Manchu (Manju, Man) 满族
Total population
approx. 10. 68 million (2000) [1]
Regions with significant populations
China (Heilongjiang · Jilin · Liaoning) There may also be members in North Korea, Siberia of Russia, Canada, Japan and United States
Languages
Manchu (very small population), Mandarin Chinese
Religions
Predominantly Buddhism and Shamanism. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES ( Postal map spelling: Heilungkiang Manchu: Sahaliyan ula is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the northeastern ( Postal map spelling: Kirin; Manchu: Girin ula is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the northeastern ( is a northeastern province of the People's Republic of China. North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Manchu is a Tungusic language spoken in Northeast China; it used to be the language of the Manchu, though now most Manchus speak Mandarin Standard Mandarin, also known as Standard Spoken Chinese, is the official modern Chinese spoken language used in mainland China and Taiwan Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Minority Christianity, others
Related ethnic groups
Xibe, other Tungusic peoples

The Manchu people (Manchu: Manju; simplified Chinese: 满族; traditional Chinese: 滿族; pinyin: Mǎnzú, Mongolian: Манж) are a Tungusic people who originated in Manchuria (today's Northeastern China). Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings The Xibe ( Sibe;) are an Ethnic group living mostly in northeast China and Xinjiang. The term Tungusic peoples is used to describe peoples speaking a Tungusic language. Manchu is a Tungusic language spoken in Northeast China; it used to be the language of the Manchu, though now most Manchus speak Mandarin Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use The Mongolian language (mn [[ImageMonggol kelesvg 17px]] Mongɣol kele, Cyrillic: Монгол хэл Mongol khel) is the best-known member of The term Tungusic peoples is used to describe peoples speaking a Tungusic language. Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast Northeast China ( is a geographical region of China. It is separated from Russia largely by the Amur, Argun, and Ussuri rivers from During their rise in the seventeenth century, along with the help of Ming rebels (such as general Wu Sangui), they conquered the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty, which ruled China until its abolition in 1911 after the Xinhai Revolution, which established a republican government in its place. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar Wu Sangui ( styled Changbai 長白 or Changbo 長伯 (1612 &ndash October 2, 1678) was a Ming Chinese general who was The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Xinhai Revolution or Shinhai Revolution ( also known as the 1911 Revolution or the Chinese Revolution, began with the Wuchang Uprising REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES

The Manchu ethnicity have largely been assimilated with the Han Chinese. Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. The Manchu language is almost extinct, now spoken only among a small number of elderly in remote rural areas of northeastern China and a few scholars; there are around ten thousand speakers of Sibe (Xibo), a Manchu dialect spoken in the Ili region of Xinjiang. Manchu is a Tungusic language spoken in Northeast China; it used to be the language of the Manchu, though now most Manchus speak Mandarin The Xibe ( Sibe;) are an Ethnic group living mostly in northeast China and Xinjiang. Xinjiang ( Uyghur: شىنجاڭ Shinjang;; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang; Turkish: Sincan, Sincan Uygur Özerk In recent years, however, there has been a resurgence of interest in Manchu culture among both ethnic Manchus and Han. The number of Chinese today with some Manchu ancestry is quite large, and the adoption of favorable policies towards ethnic minorities (such as preferential university admission and government employment opportunities) has encouraged some people with mixed-Han and Manchu ancestry to re-identify themselves as Manchu.

Much recent scholarship in ethnic identity emphasizes that ethnic categories are not static, objective category, but rather fluid, subjective ones. This applies to the notion of a Manchu ethnicity which much recent scholarship suggests was strengthened in the early 19th century to distinguish members of the Qing military elites from the peoples they ruled. ^[1]

Culture

Aspects of Manchu customs and traditions can be seen in local cuisines, language and customs in today's Manchuria as well as cities in that region. After the fall of the Ming Dynasty, Manchus also adopted many Han customs and traditions. The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world.

They traditionally coiled their hair in high tufts on top of their heads and wore earrings, long gowns and embroidered shoes. The women with higher social standing wore silk and satin clothing while cotton clothing was worn by women of lower social standing. Variants of such vestments (including qi pao and ma gua, Mandarin dress) are still popular all over China. The cheongsam is a body-hugging (modified in Shanghai) one-piece Chinese Dress for women The cheongsam is a body-hugging (modified in Shanghai) one-piece Chinese Dress for women The man's clothing once consisted of a short and adjusted jacket over a long gown with a belt at the waist to facilitate horse-riding and hunting. Unlike the Han, the Manchu did not practice foot binding.

One of the Qianlong Emperor's Manchu First Grade Bodyguards, Baturu Zhanyinbao (1760). Emperor Qianlong (Chinese 乾隆 Qiánlóng, Wade-Giles' Ch'ien-Lung', Mongolian Tengeriig Tetgesen Khaan, born Hongli (弘历 September

The traditional Manchu dwellings were made up of three quarters. In the center of the house was the kitchen while the wings contained the dormitory and the living room. The unique Manchu tradition did not allow people to die on nahan () to the west or north. The Kang ( Manchu: nahan) is a long (2 meters or more sleeping platform made of Bricks or other forms of fired Clay. Believing that doors were made for living souls, the Manchus allowed dead bodies to be taken out only through windows. Ground burial was the general practice.

The Manchu language is a member of the Tungusic language group, itself a member of the proposed Altaic language family. Manchu is a Tungusic language spoken in Northeast China; it used to be the language of the Manchu, though now most Manchus speak Mandarin The Tungusic languages (also known as Manchu-Tungus Tungus are spoken in Eastern Siberia and Manchuria. List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family Altaic, according to its proponents is a language family that includes 66 Languages ref> Altaic languages spoken by about 348 million people mostly in and around

Origins

Ancestors of the Manchu were the peoples of the Mongolian steppes. Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East The first ancestors of the Manchu were the Sushen, a people who lived during the second and first millennia BC. Sushen was an ancient ethnic group or people who dwelt in the northeastern part of China and the Russian Maritime Province. They were followed by the Yilou people, who were active from AD 202 to 220. Sushen was an ancient ethnic group or people who dwelt in the northeastern part of China and the Russian Maritime Province. The Wuji followed in the fifth century and the tribes of the Mohe in the sixth century. The Mohe (or Malgal, Mogher) were a Tungusic people in ancient Manchuria. One of the tribes of the Mohe, the Heishui (Black Water) tribe, eventually became the ancestors of the Jurchens, from whom the Manchu originated. ^[2]

The Jurchens under the Wanyan clan established the Jin Dynasty (literally Golden Dynasty) that ruled the northern half of China (1115–1234) and rivaled the Song Dynasty in southern China. The Jurchens ( were a Tungus people who inhabited the region of Manchuria ( Northeast China) until the 17th century when they adopted the name Manchu The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms The Jin were conquered by the Mongols under Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan ( or;, Chinggis Khaan, ʧiŋgɪs χaːŋ Činggis Qaɣan; 1162–1227 born (meaning "ironworker" was the Mongol founder

Before the seventeenth century, the ancestors of the Manchus were generally a pastoral people, hunting, fishing and engaging in limited agriculture and pig-farming. Pastoral, as an adjective refers to the lifestyle of Shepherds and Pastoralists moving livestock around larger areas of land according to seasons and availability Hunting is the practice of pursuing Animals for Food, Recreation, or Trade. For the computer security term see Phishing. Fishing is the activity of catching Fish. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Pigs, also called hogs or' swine', are Ungulates which have been domesticated as sources of food leather and similar products since ancient times

Plaque at the Forbidden City in Beijing, China, in both Chinese (left) and Manchu (right).

Founding of the Qing Dynasty

In 1616 a Manchu leader, Nurhaci (1559-1626) broke away from the power of the decaying Ming Dynasty and established the Later Jin Dynasty (後金 Hòu Jīn) / Amaga Aisin Gurun (), domestically called the State of Manchu (manju gurun) (), and unified Manchu tribes, establishing (or at least expanding) the Manchu Banner system, a military structure which made their forces quite resilient in the face of superior Ming Dynasty numbers in the field. Nurhaci ( Chinese: 努爾哈赤 or 努爾哈齊; Manchu:) is considered to be the founding father of the Manchu The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led The Eight Banners (In Manchu: jakūn gūsa, In Chinese: 八旗 baqí were administrative divisions into which all Manchu families were placed The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led Nurhaci later conquered Mukden (modern-day Shenyang) and built it into the new capital in 1621. Shenyang ( Ch: 沈阳 pinyin Shěnyáng, or Mukden ( in Manchu) is a Sub-provincial city and capital of Liaoning In 1636 Nurhaci's son Huang Taiji, reorganized the Manchus, including those Mongolians, Koreans and Hans who had joined them, changed the nation's name to Qing, and formally changed the name of the nationality to Manchu. Huang Taiji ( November 28 1592 &ndash September 21 1643; reigned 1626 &ndash 1643 also transliterated as Hung Taiji Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China

The early significance of Manchu has not been established satisfactorily. It may have been an old term for the Jianzhou Jurchens. One theory claims that the name came from the Bodhisattva Mañjuśrī (the Bodhisattva of Wisdom), of which Nurhaci claimed to be an incarnation. In the Buddhist context a bodhisattva (बोधिसत्त्व bodhisattva;; Vietnamese Bồ Tát; बोधिसत्त bodhisatta Manjusri ( Ch: Another theory is that the Manchus, like a number of other Tungusic peoples, take their name from the common Tungusic word *mangu(n), 'a great river'.

When Beijing was captured by Li Zicheng's peasant rebels in 1644, the last Ming Emperor Chongzhen committed suicide. Li Zicheng ( ( September 22, 1606 - 1644 born Lĭ Hóngjī (鴻基 was one of the major figures in the rebellion that brought down the Ming Dynasty China The Manchu then allied with Ming Dynasty general Wu Sangui and seized control of Beijing, which became the new capital of the new ruling Qing dynasty. The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led Wu Sangui ( styled Changbai 長白 or Changbo 長伯 (1612 &ndash October 2, 1678) was a Ming Chinese general who was Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China Over the next two decades, the Manchu took command of all of China.

For political purposes, the early Manchurian emperors took wives descended from the Mongol Great Khans, so that their descendants (such as the Kangxi Emperor) would also be seen as legitimate heirs of the Mongolian Yuan dynasty. Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast The Kangxi Emperor ( Mongolian Enkh Amgalan Khaan, May 4, 1654 &ndash December 20, 1722) was the third Emperor of The Yuan Dynasty ( Pinyin: Yuáncháo Dai Ön Ulus (Дай Юан Улс was a ruling Dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai During the Qing Dynasty, the Manchu government made efforts to preserve Manchu culture and the language. Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China Manchu is a Tungusic language spoken in Northeast China; it used to be the language of the Manchu, though now most Manchus speak Mandarin These efforts were largely unsuccessful in that Manchus gradually adopted the customs and language of the surrounding Han Chinese and, by the nineteenth century, spoken Manchu was rarely used even in the Imperial court. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Written Manchu, however, was still used for the keeping of records and communication between the emperor and the Banner officials until the collapse of the dynasty. The Qing dynasty also maintained a system of dual appointments in which all major imperial offices would have a Manchu and a Han Chinese member. Because of the small number of Manchus, this insured that a large fraction of them would be government officials.

Near the end of the Qing Dynasty, Manchus were portrayed as outside colonizers by Chinese nationalists such as Sun Yat-Sen, even though the Republican revolution he brought about was supported by many reform-minded Manchu officials and military officers. Chinese nationalism ( sometimes synonymous with Chinese Patriotism ( lit Sun Yat-sen ( November 12, 1866 &ndash March 12, 1925) was a Chinese Revolutionary and political leader often This portrayal quickly dissipated after the 1911 revolution as the new Republic of China now sought to include Manchus within its national identity. The Xinhai Revolution or Shinhai Revolution ( also known as the 1911 Revolution or the Chinese Revolution, began with the Wuchang Uprising Zhonghua minzu ( Traditional Chinese: 中華民族 ( Simplified Chinese: 中华民族 Pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínzú sometimes translated as

Manchukuo

In 1931, the Empire of Japan created a puppet state in Manchuria called Manchukuo. Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku Manchukuo (ja [[wikt満州国 満州国]] Manshūkoku lit "State of Manchuria " was a Puppet state in Manchuria and eastern The new state was nominally ruled by Emperor Puyi. Puyi ( ( February 7, 1906 &ndash October 17, 1967) of the Manchu Aisin-Gioro ruling family was the last Emperor By this time the population of Manchuria was overwhelmingly Han Chinese, and though Manchukuo was intended to be a state for Manchus, the way its borders were drawn produced a state that had a majority Han population. Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. Manchukuo was abolished at the end of World War II, with its territory incorporated back into China. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

Autonomous Areas designated for Manchus

See also

• Anti-Manchuism
• Ethnic groups in Chinese history
• Kawashima Yoshiko
• List of Manchu clans
• Manchu language
• Qing Dynasty
• 9th Infantry Regiment
• War crimes in Manchukuo
• Fu Manchu, a fictional character of Manchu ancestry
• Pamela Kyle Crossley, author of many scholarly and some popular works on Manchus and Manchu history

Famous Manchu

• Cao Xueqin - Famous writer. In a similar fashion to the former Soviet Union 's Titular nations a number of areas associated with one or more ethnic minorities are designated as '''autonomous''' A province, in the context of China, is a translation of sheng ( which is an administrative division A prefecture-level city ( or prefecture-level municipality is an administrative division of the People's Republic of China, ranking below a province and Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use The following is a list of ethnic groups in China where "China" is taken to mean areas controlled by either of the two states using "China" in their formal ( Postal map spelling: Hopeh) is a northern province of the People's Republic of China. Chengde ( is a Prefecture-level city in Hebei province People's Republic of China, situated northeast of Beijing. Fengning Manchu Autonomous County ( Chinese: 丰宁满族自治县 is a county within the Chengde City Prefecture Hebei, China. Daming Lake ( Simplified: 大明湖 Pinyin: Dàmíng Hú which literally translates as Lake of Great Light is one of the biggest lakes in the city of Qinhuangdao ( Postal map spelling: Chinwangtao) is a city in Hebei province China. Ethnic Mongols in China ( Chinese: 蒙古族 Ménggǔzú) are citizens of the People's Republic of China who are ethnic Mongols. ( Postal map spelling: Kirin; Manchu: Girin ula is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the northeastern Siping ( formerly Ssupingkai ( is a city in Jilin province in Northeast China. ( is a northeastern province of the People's Republic of China. Fushun ( is a city in Liaoning, China, about 45 km from Shenyang, with a population about 1 Benxi ( is a Prefecture-level city located in the Liaoning province of China, south-southeast of Shenyang. Huanren Manchu Autonomous County ( Manchu: Huwanren Manju Zijysiyan Korean: 환인만족자치현 is located in Benxi of Liaoning province Dandong ( Wade-Giles Tan-Tung is a city in the Liaoning province China. Anti-Manchuism is the sentiment in the History of China held against Manchus who were present in the region especially against the Qing Dynasty ruling administration The following are the Ethnic groups in Chinese history. Any non clear-cut connection is denoted by a question mark beside the equivalences was a Manchu princess brought up in Japan, who served as a Spy in the service of the Japanese Kwantung Army and Manchukuo. This is a list of Manchu Clans. Jianzhou Jurchen clans Odoli: most famous peoples: Aisin Gioro Manchu is a Tungusic language spoken in Northeast China; it used to be the language of the Manchu, though now most Manchus speak Mandarin Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China The 9th Infantry Regiment is one of the oldest and most decorated active units in the United States Army. War crimes in Manchukuo were committed during the rule of the Empire of Japan in Northeast China, either directly or through its Puppet state of Manchukuo Dr Fu Manchu is a Fictional character first featured in a series of novels by English author Sax Rohmer during the first half of the 20th century Pamela Kyle Crossley (born 18 November 1955) is a leading Historian of modern China, northern Asia and global history Cao Xueqin ( ca 1724? —1763? is the author of Dream of the Red Chamber, believed by many to be the greatest Novel written in the Chinese A writer is anyone who creates a written work although the word usually designates those who write creatively or professionally as well as those who have written in many different forms
• Nalan Xingde - Famous poet. Nalan Xingde (Na-lan Hsing-te (Simplified Chinese: 纳兰性德 1655-1685 was a Qing Dynasty poet most famous for his Ci poetry. A poet is a person who writes Poetry. Etymology From the Ancient greek: ποιέω, poieō: "I make or compose"
• Na Ying - Pop Star.
• Zhao Junzhe - Football player. Zhao Junzhe ( born 19 April, 1979 in Shenyang, Liaoning, China is a professional Chinese football player currently playing
• Lang Lang - Pianist. Lang Lang ( (born June 14, 1982) is a Chinese Pianist from Shenyang in Liaoning, China.
• Pu Yi - Last Emperor of Qing Dynasty and Emperor of Manchukuo. Puyi ( ( February 7, 1906 &ndash October 17, 1967) of the Manchu Aisin-Gioro ruling family was the last Emperor
• Lang Ping - Ex-Volleyball player, now coaching USA Women's Volleyball National Team. "Jenny" Lang Ping (郎平 born December 10, 1960) is a former Chinese Volleyball player and current head coach of the
• Lao She - writer. Lao She ( February 3, 1899 – August 24, 1966) was a notable Chinese Writer.
• Qigong - Calligrapher

External links

• [2]
• Qiren.cn (Simplified Chinese)

Notes