the bluegrass genre of music that emerged during the middle of the twentieth century in the Bluegrass music is a form of American roots music, and is a sub-genre of Country music. The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million These players often mix traditional folk elements with bluegrass. Classically, Beethoven composed mandolin music [2] and enjoyed playing the mandolin [3]. Ludwig van Beethoven ( English ˈlʊdvɪg væn ˈbeɪtoʊvən, 16 December 1770 &ndash 26 March 1827 was a German Composer and Pianist.

Brazil

The mandolin (called "bandolim") has a long and rich tradition in Brazilian folk music, especially in the style called choro. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Chôro ('ʃoɾu literally "cry" in Portuguese, meaning "lament" traditionally called chorinho ("little cry" The composer and mandolin virtuoso Jacob do Bandolim did much to popularize the instrument through many recordings, and his influence continues to the present day. Jacob do Bandolim ( February 14, 1918 - August 13, 1969) was a Brazilian composer and musician Some contemporary mandolin players in Brazil include Jacob's disciple Deo Rian, and Hamilton de Holanda (the former, a traditional choro-style player, the latter an eclectic innovator).

The mandolin came into Brazil by way of Portugal. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Portuguese music has a long tradition of mandolins and mandolin-like instruments (see, for example, the Portuguese guitar). Portugal is internationally known in the Music scene for its traditions of Fado, but the country has seen a recent expansion in musical styles with modern acts The Portuguese guitar or Portuguese guitarra ( guitarra portuguesa) is a plucked string instrument with twelve steel strings strung in six courses comprising of two

The mandolin is used almost exclusively as a melody instrument in Brazilian folk music - the role of chordal accompaniment being taken over by the cavaquinho and nylon-strung violão, or Spanish-style guitar. The cavaquinho ( pron /kava'kiɲu/ in Portuguese) is a small string instrument of the European Guitar family with four wire or gut strings The guitar is a Musical instrument with ancient roots that is used in a wide variety of musical styles Its popularity, therefore, has risen and fallen with instrumental folk music styles, especially choro. Chôro ('ʃoɾu literally "cry" in Portuguese, meaning "lament" traditionally called chorinho ("little cry" The later part of the 20th century saw a renaissance of choro in Brazil, and with it, a revival of the country's mandolinistic tradition.

Greece

The mandolin has a long tradition in the Ionian islands (the Eptanese) and Crete. The Ionian Sea is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea, south of the Adriatic Sea. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the It has long been played in the Aegean islands outside of the control of the Ottoman Empire. Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish It is common to see choirs accompanied by mandolin players (mantolinates) in Ionian islands and especially in the cities of Corfu, Zakynthos (also known as Zante) and Kefalonia. The Ionian Sea is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea, south of the Adriatic Sea. Corfu (Κέρκυρα Kérkyra, ˈkʲe̞ɾkʲiɾa Κέρκυρα or Κόρκυρα Corcyra Corfù is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea The island of Kefalonia, also known as Cephallenia, Cephallonia, Kefallinia, or Kefallonia (Ancient Greek Κεφαλληνία Modern The development of songs for mandolin (kantades) developed during the Venetian rule over Ionia. Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the The Ionian Sea is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea, south of the Adriatic Sea.

On the island of Crete, along with the lyra and the laouto, the mandolin is one of the main instruments used in Cretan Music. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the Lyra (ˈlaɪrə Lyre) is one of the 48 Constellations listed by Ptolemy, and is one of the 88 modern constellations recognized by the International The music of Crete is a traditional form of Greek Folk music called κρητικά (kritika It appeared on Crete around the time of the Venetian rule of the island. Different variants of the mandolin, such as the mantola, were used to accompany the lyra, the violin, and the laouto. The violin is a bowed String instrument with four strings usually tuned in Perfect fifths It is the smallest and highest-pitched member Stelios Foustalierakis reported that the mandolin and the mpougari were used to accompany the lyra in the beginning of the 20th century in the city of Rethimno. There are also reports that the mandolin was mostly a woman's musical instrument. Nowadays it is played mainly as a solo instrument in personal and family events on the Ionian islands and Crete. The Ionian Sea is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea, south of the Adriatic Sea.

India

Mandolin music was used in the Indian Movies as far back as the 1940's by the Raj Kapoor Studios in movies such as Barsaat, Awara etc. Ranbirraj Kapoor 'The Show-man' ( Hindi: राज कपूर Rāj Kapūr December 14, 1924 - June 2, 1988) was an Indian Adoption of the mandolin in Carnatic music is recent and, being essentially a very small electric guitar, the instrument itself bears rather small resemblance to European and American mandolins. Carnatic music (also spelled Karnatak music or Karnatik music, and originally called Karṇāṭaka sangīta or Karṇāṭaka sangītam in India U. Srinivas has, over the last couple of decades, made his version of the mandolin very popular in India and abroad. Upalappu Srinivas also known as Mandolin U Srinivas (may also be spelled U Many adaptations of the instrument have been done to cater to the special needs of Indian Carnatic music.

This type of mandolin is also used in Bhangra, dance music popular in Punjabi culture. Bhangra (ਭੰਗੜਾ pa-PK بھنگڑا pə̀ŋgɽäː is a lively form of music and dance that originated in the Punjab region of Pakistan and India

Japan

Instruments of the mandolin family are very popular in Japan. But almost all of them are Neapolitan styles except bluegrass bands, and the plucked strings are mandolin orchestras in old Italian style. Morishige Takei (1890-1949), who studied Italian in The Imperial College of Language and was a member of the court of Emperor Hirohito, established the mandolin orchestra in the Italian style before World War II. also known as, (April 29 1901 – January 7 1989 was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order reigning from December 25 1926 until his death The military government could not persecute Japanese mandolinists by the authority of Takei and Italy as the Axis. But since Japanese mandolinists had no fanatic patriotisms like Italian mandolinists, so the Japanese mandolin orchestras continued to perform old Italian works after World War II, and they are prosperous today.

Western mandolinists tend to like solos, duets, trios, quartets, or concertos performed by few players, but nearly all Japanese mandolinists prefer orchestras with many players, perhaps reflecting Japanese cultural tendencies. These orchestras can consist of up to 40 or even 50 members, and may include wind or percussion instruments.

Jiro Nakano (1902-2000) arranged many of the Italian works for regular orchestras or winds composed before World War II as new repertoires for Japanese mandolin orchestras. Japanese Composer. From Aichi Prefecture. He composed works for solo Guitar and solo Mandolin, and conducted orchestras

Original compositions for mandolin orchestras were composed after World War II. Seiichi Suzuki (1901-1980), who is renowned as the composer for early Kurosawa films, composed many symphonic poems for mandolin orchestras; his works have quite a Japanese flavor. Seiichi Suzuki (born July 8 1976 in Tokyo) is a Japanese Figure skater. Hiroshi Ohguri (1918-1982) was influenced by Béla Bartók, so his works are powerful and quite racial. Béla Viktor János Bartók (March 25 1881&ndashSeptember 26 1945 was a Hungarian Composer and Pianist, considered to be one of the greatest They were representative of contemporary Japanese composers who also composed many works out of mandolins. Yasuo Kuwahara (1946-2003) succeed to their exotic worlds by the German techniques.

Hiroyuki Fujikake (1949- ) introduced swings or counterpoints or the chords from folk guitars to compose new works for mandolin orchestras, which caught on with Japanese mandolinists. Yoshinao Kobayashi (1961- ), Hidenori Yoshimizu (1961- ), Hiromitsu Kagajo (1961- ), and many other amateur composers have imitated Fujikake in this way.

Another trend of Japanese mandolin music is to perform arrangements of famous classic works originally for regular orchestras. Tadashi Hattori (1908- ), Jun Akagi (1919-2007), and Takashi Kubota (1942- ) have added many such arrangements as new repertoires for mandolin orchestras.

Japanese mandolinists tend to like melodic works mainly performed by trembles, but they are poor at rhythmic works mainly performed by pickings, due to the peculiar condition of Japanese musical education. Japan adopted education in Western music following the Meiji Restoration in 1868. The, also known as the Meiji Ishin, Revolution, or Renewal, was a chain of events that led to enormous changes in Japan 's political and social structure However, their government ill-advisedly separated songs from musics including dances, and they taught their people only songs as the Western music in schools. The Japanese loved melodic Italian works, but could not understand rhythmic compositions originally created for dances.

Popular musicians who play mandolin

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Musical Instruments, A Comprehensive Dictionary, by Sibyl Marcuse (Corrected Edition 1975)
  2. ^ a b The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Second Edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and others (2001)
  3. ^ Embergher History
  4. ^ CIMCIM International Directory of Musical Instrument Collections
  5. ^ a b The Early Mandolin by James Tyler and Paul Sparks (1989)
  6. ^ The Classical Mandolin by Paul Sparks (1995)
  7. ^ http://www.texasplayboys.net/Biographies/moore.htm

External links

Further reading

CHORD DICTIONARIES

METHOD & INSTRUCTIONAL GUIDES

Dictionary

mandolin

-noun

  1. (music) A stringed instrument and a member of the lute family, having eight strings in four courses, frequently tuned as a violin. They have either a bowl back or a flat back.
  2. a kitchen tool used for slicing vegetables (usually spelled mandoline)
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