滿洲國 Mǎnzhōuguó / Manshū-koku State of Manchuria (1932-34) 大滿洲帝國 Dà Mǎnzhōu Dìguó / Dai Manshū Teikoku Empire of Manchuria (1934-45) Puppet Empire ← 1932 – 1945 → Flag Coat of arms Anthem National Anthem of Manchukuo Map of Manchukuo Capital Hsinking Government Constitutional monarchy Emperor  - 1932 - 1934 Datong (Chief Executive) (Aisingioro Puyi)  - 1934 - 1945 Kangde-Emperor (Aisingioro Puyi) Prime Minister  - 1932 - 1935 Zheng Xiaoxu  - 1935 - 1945 Zhang Jinghui Historical era World War II  - Established 1932  - Disestablished 1945

Manchukuo (満州国, lit. REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Description The Flag of the now-defunct Empire of Manchukuo had a mustard yellow field with four horizontal stripes of different colors in the upper-left corner A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's The National Anthem of Manchukuo was one of the many National symbols of independence and Sovereignty created to foster a sense of legitimacy for the Japanese Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national Capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist the capital was moved or the capital Changchun ( is the capital and largest city of Jilin province, located in the northeast of the People's Republic of China, in the centre of the For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is Puyi ( ( February 7, 1906 &ndash October 17, 1967) of the Manchu Aisin-Gioro ruling family was the last Emperor Puyi ( ( February 7, 1906 &ndash October 17, 1967) of the Manchu Aisin-Gioro ruling family was the last Emperor Zhèng Xiàoxū ( Traditional Chinese: 鄭孝胥 Simplified Chinese 郑孝胥 Wade-Giles: Chêng Hsiao-hsü 2 April 1860 - Zhang Jinghui; Simplified Chinese: (张景惠 or Wade-Giles: Chang Ching-hui ( Traditional Chinese: 張景惠 1871 - 1 November World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including "State of Manchuria") was a puppet state in Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia created by former Qing Dynasty officials with help from Imperial Japan in 1932. Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast A puppet state is a State that is nominally independent but in reality under the control of another power Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast Inner Mongolia ( Mongolian:, Öbür mongɣul; occasionally romanized to Nei Mongol is the Mongol Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku The state was founded and administered by Imperial Japan, with Puyi, the last Qing emperor, as the nominal regent and emperor. Puyi ( ( February 7, 1906 &ndash October 17, 1967) of the Manchu Aisin-Gioro ruling family was the last Emperor ^[1] Manchukuo's government was abolished in 1945 after the defeat of Imperial Japan at the end of World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Despite the name, Manchus formed a minority in Manchukuo, whose largest ethnic group were Han Chinese. The Manchu people ( Manchu: Manju;, Mongolian: Манж Russian: Маньчжуры are a Tungusic people who originated in Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. There were also Koreans, Japanese, Mongols and smaller minorities. The Korean people are an East Asian Ethnic group. Most Koreans speak the Korean language. The are the dominant Ethnic group of Japan. Worldwide approximately 130 million people are of Japanese descent of these approximately 127 million are residents of Japan The Mongol regions of western Manchukuo were ruled under a slightly different system in acknowledgement of the Mongolian traditions there.

History

After Manchu tribes conquered China they replaced the Ming Dynasty with the Qing. The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China However, the Manchu emperors did not fully integrate their homeland into China. This legal, and to a degree ethnic, division persisted until the Qing dynasty began to fall apart in the 1800s.

As the power of the court in Beijing weakened, many outlying areas either broke free (like Kashgar) or fell under the control of Imperialist powers. Kashgar or Kashi (officially transliterated as Kaxgar in Uyghur; قەشقەر/K̡ǝxk̡ǝr, is an Oasis In the 1800s, Imperial Russia was most interested in the northern lands of the Qing Empire. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya In 1858, Russia gained nominal control over a huge tract of land called Outer Manchuria thanks to the Supplementary Treaty of Beijing that ended the Second Opium War. Outer Manchuria (外滿洲 known in China as Outer Northeast ' (外東北 and Priamurye' ( Cyrillic: Приаму́рье in Russia is the territory The Convention of Peking or the First Convention of Peking is the name used for three different treaties which were concluded between Qing China and the The Second Opium War, the Second Anglo-Chinese War, the Arrow War, or the Anglo-French expedition to China, was a war of the United Kingdom But Russia was not satisfied, and as the Qing Dynasty continued to weaken, they made further efforts to take control over the rest of Manchuria. Inner Manchuria came under strong Russian influence in the 1890s with the building of the Chinese Eastern Railway through Harbin to Vladivostok. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Chinese Eastern Railway or CER (also known as the Chinese Far East Railway) was a Railway in northeastern China ( Manchuria) ( Russian Kharbin) is a Sub-provincial city and the Capital of the Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China. Vladivostok ( is Russia 's largest port city on the Pacific Ocean and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai.

However, as a direct result of the Russo-Japanese War (1904–5) Japanese influence replaced Russia's in Inner Manchuria. The Russo-Japanese War (日露戦争 Romaji: Nichi-Ro Sensō Русско-японская война Russko-Yaponskaya Voyna;, 10 February 1904 – 5 September For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. In 1906, Japan laid the South Manchurian Railway to Port Arthur (Japanese: Ryojun). For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The was a company founded in the Empire of Japan in 1906 after the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905 and operated within China in the Japanese-controlled South Manchuria Dalian (;; Japanese: Dairen Russian: Далянь Dalian or Дальний Dalny is the governing Sub-provincial city in the eastern Liaoning Between World War I and World War II Manchuria became a political and military battleground between Russia, Japan, and China. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Japan moved into Outer Manchuria as a result of the chaos following the Russian Revolution of 1917. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Outer Manchuria (外滿洲 known in China as Outer Northeast ' (外東北 and Priamurye' ( Cyrillic: Приаму́рье in Russia is the territory See also Russian Revolution (1905 The Russian Revolution of 1916 refers to a series of popular revolutions in Russia, and the events surrounding them A combination of Soviet military successes and American economic pressure forced the Japanese to withdraw from the area, however, and Outer Manchuria returned to Soviet control by 1925. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991

During the warlord period in China, the warlord Zhang Zuolin established himself in Inner Manchuria with Japanese backing. A warlord is a person with power who has military control over a subnational area due to Armed forces loyal to the warlord and not to a central authority Zhāng Zuòlín ( Traditional Chinese: 張作霖 Simplified Chinese: 张作霖, Pinyin: Zhāng Zuòlín Wade-Giles: Chang Tso-lin Northeast China ( is a geographical region of China. It is separated from Russia largely by the Amur, Argun, and Ussuri rivers from Later the Japanese Kantogun found him too independent and assassinated him in 1928. The, also known as the Guandong Army ( 관동군 was an Army group of the Imperial Japanese Army in the early twentieth century After the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, the former Emperor of China, Pu-Yi, was invited to come with his followers and act as the head of state for Manchuria; he accepted this request. The invasion of Manchuria by the Kwantung Army of the Empire of Japan, beginning on September 19, 1931, immediately followed Puyi ( ( February 7, 1906 &ndash October 17, 1967) of the Manchu Aisin-Gioro ruling family was the last Emperor On February 18, 1932 the "State of Manchuria" (Manchukuo, Pinyin: Mǎnzhōuguó)^[2] was declared to exist and recognized by Japan. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use The city of Changchun, renamed Hsinking (Xinjing, 新京), literally means the "New Capital", became the capital of the new entity. Changchun ( is the capital and largest city of Jilin province, located in the northeast of the People's Republic of China, in the centre of the Chinese in Manchuria organized volunteer armies to oppose the Japanese and the new state required a war lasting several years to pacify the country. After the Invasion of Manchuria, and until 1933 large volunteer armies waged war against Japanese and Manchukuo forces over much of Northeast China The Pacification of Manchukuo, was a campaign to pacify the resistance to the newly established Puppet state of Manchukuo between the Anti-Japanese

The Japanese initially installed Puyi as Head of State in 1932, and two years later he was declared Emperor of Manchukuo with the era name of Kangde or "Tranquility and Virtue". Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast are the Chinese characters that are used in the modern Japanese logographic writing system along with Hiragana (ひらがな 平仮名 Katakana is a Japanese Syllabary, one component of the Japanese writing system, along with Katakana and Kanji; the Latin alphabet An era is a commonly used word for long period of time When used in science for example geology eras denote clearly defined periods of time of arbitrary but well defined Manchukuo thus became the Great Manchurian Empire, sometimes termed Manchutikuo (Pinyin: Mǎnzhōu Dìguó). Zheng Xiaoxu served as Manchukuo's first prime minister until 1935, when Zhang Jinghui succeeded him. Zhèng Xiàoxū ( Traditional Chinese: 鄭孝胥 Simplified Chinese 郑孝胥 Wade-Giles: Chêng Hsiao-hsü 2 April 1860 - Zhang Jinghui; Simplified Chinese: (张景惠 or Wade-Giles: Chang Ching-hui ( Traditional Chinese: 張景惠 1871 - 1 November Puyi was nothing more than a figurehead and real authority rested in the hands of the Japanese military officials. An imperial palace was specially built for the emperor. The Museum of Imperial Palace of Manchu State ( Simplified Chinese: 偽滿皇宮博物院 Pinyin: Wěi Mǎn Huánggōng Bówùyuàn literally The Fake Illegitimate All of the Manchu ministers served as front-men for their Japanese vice-ministers, who made all decisions.

In this manner Japan formally detached Manchukuo from China in the course of the 1930s. are the Chinese characters that are used in the modern Japanese logographic writing system along with Hiragana (ひらがな 平仮名 Katakana is a Japanese Syllabary, one component of the Japanese writing system, along with Katakana and Kanji; the Latin alphabet The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression. With Japanese investment and rich natural resources, the area became an industrial powerhouse.

Puyi as the Kangde Emperor of Manchukuo

Only 23 out of 80 then-existing nations recognised the new state. Puyi ( ( February 7, 1906 &ndash October 17, 1967) of the Manchu Aisin-Gioro ruling family was the last Emperor The League of Nations (via the Lytton Report) declared that Manchuria remained rightfully part of China, leading Japan to resign its membership in 1934. The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920 was a report generated by a League of Nations commission in December 1931 to try to determine the causes of the Manchurian Incident which led to the Empire of Japan Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Manchukuo case prompted the United States to articulate the so-called Stimson Doctrine, under which international recognition was withheld from changes in the international system created by force of arms. The Stimson Doctrine is a policy of the United States federal government, enunciated in a note of January 7 1932 to Japan and Of the major powers Imperial Japan, the Soviet Union, Vichy France, Fascist Italy, Francoist Spain and Nazi Germany recognised Manchukuo diplomatically. The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Vichy France, or the Vichy regime are the common terms used to describe the government of France from July 1940 to August 1944 The Kingdom of Italy ( Italian: Regno d'Italia) was a state forged in 1861 by the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers In addition Manchukuo gained recognition from the Japanese collaborationist government of China under Wang Jingwei, as well as El Salvador and the Dominican Republic. Wang Jingwei ( Traditional Chinese: 汪精衛 Simplified Chinese: 汪精卫 Pinyin: Wāng Jīngwèi Wade-Giles: Wang Ching-wei ( El Salvador ( República de El Salvador,) is a country in Central America. The Dominican Republic ( Spanish: República Dominicana;) is a nation located in the Caribbean region and shares the island of Hispaniola with Although the Chinese government did not recognise Manchukuo, the two countries established official ties for trade, communications and transportation.

Dates of recognition of Manchukuo were as follows: Empire of Japan, 16 Sept 1932; El Salvador, 3 Mar 1934; Holy See, 18 Apr 1934 (de facto); (Fascist) Italy, 29 Nov. The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku El Salvador ( República de El Salvador,) is a country in Central America. The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest 1937; (Nationalist) Spain, 2 Dec 1937; (Nazi) Germany, 12 May 1938; (German occupied) Poland, 19 Oct 1939 (de facto); Hungary, 9 Jan 1939; Slovakia, 1 June 1940 (puppet state of Nazi Germany which was recognized by Manchukuo on this date); 'New’ China (Wang Jingwei Government), 30 Nov. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The Slovak Republic ( Slovak: Slovenská republika) was an independent national Slovak state which existed from 14 March 1939 Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The Wang Jingwei Government was a Government under the leadership of Wang Jingwei in the Republic of China, set up by the Empire of Japan 1940 (date of pact); (Iron Guard dominated) Romania, 1 Dec 1940; Bulgaria, 10 May 1941; Finland, 18 July 1941; Croatia, 2 Aug 1941 (puppet state of Nazi Germany which was recognized by Manchukuo on this date); and Thailand, 5 Aug 1941. The Iron Guard is the name most commonly given in English to a Far-right ultra- nationalist Antisemitic, fascist movement and political party Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. The Independent State of Croatia ( Croatian: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH was a Puppet state of the Axis powers. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj

Prior to World War II, the Japanese colonized Manchukuo and used it as a base from which to invade China. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including In the summer of 1939 a border dispute between Manchukuo and the Mongolian People's Republic resulted in the Battle of Khalkhin Gol. The Mongolian People's Republic ( Mongolian: Бүгд Найрамдах Монгол Ард Улс (БНМАУ Bügd Nairamdakh Mongol Ard Uls (BNMAU) was a The Battle of Khalkhyn Gol (бои на реке Халхин-Гол Халхын голын байлдаан Japanese ノモンハン事件 Nomonhan jiken --i During this battle, a combined Soviet-Mongolian force defeated the Japanese Kwantung Army (Kantogun) supported by limited Manchukuoan forces. The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya The, also known as the Guandong Army ( 관동군 was an Army group of the Imperial Japanese Army in the early twentieth century The, also known as the Guandong Army ( 관동군 was an Army group of the Imperial Japanese Army in the early twentieth century

On August 8, 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan in accordance with the agreement at the Yalta Conference, and invaded Manchukuo from outer Manchuria. Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Yalta Conference, sometimes called the Crimea Conference and Codenamed the Argonaut Conference, was the wartime meeting from 4 February This was called Operation August Storm. During the Soviet offensive the Army of Manchukuo, theoretically a two hundred-thousand-man force, well armed and trained along Japanese lines, performed poorly and whole units surrendered to the Soviets without firing a single shot; there were even cases of armed riots and mutinies against the Japanese forces. Emperor Kang De had hoped to escape to Japan to surrender to the Americans, but the Soviets captured him and eventually extradited him to the communist government in China, where the authorities had him imprisoned as a war criminal along with all other captured Manchukuo officials. War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war" including but not limited to "murder the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied

From 1945 to 1948, Manchuria (Inner Manchuria) served as a base area for the People's Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War against the Kuomintang (KMT). The People's Liberation Army ( PLA) ( is the unified Military organization of all land sea and air forces of the People's Republic of China. With Soviet encouragement, the Chinese Communists used Manchuria as a staging ground until the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949. The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the Many Manchukuo army and Japanese Kantogun personnel served with the communist troops during the Chinese Civil War against the Nationalist forces.

Politics

Propaganda poster promoting harmony between Japanese, Chinese, and Manchu. Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people The are the dominant Ethnic group of Japan. Worldwide approximately 130 million people are of Japanese descent of these approximately 127 million are residents of Japan Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. The Manchu people ( Manchu: Manju;, Mongolian: Манж Russian: Маньчжуры are a Tungusic people who originated in The caption says: "With the cooperation of Japan, China, and Manchukuo, the world can be in peace. "

Main article: Politics of Manchukuo

Historians generally consider Manchukuo a puppet state or colony of Imperial Japan^[3] because of the Japanese military's strong presence and strict control of the government administration, Chinese historians generally refer to the state as 'Wei Manzhouguo' ('false Manchukuo') to emphasize its alleged lack of legitimacy. Manchukuo was a nominally independent Puppet state set up by the Empire of Japan in Manchuria which existed from 1931 to 1945. See also History An historian is an individual who studies and writes about History, and is regarded as an Authority on it A puppet state is a State that is nominally independent but in reality under the control of another power This article is about a type of political territory For other uses see Colony (disambiguation. The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku Some historians see Manchukuo as an effort at building an ideal Japanese state in Asia that failed due to the pressures of war. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. ^[4]

Manchukuo was proclaimed a monarchy on 1 March 1934, with Puyi assuming the throne under the reign name of Emperor Kang-de. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Puyi was assisted in his executive duties by a Privy Council, and a State Council. A privy council is a body that advises the Head of state of a nation on how to exercise their executive authority, typically but not always in the context of a The Council of State is the name of an organ of government in many states and especially in Republics The name Council of State is applied to different The State Council was the center of political power, and consisted of eight cabinet ministers, each assisted by a Japanese vice-minister.

The commanding officer of the Kwantung Army in Manchukuo was simultaneously Japanese ambassador to Manchukuo. The commanding officer ( CO) is the officer in command of a Military unit. The, also known as the Guandong Army ( 관동군 was an Army group of the Imperial Japanese Army in the early twentieth century He functioned in a manner similar to that of a British resident officer in British overseas protectorates, with the power to veto decisions by the emperor. A Resident, or in full Resident Minister, is a state official of certain representative -diplomatic and/or colonial- types required to take up permanent residency abroad officially In International law, a protectorate is a autonomous territory that is "protected" by a stronger state or entity hense the protector which engages to protect

The Legislative Council was largely a ceremonial body, existing to rubber-stamp decisions issued by the State Council. A Legislative Council is the name given to the legislatures or one of the chambers of the legislature of many nations and colonies The only authorized political party was the government-sponsored Concordia Association, although various émigré groups were permitted their own political associations. A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral The was a Political party in Manchukuo. Established to promote the ideals of Pan-Asianism and the creation of a multi-ethnic Nation-state and to create

Administrative division of Manchukuo

See List of administrative divisions of Manchukuo for a complete list of prefecture-level divisions. The administrative divisions of Manchukuo consisted of a number of anto plus the special municipalities of Xinjing (新京特別市 and Prefecture, in the context of China, is used to refer to several unrelated political divisions in both ancient and modern China.

During its short-lived existence, Manchukuo was divided into between five (in 1932) and 19 (in 1941) provinces, one special ward of Peiman (Japanese:北満特別区) and two Special cities which were Hsinking (Japanese : 新京特別市) and Harbin (Japanese : 哈爾浜特別市). A province, in the context of China, is a translation of sheng ( which is an administrative division is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities Changchun ( is the capital and largest city of Jilin province, located in the northeast of the People's Republic of China, in the centre of the is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities ( Russian Kharbin) is a Sub-provincial city and the Capital of the Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China. is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities Each province was divided into between four (Hsingan-tung) and 24 (Fengtien) prefectures. Prefecture, in the context of China, is used to refer to several unrelated political divisions in both ancient and modern China. Peiman lasted less than 3 years (July 1 1933 - January 1 1936) and Harbin was later incorporated into Binkiang province. Lungkiang also existed as a province in the 1932 before being divided into Heiho, Lungkiang and Sankiang in 1934. Antung and Chinchow provinces separated themselves from Fengtien while Binkiang and Chientao from Kirin separated themselves in the same year.

Demographics

In 1908, the number of residents was 15,834,000, which rose to 30,000,000 in 1931 and 43,000,000 for the Manchukuo state. The population balance remained 123 men to 100 women and the total number in 1941 was 50,000,000.

In early 1934, the total population of Manchukuo was estimated as 30,880,000, with 6. 1 persons the average family, and 122 men for each 100 women. These numbers included 29,510,000 Chinese, 590,760 Japanese, 680,000 Koreans, and 98,431 other nationalities (Russians, Mongols, etc). Around 80% of the population was rural. Other statistics indicate that in Manchukuo the population rose by 18,000,000.

From Japanese sources come these numbers: in 1940 the total population in Manchukuo of Lungkiang, Jehol, Kirin, Liaoning (Fengtien) and Hsingan provinces at 43,233,954; or an Interior Ministry figure of 31,008,600. Administration Rehe was located north of the Great Wall, west of Manchuria, and east of Mongolia. ( is a northeastern province of the People's Republic of China. Administration The capital of Hsingan was the town of Hailar (or Hulun on the China Eastern Railway line near the Russian border Another figure of the period evaluated the total population as 36,933,000 residents.

Around the same time the Soviet Union was promoting the Siberian Jewish Autonomous Oblast across the Manchukuo-Soviet border, some Japanese officials promoted the Fugu Plan to attract Jewish refugees to Manchukuo as part of their colonisation efforts. Jewish Autonomous Oblast (Евре́йская автоно́мная о́бласть Yevreyskaya avtonomnaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia The was a scheme created in the 1930s in Imperial Japan centered around the idea of settling Jewish refugees escaping Nazi -occupied Europe in The Japanese wanted to exploit the Jews' innate capability to generate wealth, or so they believed from naïve readings of anti-Semitic propaganda. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility

Financing of the settlement was expected to come from rich Jews, but the German government preferred the Final Solution. The Final Solution ( Die Endlösung) was Nazi Germany 's plan and execution of its systematic Genocide against European Jewry during World In any case, Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union made such population transfer impossible, since the Axis powers did not control the necessary sea lanes. Operation Barbarossa ( Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the Codename for Nazi Germany 's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II

Population of main cities

• Yingkow or Yingkou or Newchwang (119,000 or 180,871 in 1940)
• Mukden or Shenyang (339,000 or 1,135,801 in 1940)
• Hsinking or Changchun (126,000 or 544,202 in 1940)
• Harbin (405,000 or 661,948 in 1940)
• Dairen or Dalian (400,000 or 555,562 in 1939)
• Antung or Dandong (92,000 or 315,242 in 1940)
• Kirin or Jilin (119,000 or 173,624 in 1940)
• Tsitsihar or Qiqihar (75,000 in 1940)

Japanese population

In 1931–2, there were 100,000 Japanese farmers; other sources mention 590,760 inhabitants of Japanese nationality. Yingkou ( is a Prefecture-level city of Liaoning province in northeastern China. Shenyang ( Ch: 沈阳 pinyin Shěnyáng, or Mukden ( in Manchu) is a Sub-provincial city and capital of Liaoning Changchun ( is the capital and largest city of Jilin province, located in the northeast of the People's Republic of China, in the centre of the ( Russian Kharbin) is a Sub-provincial city and the Capital of the Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China. Dalian (;; Japanese: Dairen Russian: Далянь Dalian or Дальний Dalny is the governing Sub-provincial city in the eastern Liaoning Dandong ( Wade-Giles Tan-Tung is a city in the Liaoning province China. ( Postal map spelling: Kirin; Manchu: Girin ula is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the northeastern History Qiqihar is one of the oldest cities in the northeast of China and was founded in 1691. The are the dominant Ethnic group of Japan. Worldwide approximately 130 million people are of Japanese descent of these approximately 127 million are residents of Japan Other figures for Manchukuo speak of a Japanese population 240,000 strong, later growing to 837,000. In Hsinking, they made up 25% of the population. The Japanese government had official plans projecting the emigration of 5 million Japanese to Manchukuo between 1936 and 1956. Between 1938 and 1942 a contingent of young farmers of 200,000 arrived in Manchukuo; joining this group after 1936 were 20,000 complete families. When Japan lost sea and air control of the Yellow Sea, this migration stopped.

When the Red Army invaded Manchukuo, they captured 850,000 Japanese settlers. The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya With the exception of some civil servants and soldiers, these were repatriated to Japan in 1946–7. Many Japanese orphans in China were left behind in the confusion by then Japanese government and were adopted by Chinese families. Japanese orphans in China consist primarily of children left behind by Japanese families repatriating to Japan in the aftermath of World War II. Some of them were stigmatized as Japanese during the Cultural Revolution, and in the 1980s Japan began to organise a repatriation programme for them.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Manchukuo

Manchukuo experienced rapid economic growth and progress in its social systems. This article looks at non-industrial and industrial sectors of the economies of Manchukuo and Mengjiang, in the period 1931-1945 Its industrial system was among the most advanced making it one of the industrial powerhouses in the region. Manchukuo's steel production surpassed Japan's in the late 1930s. Many Manchurian cities were modernised during Manchukuo era.

See also:

• Central Bank of Manchou
• Manchukuo yuan
• Manshukoku Hikoki Seizo KK
• Manshukoku Koku KK
• Showa Steel Works
• Manchurian Industrial Development Company
• Manchukuo Film Association

Transport

Main article: South Manchurian Railway Company

Manchukuo built an efficient and massive railway system that still functions well today. The, was the Central bank of the Japan -sponsored state of Manchukuo. The Manchukuo yuan (满洲国圆 was the official unit of Currency of the Empire of Manchukuo, from June 1932- August 1945 was an aircraft company in Manchukuo in the 1930s producing a variety of mostly military aircraft and aircraft components was the name of the National airline of Manchukuo. It is sometimes referred to as Manchukuo Air Transport Company. The was a Japanese government -sponsored Steel mill that was one of the showpieces of the industrialization program for Manchukuo in the late 1930s The was an industrial conglomerate or Zaibatsu, in the Japanese controlled Empire of Manchukuo, established at the instigation of the Imperial Japanese (Chinese 株式會社滿洲映畫協會 also known as the " Manchuria Film Production", was a Japanese film production company in Manchukuo The was a company founded in the Empire of Japan in 1906 after the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905 and operated within China in the Japanese-controlled South Manchuria

Military

• Manchukuo Imperial Army
• Manchukuo Imperial Guards
• Manchukuo Imperial Navy
• Manchukuo Imperial Air Force
• Manchukuo Police Service
• Manchukuo Intelligence Agency

War Crimes in Manchukuo

Main article: War Crimes in Manchukuo

According to a joint study of historians Zhifen Ju, Mitsuyochi Himeta, Toru Kubo and Mark Peattie, more than 10 million Chinese civilians were mobilized by the Showa period army for slave work in Manchukuo under the supervision of the Kōa-in). The Manchukuo Imperial Army was the armed force of the Japanese dominated Puppet state of Manchukuo. The Manchukuo Imperial Guards (禁衛隊 was the elite unit of the Manchukuo armed forces created in 1933 The was the Navy of the Japanese Puppet state of Manchukuo. As Manchukuo was a largely land-locked state the leadership of the Japanese Kwantung Army The was established in February 1937 initially with 30 men selected from the Manchukuo Imperial Army and trained at the Japanese Kwantung Army aircraft arsenal in Harbin War crimes in Manchukuo were committed during the rule of the Empire of Japan in Northeast China, either directly or through its Puppet state of Manchukuo The, or Shōwa era, is the period of Japanese history corresponding to the reign of Emperor Shōwa ( Hirohito) from December 25, 1926 to The was a Cabinet level agency in the Empire of Japan, created on 1938-11-18 under the first Konoe administration to coordinate the government's China ^[5]

The Chinese slave laborers often suffered illness due to high-intensity toil works. Some badly ill workers were directly pushed into Mass graves in order to avoid the medical expenditure^[6] and the world's most serious mine disaster Benxihu Colliery happened in Manchukuo. A mass grave is a grave containing multiple usually unidentified human corpses A mining accident is an Accident that occurs in the process of Mining minerals Benxihu (Honkeiko Colliery (本溪湖媒礦 located at Benxi, Liaoning, China, was first mined in 1905 under the control of the Japanese

Bacteriological weapons were experimented on humans by the infamous unit 731 located near Harbin in Beinyinhe from 1932 to 1936 and to Pingfan until 1945. Biological warfare (BW — known as a germ warfare, biological weapons and bioweaponry — is the use of any Pathogen ( Bacterium was a covert biological and Chemical warfare research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that undertook lethal human experimentation during Victims, mostly Chinese, Russians and Koreans, were subjected to vivisection, sometimes without anesthesia.

In 2007, an article by Reiji Yoshida in the Japan Times argued that the Japanese investments were partly financed by selling drugs. The Japan Times is one of the few independent English language Newspapers published in Japan: it mainly competes with English editions of The illegal drug trade or drug trafficking is a global Black market consisting of the cultivation manufacture distribution and sale of illegal Drugs According to the article, a document found by Yoshida shows that the Kōa-in was directly implicated in providing funds to drug dealers in China for the benefit of the puppet governments of Manchukuo, Nanjing and Mongolia. The was a Cabinet level agency in the Empire of Japan, created on 1938-11-18 under the first Konoe administration to coordinate the government's China ^[7] This document corroborates evidence analyzed earlier by the Tokyo tribunal which stated that

^[8].

Education

Manchukuo developed an efficient public education system. Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency The government established many schools and technical colleges, 12,000 primary schools in Manchukuo, 200 middle schools, 140 normal schools (for preparing teachers), and 50 technical and professional schools. In total the system had 600,000 children and young pupils and 25,000 teachers. There were 1,600 private schools (with Japanese permits), 150 missionary schools and in Harbin 25 Russian schools. Local Chinese children and Japanese children usually attended different schools, and the ones who did attend the same school were segregated racially, with the Japanese students assigned to better-equipped classes.

Confucius's teachings also played an important role in Manchukuo's public school education. In rural areas, student were trained to practice modern agricultural techniques to improve production. Education focused on practical work training for boys and domestic work for girls, all based on adherence to the "Kingly Way" and stressing loyalty to the Emperor. The regime used numerous festivals, sport events, and ceremonies to foster loyalty of citizens. ^[9] Eventually, Japanese became the official language in addition to the Chinese language taught in Manchukuo schools. is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities

Stamps and postal history

1935 Manchukuo postage stamp with image of Puyi, Emperor of Manchukuo

Manchukuo issued its first postage stamps on July 28, 1932. Puyi ( ( February 7, 1906 &ndash October 17, 1967) of the Manchu Aisin-Gioro ruling family was the last Emperor A postage stamp is an adhesive paper evidence of pre-paying a fee for postal services Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. A number of denominations existed, with two designs: the pagoda at Liaoyang and a portrait of Puyi. Liaoyang ( is a city in China Liaoning province located in the middle of the heavily polluted Liaodong Peninsula. Originally the inscription read (in Chinese) "Manchu State Postal Administration"; in 1934, a new issue read "Manchu Empire Postal Administration". An orchid crest design appeared in 1935, and a design featuring the Sacred White Mountains in 1936.

1936 also saw a new regular series featuring various scenes and surmounted by the orchid crest. Between 1937 and 1945, the government issued a variety of commemoratives: for anniversaries of its own existence, to note the passing of new laws, and to honor Japan in various ways, for instance, on the 2600th anniversary of the Japanese Empire in 1940. The last issue of Manchukuo came on May 2, 1945, commemorating the 10th anniversary of an edict. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar

After the dissolution of the government, successor postal authorities locally handstamped many of the remaining stamp stocks with "Republic of China" in Chinese and so forth. In addition, the Port Arthur and Dairen Postal Administration overprinted many Manchukuo stamps between 1946 and 1949. Lüshun city or Lüshunkou or (literally Lüshun Port ( formerly known as both Port Arthur and Ryojun, is a town located at the extreme southern Dalian (;; Japanese: Dairen Russian: Далянь Dalian or Дальний Dalny is the governing Sub-provincial city in the eastern Liaoning An overprint is the addition of text (and sometimes graphics to the face of a Postage stamp after it has been printed (although some overprints are solely in the Selvedge

See also: List of birds on stamps of Manchukuo

In popular culture

The 1987 film of Bernardo Bertolucci, The Last Emperor, made a controversial portrait of Manchukuo through the memories of Emperor Puyi, during his days as political prisoner in Communist China. Puyi ( ( February 7, 1906 &ndash October 17, 1967) of the Manchu Aisin-Gioro ruling family was the last Emperor Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) Bernardo Bertolucci (born March 16, 1940) is an Italian Writer and Academy Award winning Film director. The Last Emperor is a Biopic about the life of Puyi, the last Emperor of China, whose autobiography was the basis for the screenplay Puyi ( ( February 7, 1906 &ndash October 17, 1967) of the Manchu Aisin-Gioro ruling family was the last Emperor Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES

See also

• Battle of Khalkhin Gol
• Battle of Lake Khasan
• Collaborationist Chinese Army
• Evacuation of Manchukuo
• Japanese strategic planning for mainland Asia (1905-1940)
• Unit 731
• List of East Asian leaders in the Japanese sphere of influence (1931-1945)
• List of Japanese supporters of the WWII period
• Marco Polo Bridge Incident
• Mengkukuo
• Mukden Incident
• Nomonhan
• Operation August Storm
• Projected White Russian state in Outer Manchuria

References

1. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica article on Manchukuo
2. ^ Between World Wars
3. ^ Columbia Encyclopedia article on Manchukuo
4. ^ The Journal of Japanese Studies
5. ^ Zhifen Ju, Japan's atrocities of conscripting and abusing north China draftees after the outbreak of the Pacific war, 2002. The Battle of Khalkhyn Gol (бои на реке Халхин-Гол Халхын голын байлдаан Japanese ノモンハン事件 Nomonhan jiken --i The Battle of Lake Khasan ( July 29, 1938 &ndash August 11, 1938) and also known as the Changkufeng Incident (Chinese & Japanese The Collaborationist Chinese Army in the Second Sino-Japanese War went under different names at different times depending on which puppet regime it was organized under The Evacuation of Manchukuo occurred during the Soviet Red Army 's invasion of the Japanese Puppet state of Manchukuo as part of was a covert biological and Chemical warfare research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that undertook lethal human experimentation during The Marco Polo Bridge Incident ( 盧溝橋事變; also known as 七七事變 七七盧溝橋事變 or the Lugouqiao Incident) was a Battle between Mengjiang ( Postal map spelling: Mengkiang) also known in English as Mongol Border Land, was a Puppet state in Inner Mongolia On September 18, 1931, near Mukden (now Shenyang) in southern Manchuria, a section of railroad owned by Japan 's South Manchuria Nomonhan is a small village near the border between Mongolia and Manchuria, China south of the Chinese city of Manzhouli. The term Japanese-planned Republic of the Far East refers to the planned organization of a Japanese Puppet state in the Russian Far East during 1918-22 and the
6. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=yEA5EJyy4CYC&pg=PT25&ots=wnzSo8hEse&dq=%22mass+grave%22+Liaoning&sig=POFcnbEp_C6Ydn-SiEbXHb4YCP4
7. ^ Japan profited as opium dealer wartime China, http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20070830f1.html
8. ^ HyperWar: International Military Tribunal for the Far East [Chapter 5]
9. ^ Japan Focus.

External links

• The Official Website of Manchukou Temporary Government(Official website of the manchukuo independence movement)
• Manchukuo Imperial Army
• Manchu Money Museum
• Education in Mongolia and Manchukuo
• Manchukuo Flags
• Museum of Manchukuo
• Ministry of Financial Affairs
• "On Macro-economic Statistics for Manchukuo" by Yuzo Yamamoto
• "Toshiro Matsumoto s research over Manchukuo"
• Map of Manchukuo
• "Vaticano-Manchukuo no sirve de mea culpa" by Gianni Valente;(related article over Vatican-Manchu WWII foreing relations,in Spanish)
• "Manchukuo National Anthem"
• JAPAN-MANCHOUKUO PROTOCOL
• "References over Manchukuo"
• Zionism and the Japanese East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
• Japanese references to Mantetsu Railway Company