City of Manchester
Manchester skyline from the River Irwell
Coat of Arms of the City Council
Nickname: "Capital of the North", "Cottonopolis", "Second city", "Warehouse City"
Motto: "Concilio Et Labore" "Wisdom and effort"
Manchester shown within England
Coordinates: 53°28′N 2°14′W / 53.467, -2.233
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Constituent country	England
Region	North West England
Ceremonial county	Greater Manchester
Admin HQ	Manchester City Centre
Founded	1st century
Town charter	1301
City status	1853
Government
- Type	Metropolitan borough, City
- Governing body	Manchester City Council
- Lord Mayor	Glynn Evans
- MPs:	Paul Goggins (L) Sir Gerald Kaufman (L) John Leech (LD) Tony Lloyd (L) Graham Stringer (L)
Area
- Borough & City	44. The River Irwell is a River flowing through the Irwell Valley in the counties of Lancashire and Greater Manchester Manchester City Council is the local authority for the City of Manchester in Greater Manchester, England A nickname is a Name of an entity or thing that is not its Proper name. Cottonopolis is a name given to the city of Manchester, in England. A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group This list of sovereign states, alphabetically arranged gives an overview of States around the world with information on the extent of their Sovereignty. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Constituent country is a phrase used often by official institutions in contexts in which a country makes up a part of a larger entity or grouping England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The region, also known as the government office region, is currently the highest tier of local government sub-national entity of England, with only one North West England is one of the nine official Regions of England. The ceremonial counties are areas of England that are appointed a Lord-Lieutenant, and are defined by the government as the Counties for the purposes of the Lieutenancies Greater Manchester is a Metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 2 Manchester City Centre is the Central business district of both Manchester and Greater Manchester, in North West England. A metropolitan borough is a type of local government district in England covering urban areas within metropolitan counties. Manchester City Council is the local authority for the City of Manchester in Greater Manchester, England This is a list of the Mayors and Lord Mayors of Manchester in the North Brooklands Greater Manchester may refer to Brooklands Manchester Brooklands Trafford Composition Graphical representation of the House of Commons This is a comparison of the party strengths in the British House of Commons Paul Goggins (born 16 June, 1953) is a British Labour Party Politician. The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the Sir Gerald Bernard Kaufman (born 21 June 1930 is a British Labour Member of Parliament who was a government minister during the 1970s The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the John Leech (born 11 April 1971, Wakefield, Yorkshire) is a British Politician and the Liberal Democrat The Liberal Democrats, often shortened to Lib Dems, are a liberal Political party in the United Kingdom, formed in 1988 by merging the Anthony Joseph Lloyd, known as Tony Lloyd, (born 25 February 1950, Barton-upon-Irwell) is a British Labour Party politician The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the Graham Eric Stringer (born February 17, 1950, Manchester) is a politician in the United Kingdom, and Labour Member of Parliament The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. A metropolitan borough is a type of local government district in England covering urban areas within metropolitan counties. 7 sq mi (115. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. 65 km²)
Elevation	256 ft (78 m)
Population (2006 est. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International )
- Borough & City	452,000 (Ranked 5th)
- Density	9,880. A metropolitan borough is a type of local government district in England covering urban areas within metropolitan counties. The figures are mid-year estimates for 2007 from the Office for National Statistics. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 8/sq mi (3,815/km²)
- Urban	2,240,230 (Greater Manchester Urban Area)
- Metro	4,209,132
- County	2,547,700
- County Density	5,172. The Greater Manchester Urban Area is an area of land defined by the Office for National Statistics consisting of the large Conurbation surrounding and including the A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central The ceremonial counties are areas of England that are appointed a Lord-Lieutenant, and are defined by the government as the Counties for the purposes of the Lieutenancies The ceremonial counties are areas of England that are appointed a Lord-Lieutenant, and are defined by the government as the Counties for the purposes of the Lieutenancies 2/sq mi (1,997/km²)
- Ethnicity (2005 Estimates[1])	77. A nationwide Census, commonly known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday 29 April 2001 6% White 71. White People is the second album by Handsome Boy Modeling School. 0% White British 3. " White British " was a racially -based classification used by the 2001 census. 0% White Irish 3. Irish migration to Britain (also known as the Br[[Irish people|irish]]) has a lengthy history due to the close proximity of and complex relationship between 6% Other White 3. " White Other " is a term used in the UK census to describe white persons of non- British and non- Irish descent in 2% Mixed 1. Mixed Race was included as an ethnic classification on the UK Census from 2001. 3% White & Black Caribbean 0. Mixed Race was included as an ethnic classification on the UK Census from 2001. 6% White & Black African 0. Mixed Race was included as an ethnic classification on the UK Census from 2001. 7% White & South Asian 0. Mixed Race was included as an ethnic classification on the UK Census from 2001. 7% White & Other 10. Mixed Race was included as an ethnic classification on the UK Census from 2001. 3% South Asian 2. British Asians are British citizens who are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka 3% Indian 5. British Indians (also Indian British or Indian Britons) are citizens of the United Kingdom whose ancestral roots lie in the South Asian country 8% Pakistani 1. 0% Bangladeshi 1. British Asians are British citizens who are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka 2% Other South Asian 5. British Asians are British citizens who are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka 2% Black 2. See also British African-Caribbean community, Caribbean British Black British is a term which has had different meanings and uses as a racial and political 0% Black Carribean 2. The British African Caribbean community are residents of the United Kingdom who are of West Indian background and whose ancestors were indigenous to Africa 7% Black African 0. See also British African-Caribbean community, Caribbean British Black British is a term which has had different meanings and uses as a racial and political 5% Other Black 3. See also British African-Caribbean community, Caribbean British Black British is a term which has had different meanings and uses as a racial and political 7% East Asian and Other 2. Since the 17th century there have been East Asian people in Britain. The 2001 UK Census ethnic groups include White British, White Other, Mixed Race, Asian British, Black British and Chinese 3% Chinese 1. British Chinese, including British-born Chinese (often informally referred to as BBC) are people of Chinese ancestry who were born in or have migrated 4% Other
Time zone	Greenwich Mean Time (UTC+0)
Postcode	M
Area code(s)	0161
ISO 3166-2	GB-MAN
ONS code	00BN
OS grid reference	SJ838980
NUTS 3	UKD31
Website: www.manchester.gov.uk

Manchester (pronunciation (help·info); pronounced /ˈmæntʃɛstə/) is a city and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England. The 2001 UK Census ethnic groups include White British, White Other, Mixed Race, Asian British, Black British and Chinese Greenwich Mean Time ( GMT) is a term originally referring to mean solar time at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London Coordinated Universal Time, the basis for the world's civil time frequently referred to by the name of its predecessor Greenwich Mean Time Western The M postcode area, also known as the Manchester postcode area, is a group of several Postal districts in Greater Manchester, England. A telephone numbering plan is a plan for allocating Telephone number ranges to countries regions areas and exchanges and to non-fixed telephone networks ISO 3166-2GB is an ISO standard which defines Geocodes it is the subset of ISO 3166-2 which applies to the United Kingdom. The Office for National Statistics coding system is a hierarchical code used in the United Kingdom for tabulating Census and other statistical data The British national grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references commonly used in Great Britain, different from using Latitude and Longitude The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics, ( NUTS) for the French nomenclature d'unités territoriales statistiques, is a Geocode A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status A metropolitan borough is a type of local government district in England covering urban areas within metropolitan counties. Greater Manchester is a Metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 2 England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Manchester was granted city status in 1853. It has a population of 452,000,^[2] and lies at the centre of the wider Greater Manchester Urban Area, which has a population of 2,240,230,^[3] the United Kingdom's third largest conurbation. The Greater Manchester Urban Area is an area of land defined by the Office for National Statistics consisting of the large Conurbation surrounding and including the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located A Conurbation is formed when towns expand sufficiently that their urban areas join up with each other Manchester has the second largest urban zone in the UK and the fourteenth most populated in Europe.

Forming part of the English Core Cities Group, often described as the second city of the UK,^[4] and the "Capital of the North",^[5] Manchester today is a centre of the arts, the media, higher education and commerce. The English Core Cities Group is an association of eight large regional cities in England: Birmingham (region of West Midlands) Northern England, The North, The North of England or (less commonly The North Country refers to the parts of England north of an ill-defined line The arts is a broad subdivision of Culture, composed of many expressive disciplines. The news media refers to the section of the Mass media that focuses on presenting current News to the public Higher education is Education that is provided by universities, vocational universities, Community colleges Liberal arts colleges Commerce is a division of trade or production which deals with the exchange of goods and services from producer to final consumer In a poll of British business leaders published in 2006, Manchester was regarded as the best place in the UK to locate a business. ^[6] A report commissioned by Manchester Partnership, published in 2007, showed Manchester to be the "fastest-growing city" economically. ^[7] It is the third most visited city in the United Kingdom by foreign visitors. ^[8] Manchester was the host of the 2002 Commonwealth Games, and among its other sporting connections are its two Premier League football teams, Manchester United and Manchester City. The 2002 Commonwealth Games were held in Manchester, England from 25 July to 4 August 2002 The Premier League, colloquially referred to as the Premiership, is an English professional league for football clubs TalkManchester City FC before changing verbs to singular --> Manchester City Football Club is an English professional football club ^[9]

Historically, most of the city was a part of Lancashire, with areas south of the River Mersey being in Cheshire. The historic counties of England are ancient subdivisions of England. Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea See also Mersey River (Tasmania and Mersey River (Nova Scotia. Cheshire (or archaically the County of Chester) is a county in North West England. Manchester was the world's first industrialised city^[10] and played a central role during the Industrial Revolution. is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a Pre-industrial society into an industrial one The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the It was the dominant international centre of textile manufacture and cotton spinning. With the establishment of overseas colonies, the British Empire at the end of the 17th century/beginning of the 18th century had a vast source of raw materials and a vast market Spinning is an ancient textile art in which plant, animal or synthetic Fibers are twisted together to form Yarn (or thread ^[11] During the 19th century it acquired the nickname Cottonopolis,^[11] suggesting it was a metropolis of cotton mills. Cottonopolis is a name given to the city of Manchester, in England. A metropolis (from the Greek μήτηρ mētēr meaning 'mother' and πόλις pólis meaning 'city/town' is a big City, in most cases with A cotton mill is a Factory housing spinning and Weaving Machinery Cotton was a leading sector in the Industrial Revolution, as cotton Manchester City Centre is now on a tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites, mainly due to the network of canals and mills constructed during its 19th-century development. Manchester City Centre is the Central business district of both Manchester and Greater Manchester, in North West England. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex ^[12]

Contents 1 History 1.1 Toponymy 1.2 Early history 1.3 Industrial Revolution 1.4 World War II 1.5 1996 bomb 1.6 Redevelopment 1.7 Second City 2 Governance 3 Geography 4 Demography 5 Economy 6 Landmarks 7 Transport 8 Culture 8.1 Arts 8.2 Nightlife 9 Education 10 Sport 11 Media 12 Twin cities and consulates 13 See also 14 Further reading 15 References 16 External links

History

Main article: History of Manchester

Toponymy

The name Manchester originates from the Ancient Roman name Mamucium, thought to be a Latinisation of an original Celtic name (possibly meaning "breast-like hill" from mamm- = "breast"), plus Anglo-Saxon ceaster = "town", which is derived from Latin castra = "camp". The history of Manchester is one of change from a minor Lancastrian township into the pre-eminent industrial Metropolis of the United Kingdom Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The Celtic languages are descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic" a branch of the greater Indo-European Language family. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The Latin word castra, with its singular castrum, was used by the ancient Romans to mean buildings or plots of land reserved to or constructed for use as a military ^[13] Manchester is also the 10th most common place name in the United States. This is a list of the most common US place names (cities towns villages and Census Designated Places with number of times that name occurs (in parentheses (**Some states have more

Early history

There are few signs of prehistoric occupation of the city. Stone Age Paleolithic See also Paleolithic, Recent African Origin, Early Homo sapiens, Early human migrations "Paleolithic" The only major Bronze Age finds have been to the south, where the remains of an extensive farming community were discovered during the construction of Manchester Airport's second runway. The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for Manchester Airport is a major Airport in the vicinity of Manchester, England, and the largest airport in the United Kingdom outside the ^[14]

The Brigantes were the major Celtic tribe of what is now Northern England whom had a stronghold in the locality at a sandstone outcrop on which Manchester Cathedral now stands, opposite the banks of the River Irwell. The Brigantes were a Celtic tribe who in pre-Roman times controlled the largest section of Northern England and a significant part of the Midlands Northern England, The North, The North of England or (less commonly The North Country refers to the parts of England north of an ill-defined line Manchester Cathedral is a Medieval church located on Victoria Street in central Manchester and is the seat of the Bishop of Manchester. The River Irwell is a River flowing through the Irwell Valley in the counties of Lancashire and Greater Manchester ^[15] Their territory extended across the fertile lowland of what is now Salford and Stretford. Salford lies at the heart of the City of Salford, a Metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, in North West England. Stretford (pop 37500 is a town within the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford, in Greater Manchester, England Following the Roman conquest of Britain in the 1st century, General Agricola ordered the construction of a Roman fort in the year 79 named Mamucium to ensure Roman interests with Deva Victrix (Chester) and Eboracum (York) were protected from the Brigantes. This page refers to the conquest begun in AD 43 For other Roman invasions see Caesar's invasions of Britain and Carausian Revolt. Gnaeus Julius Agricola ( June 13, 40 &ndash August 23, 93) was a Roman general responsible for much of the Roman conquest of The Latin word castra, with its singular castrum, was used by the ancient Romans to mean buildings or plots of land reserved to or constructed for use as a military Deva Victrix, or simply Deva, was a legionary fortress and town in the Roman province of Britannia. Chester is the County town of Cheshire, England. Lying on the River Dee, close to the border with Wales, it is home to 77040 Eboracum was a fort and City in Roman Britain. Today it is known as York, located in North Yorkshire, England. York ( is an historic Walled city sited at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. ^[15] Central Manchester has been permanently settled since this time. ^[16] A stabilised fragment of foundations of the final version of the Roman fort is visible in Castlefield. Or see Castlefields. Castlefield is an Inner city area of Manchester, in North West England. The Romans withdrew in the early 5th century, and by the time of the Norman Conquest in 1066 the focus of settlement had shifted to the confluence of the rivers Irwell and Irk. ^[17] Much of the wider area was laid waste in the subsequent Harrying of the North. The Harrying (or Harrowing) of the North was a series of campaigns waged by William the Conqueror, in the winter of 1069 &ndash 1070 ^[18][19]

Thomas de la Warre, lord of the manor, founded and constructed a collegiate church for the parish in 1421. Salford lies at the heart of the City of Salford, a Metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, in North West England. Manchester was an ancient parish in the Hundred of Salford in Lancashire, England. The church is now Manchester Cathedral; the domestic premises of the college now house Chetham's School of Music and Chetham's Library. Manchester Cathedral is a Medieval church located on Victoria Street in central Manchester and is the seat of the Bishop of Manchester. Chetham's School of Music, familiarly known as "Chets" is a specialist Music school in Manchester, United Kingdom. Chetham's Library in Manchester, England is the oldest free public reference library in the United Kingdom. ^[14][17]

Around the 14th century, Manchester received an influx of Flemish weavers, sometimes credited as the foundation of the region's textile industry. The terms Fleming and Flemings ( Vlaming and Vlamingen in Dutch) denote respectively a person and people and the Flemings or ^[20] Manchester became an important centre for the manufacture and trade of woollens and linen, and by about 1540, had expanded to become, in John Leland's words, "The fairest, best builded, quickest, and most populous town of all Lancashire. Wool is the fiber derived from the specialized skin cells called follicles of animals in the Caprinae family principally sheep, but the hair of certain species Linen is a Textile made from the Fibers of the Flax plant Linum usitatissimum. This is about John Leland antiquary For other people called John Leland see John Leland (disambiguation. "^[17] The cathedral and Chetham's buildings are the only significant survivors of Leland's Manchester. ^[18]

During the English Civil War, Manchester strongly favoured the Parliamentary interest. The English Civil War (1642-1651 was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. Although not long lasting, Cromwell granted it the right to elect its own MP. Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style &ndash 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known Charles Worsley, who sat for the city for only a year, was later appointed Major General for Lancashire, Cheshire and Staffordshire during the Rule of the Major Generals. Charles Worsley, 1622-56 was a Major-General during the English Civil War. The Rule of the Major-Generals from August 1655 &ndash January 1657 was a period of direct military government during Oliver Cromwell 's Protectorate. He was a diligent puritan, turning out ale houses and banning the celebration of Christmas; he died in 1656. A Puritan of 16th and 17th century England was an associate of any number of religious groups advocating for more "purity" of Worship and Doctrine, ^[21]

Significant quantities of cotton began to be used after about 1600, firstly in linen/cotton fustians, but by around 1750 pure cotton fabrics were being produced and cotton had overtaken wool in importance. Cotton is a soft staple Fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant ( Gossypium sp Fustian (also called bombast) is a term for a variety of heavy Woven, mostly Cotton fabrics chiefly prepared for menswear ^[17] The Irwell and Mersey were made navigable by 1736, opening a route from Manchester to the sea docks on the Mersey. The Bridgewater Canal, Britain's first wholly artificial waterway, was opened in 1761, bringing coal from mines at Worsley to central Manchester. The Bridgewater Canal is a Canal in North West England, connecting Runcorn, Manchester, and Leigh. Worsley is a town within the Metropolitan borough of the City of Salford, in Greater Manchester, England. The canal was extended to the Mersey at Runcorn by 1776. The combination of competition and improved efficiency halved the cost of coal and halved the transport cost of raw cotton. ^[17][14] Manchester became the dominant marketplace for textiles produced in the surrounding towns. ^[17] A commodities exchange, opened in 1729,^[18] and numerous large warehouses, aided commerce. A commodities exchange is an Exchange where various Commodities and derivatives products are traded

In 1780, Richard Arkwright began construction of Manchester's first cotton mill. Sir Richard Arkwright ( Old Style 23 December 1732 / New Style 3 January 1733 – 3 August ^[14][18]

Industrial Revolution

Much of Manchester's history is concerned with textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution. Cottonopolis is a name given to the city of Manchester, in England. With the establishment of overseas colonies, the British Empire at the end of the 17th century/beginning of the 18th century had a vast source of raw materials and a vast market The great majority of cotton spinning took place in the towns of south Lancashire and north Cheshire, and Manchester was for a time the most productive centre of cotton processing,^[22] and later the world's largest marketplace for cotton goods. Spinning is an ancient textile art in which plant, animal or synthetic Fibers are twisted together to form Yarn (or thread Greater Manchester is a Metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 2 ^[17][23] Manchester was dubbed "Cottonopolis" and "Warehouse City" during the Victorian era. Cottonopolis is a name given to the city of Manchester, in England. Culture The Victorian fascination with novelty resulted in a deep interest in the relationship between modernity and cultural continuities ^[22]

Manchester began expanding "at an astonishing rate" around the turn of the 19th century as part of a process of unplanned urbanisation brought on by the Industrial Revolution. Urbanizationn (also spelled urbanisation) is the physical growth of Urban areas into rural or natural land as a result of population in-migration to an existing The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the ^[24] It developed a wide range of industries, so that by 1835 "Manchester was without challenge the first and greatest industrial city in the world. "^[23] Engineering firms initially made machines for the cotton trade, but diversified into general manufacture. Similarly, the chemical industry started by producing bleaches and dyes, but expanded into other areas. Commerce was supported by financial service industries such as banking and insurance. Trade, and feeding the growing population, required a large transport and distribution infrastructure: the canal system was extended, and Manchester became one end of the world's first intercity passenger railway—the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. The Liverpool and Manchester Railway (L&MR was the world's first inter-city passenger Railway in which all the trains were timetabled and were hauled for most of the distance Competition between the various forms of transport kept costs down. ^[17] In 1878 the GPO (the forerunner of British Telecom) provided its first telephones to a firm in Manchester. BT Group plc (formerly British Telecommunications plc) which trades as BT (ˌbiːˈtiː bee tee) (previously known as British Telecom and still ^[25]

The Manchester Ship Canal was created by canalisation of the Rivers Irwell and Mersey for 36 miles (58 km) from Salford to the Mersey estuary. The Manchester Ship Canal is a wide long river navigation in North West England, opened on 21 May 1894 Salford lies at the heart of the City of Salford, a Metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, in North West England. This enabled ocean going ships to sail right into the Port of Manchester. On the canal's banks, just outside the borough, the world's first industrial estate was created at Trafford Park. Trafford Park is an area of the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford, in Greater Manchester, England ^[17] Large quantities of machinery, including cotton processing plant, were exported around the world.

A centre of capitalism, Manchester was frequented by bread and labour riots, as well as calls for greater political recognition by the city's working and non-titled classes, most famously on St Peter's Field on 16 August 1819, known as Peterloo. Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting Year 1819 ( MDCCCXIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar in the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year The Peterloo Massacre (or Battle of Peterloo) occurred at St Peter's Field Manchester, England on 16 August 1819 when cavalry charged into Manchester was the subject of Friedrich Engels' The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844; Engels himself spent much of his life in and around Manchester. Friedrich Engels (28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895 was a German social scientist and philosopher, who The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 is one of the best-known works of Friedrich Engels. ^[26] The first Trades Union Congress was held in Manchester (at the Mechanics' Institute, David Street), from 2 to 6 June 1868. The Trades Union Congress (TUC is a national trade union centre, a federation of Trade unions in the United Kingdom, representing the majority of trade Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Manchester was also an important cradle of the Labour Party and the Suffragette Movement. The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the Suffragette is a term originally coined by the Daily Mail newspaper as a derogatory label for the more radical and Militant members of the ^[27]

At that time, it seemed a place in which anything could happen—new industrial processes, new ways of thinking (the Manchester School, promoting free trade and laissez-faire), new classes or groups in society, new religious sects, and new forms of labour organisation. Free trade is a system in which the trade of goods and services between or within countries flows unhindered by government-imposed restrictions Laissez-faire ( pronunciation: French,; English,) is a French phrase literally meaning Let do (“allow to do” It attracted educated visitors from all parts of Britain and Europe. A saying capturing this sense of innovation survives today: "What Manchester does today, the rest of the world does tomorrow. "^[28] Manchester's golden age was perhaps the last quarter of the 19th century. Many of the great public buildings (including the Town Hall) date from then. The city's cosmopolitan atmosphere contributed to a vibrant culture, which included the Hallé Orchestra. The Hallé is a Symphony orchestra based in Manchester, England, it claims the status of "the oldest professional orchestra" in the In 1889, when county councils were created in England, the municipal borough became a county borough with even greater autonomy. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland County borough is a term introduced in 1889 in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (excluding Scotland) to refer to a Borough or a City

Although the Industrial Revolution brought wealth to the city, it also brought poverty and squalor to a large part of the population. Historian Simon Schama noted that "Manchester was the very best and the very worst taken to terrifying extremes, a new kind of city in the world; the chimneys of industrial suburbs greeting you with columns of smoke". Simon Michael Schama, CBE (born 13 February 1945 is a British professor of history and art history at Columbia University. An American visitor taken to Manchester’s blackspots saw “wretched, defrauded, oppressed, crushed human nature, lying and bleeding fragments”. ^[29]

The number of cotton mills in Manchester itself reached a peak of 108 in 1853. A cotton mill is a Factory housing spinning and Weaving Machinery Cotton was a leading sector in the Industrial Revolution, as cotton ^[22] Thereafter the number began to decline and Manchester was surpassed as the largest centre of cotton spinning by Bolton in the 1850s and Oldham in the 1860s. Bolton ( is a large town in Greater Manchester, in the North West region of England. Oldham is a large town in Greater Manchester, England It lies amongst the Pennines on elevated ground between the rivers Irk and Medlock ^[22] However, this period of decline coincided with the rise of city as the financial centre of the region. ^[22] Manchester continued to process cotton, and in 1913, 65% of the world's cotton was processed in the area. ^[17] The First World War interrupted access to the export markets. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Cotton processing in other parts of the world increased, often on machines produced in Manchester. Manchester suffered greatly from the Great Depression and the underlying structural changes that began to supplant the old industries, including textile manufacture. This article deals with the effects of the Great Depression of the 1930s - also known as the Great Slump - on the United Kingdom.

World War II

Like most of the UK, the Manchester area mobilised extensively during World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including For example, casting and machining expertise at Beyer, Peacock and Company's locomotive works in Gorton was switched to bomb making; Dunlop's rubber works in Chorlton-on-Medlock made barrage balloons; and just outside the city in Trafford Park, engineers Metropolitan-Vickers made Avro Manchester and Avro Lancaster bombers and Ford built the Rolls-Royce Merlin engines to power them. Beyer Peacock and Company was an English Railway Locomotive manufacturer with a Factory in Gorton, Manchester Gorton is a district of the City of Manchester in North West England. Dunlop Rubber was a British company which manufactured tyres and other rubber products for most of the 20th century Chorlton-on-Medlock is an area of the City of Manchester, in North West England. A barrage balloon is a large balloon tethered with metal cables used to defend against low-level attack by aircraft by damaging the aircraft on collision with the cables Trafford Park is an area of the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford, in Greater Manchester, England Metropolitan-Vickers, Metrovick, or Metrovicks, was a British heavy electrical engineering company of the early-to-mid 20th century formerly known as The Avro 679 Manchester was a British twin-engined Heavy bomber developed during the Second World War by the Avro aircraft company in the "Lanc" redirects here Distinguish from Lank (adjective and from Amon Lanc (a place in Tolkien's fiction Ford Motor Company is an American Multinational corporation and the world's fourth largest automaker based on Worldwide vehicle sales, following WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Manchester was thus the target of bombing by the Luftwaffe, and by late 1940 air raids were taking place against non-military targets. ( German 'luftvafe is a generic German term for an Air force. The biggest took place during the "Christmas Blitz" on the nights of 22/23 and 23/24 December 1940, when an estimated 467 tons (475 tonnes) of high explosives plus over 37,000 incendiary bombs were dropped. The Manchester Blitz (also known as the Christmas Blitz was the heavy bombing of the city of Manchester, England during the Second World War by the Nazi A large part of the historic city centre was destroyed, including 165 warehouses, 200 business premises, and 150 offices. 376 were killed and 30,000 houses were damaged. ^[30] Manchester Cathedral was among the buildings seriously damaged; its restoration took 20 years. Manchester Cathedral is a Medieval church located on Victoria Street in central Manchester and is the seat of the Bishop of Manchester. ^[31]

Cotton processing and trading continued to fall in peacetime, and the exchange closed in 1968. ^[17] By 1963 the port of Manchester was the UK's third largest,^[32] and employed over 3,000 men, but the canal was unable to handle the increasingly large container ships. Containerization (or containerisation) is a system of Intermodal freight transport Cargo Transport using standard ISO containers Traffic declined, and the port closed in 1982. ^[33] Heavy industry suffered a downturn from the 1960s and was greatly reduced during the economic reforms associated with Margaret Thatcher's government (i. Margaret Hilda Thatcher Baroness Thatcher LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925 e. 1979 onwards). Manchester lost 150,000 jobs in manufacturing between 1961 and 1983. ^[17]

Regeneration began in the late 1980s, with initiatives such as the Metrolink, the Bridgewater Concert Hall, the Manchester Evening News Arena, and (in Salford) the rebranding of the port as Salford Quays. Two bids to host the Olympic Games were part of a process to raise the international profile of the city. The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games ^[34]

1996 bomb

Main article: 1996 Manchester bombing

Manchester has a history of attacks attributed to Irish Republicans, including the Manchester Martyrs of 1867, arson in 1920, a series of explosions in 1939, and two bombs in 1992. The 1996 Manchester bombing was a bomb attack undertaken by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA in Manchester, England. The Manchester Martyrs were Fenians, members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood executed for killing a policeman during a prison escape On Saturday 15 June 1996, the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) detonated a large bomb next to a department store in the city centre. Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) The Provisional Irish Republican Army (Óglaigh na hÉireann ( IRA; also referred to as the PIRA, the Provos, or by some of its supporters as the The largest to be detonated on British soil, the bomb injured over 200 people, heavily damaged nearby buildings, and broke windows half a mile away. The cost of the immediate damage was initially estimated at £50 million, but this was quickly revised upwards. ^[35] The final insurance payout was over £400 million; many affected businesses never recovered from the loss of trade. ^[36]

Redevelopment

Spurred by the investment after the 1996 bomb, and aided by the XVII Commonwealth Games, Manchester's city centre has undergone extensive regeneration. The 2002 Commonwealth Games were held in Manchester, England from 25 July to 4 August 2002 ^[34] New and renovated complexes such as The Printworks and the Triangle have become popular shopping and entertainment destinations. The Printworks is an entertainment venue located on Withy Grove in Manchester, England, and is one of two entertainment venues for Manchester City Centre The Manchester Arndale is the UK's largest city centre shopping mall. Manchester Arndale (known locally as The Arndale Centre or just The Arndale) is a large Shopping centre in Manchester City Centre, ^[37]

Large sections of the city dating from the 1960s have been either demolished and re-developed or modernised with the use of glass and steel. Old mills have been converted into modern apartments, Hulme has undergone extensive regeneration programmes, and million-pound lofthouse apartments have since been developed. Hulme is an Inner city area and electoral ward of the City of Manchester, in North West England. The 169-metre tall, 47-storey Beetham Tower, completed in 2006, is the tallest building in the UK outside London and the highest residential accommodation in western Europe. The Beetham Tower is a landmark 47-storey Skyscraper in Manchester, England. The lower 23 floors form the Hilton Hotel, featuring a "sky bar" on the 23rd floor. Its upper 24 floors are apartments. ^[38] In January 2007, the independent Casino Advisory Panel awarded Manchester a licence to build the only supercasino in the UK to regenerate the Eastlands area of the city,^[39] but in March the House of Lords rejected the decision by three votes rendering previous House of Commons acceptance meaningless. A Regional Casino, more commonly known as a Super Casino (or occasionally known as Mega Casino or variants is the term given to the largest category of Casino The House of Lords is the second house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and is also commonly referred to as "the Lords" The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords This left the supercasino, and 14 other smaller concessions, in parliamentary limbo until a final decision was made. ^[40] On 11 July 2007, a source close to the government declared the entire supercasino project "dead in the water". Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ^[41] A member of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce professed himself "amazed and a bit shocked" and that "there has been an awful lot of time and money wasted". ^[42] After a meeting with the Prime Minister, Manchester City Council issued a press release on 24 July 2007 stating that "contrary to some reports the door is not closed to a regional casino". Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ^[43] The supercasino was officially declared dead in February 2008 with a compensation package described by the media as "rehashed plans, spin and empty promises. "^[44]

Second City

Main article: Second city of the United Kingdom

Manchester has recently been regarded by the international press,^[45] British public,^[46] and government ministers^[47] as being the second city of the United Kingdom. A 2007 poll by the BBC placed it ahead of Birmingham and Liverpool in the category of second city of England, but also ahead in the category of third city. Liverpool ( is a City and Metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary Neither categories are officially sanctioned, and criteria for determining what 'second city' means are ill-defined. Manchester is not the second largest city in size or population, but it is argued that cultural and historical criteria are more important. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology The history of Manchester is one of change from a minor Lancastrian township into the pre-eminent industrial Metropolis of the United Kingdom ^[48] The BBC reports that redevelopment of recent years has heightened claims that Manchester is the second city of the UK. ^[49] This title however, which is unofficial in the UK, has traditionally been held by Birmingham since the early 20th century. Birmingham ( ˈbɜːmɪŋəm Ber -ming-um ^[50]

Governance

Main articles: Politics in Manchester and Manchester City Council

See also: List of Lord Mayors of Manchester

Manchester is represented by three tiers of government, Manchester City Council ("local"), UK Parliament ("national"), and European Parliament ("Europe"). Manchester City Council is the local authority for the City of Manchester in Greater Manchester, England Greater Manchester County Council administration was abolished in 1986, and so the city council is effectively a unitary authority. The Greater Manchester County Council (also known as Greater Manchester Council and GMC) was from 1974 to 1986 the upper-tier administrative body A city council is a form of Local government, usually covering a City or other Urban area, such as a Town. See also Independent city A unitary authority is a type of Local authority that has a single tier and is responsible for all Local government functions Since its inception in 1995, Manchester has been a member of the English Core Cities Group,^[51] which, amongst other things, serves to promote the social, cultural and economic status of the city at an international level. The English Core Cities Group is an association of eight large regional cities in England: Birmingham (region of West Midlands)

The town of Manchester was granted a charter by Thomas Grelley in 1301 but lost its borough status in a court case of 1359. Borough status in the United Kingdom is granted by Royal charter to Local government Districts in England, Wales and Northern Until the 19th century, local government was largely provided by manorial courts, the last of which ended in 1846. ^[52] From a very early time, the township of Manchester lay within the historic county boundaries of Lancashire. See also Lancashire The History of Lancashire begins with its establishment as a county of England in 1182, making it one of the youngest The historic counties of England are ancient subdivisions of England. Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea ^[52] Pevsner wrote "That [neighbouring] Stretford and Salford are not administratively one with Manchester is one of the most curious anomalies of England". Sir Nikolaus Bernhard Leon Pevsner, CBE, ( January 30, 1902 &ndash August 18, 1983) was a German-born British scholar of Stretford (pop 37500 is a town within the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford, in Greater Manchester, England Salford lies at the heart of the City of Salford, a Metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, in North West England. ^[20] A stroke of a Norman baron's pen is said to have divorced Manchester and Salford, though it was not Salford that became separated from Manchester, it was Manchester, with its humbler line of lords, that was separated from Salford. The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. Baron is a specific Title of nobility. The word baron comes from Old French baron, itself from Old High German and Latin (liber ^[53] It was this separation that resulted in Salford becoming the judicial seat of Salfordshire, which included the ancient parish of Manchester. The hundred of Salford was an ancient division of the historic county of Lancashire, in Northern England. Manchester was an ancient parish in the Hundred of Salford in Lancashire, England. Manchester later formed its own Poor Law Union by the name of Manchester. A Poor Law Union was a unit used for local government in the United Kingdom from the 19th century ^[52] In 1792, commissioners—usually known as police commissioners—were established for the social improvement of Manchester. In 1838, Manchester regained its borough status, and comprised the townships of Beswick, Cheetham Hill, Chorlton upon Medlock and Hulme. Beswick is a component area of the City of Manchester, in North West England. Cheetham Hill is a district of Manchester, England located approximately two miles to the north of Manchester city centre. Chorlton-on-Medlock is an area of the City of Manchester, in North West England. Hulme is an Inner city area and electoral ward of the City of Manchester, in North West England. ^[52] By 1846 the borough council had taken over the powers of the police commissioners. In 1853 Manchester was granted city status in the United Kingdom. ^[52]

In 1885, Bradford, Harpurhey, Rusholme and parts of Moss Side and Withington townships became part of the City of Manchester. Bradford is an electoral ward in the city of Manchester, England. Harpurhey is a district of the city of Manchester, in North West England. Rusholme is a part of Manchester, in North West England, about two miles south of Manchester city centre. Moss Side is a residential suburb district and electoral ward of Manchester in North West England situated two miles Withington is a suburban area of the City of Manchester, in North West England. In 1889, the city became the county borough of Manchester, separate from the administrative county of Lancashire, and thus not governed by Lancashire County Council. County borough is a term introduced in 1889 in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (excluding Scotland) to refer to a Borough or a City Administrative counties were a level of subnational division of England used for the purposes of local government from 1889 to 1974 Lancashire County Council is the upper-tier Local authority for the Non-metropolitan county of Lancashire, England. ^[52] Between 1890 and 1933, more areas were added to the city from Lancashire, including former villages such as Burnage, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Didsbury, Fallowfield, Levenshulme, Longsight, and Withington. Burnage is a Neighbourhood of the City of Manchester in North West England. Chorlton-cum-Hardy is a suburban area of the City of Manchester, North West England, known locally as Chorlton. Didsbury (ˈdɪdzbəri is a suburban area of the City of Manchester, in Greater Manchester, England Fallowfield is an area of the city of Manchester, England. It lies three miles south of Manchester City Centre and is bisected north&ndashsouth by Levenshulme is an Urban area of the City of Manchester, in North West England. Longsight is an area of the City of Manchester, in North West England. Withington is a suburban area of the City of Manchester, in North West England. In 1931 the Cheshire civil parishes of Baguley, Northenden and Northern Etchells from the south of the River Mersey were added. Cheshire (or archaically the County of Chester) is a county in North West England. A civil parish in the United Kingdom is a unit of local government. for other uses of Baguley see Baguley (disambiguation Baguley is a locality and electoral ward in Wythenshawe, in the Northenden is an area of Wythenshawe in the City of Manchester, in North West England. See also Mersey River (Tasmania and Mersey River (Nova Scotia. ^[52] In 1974, by way of the Local Government Act 1972, the City of Manchester became a metropolitan district of the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester. The Local Government Act 1972 (1972 c 70 is an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom, that reformed local government in England and Wales A metropolitan borough is a type of local government district in England covering urban areas within metropolitan counties. The metropolitan counties are a type of county-level Administrative division of England. Greater Manchester is a Metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 2 ^[52] That year, Ringway, the town where Manchester Airport is located, was added to the city. Ringway is a Civil parish in the extreme south of the City of Manchester in Greater Manchester, England.

Geography

See also: Geography of Greater Manchester

Climate chart for Manchester
J	F	M	A	M	J	J	A	S	O	N	D
69   6 1	50   7 1	61   9 3	51   12 4	61   15 7	67   18 10	65   20 12	79   20 12	74   17 10	77   14 8	78   9 4	78   7 2
temperatures in °C • precipitation totals in mm source: Climate-Charts.com
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     2. The geography of Greater Manchester is dominated by one of the United Kingdom 's largest Metropolitan areas and in this capacity the landlocked Metropolitan county 7   43 34     2   45 34     2. 4   48 37     2   54 39     2. 4   59 45     2. 6   64 50     2. 6   68 54     3. 1   68 54     2. 9   63 50     3   57 46     3. 1   48 39     3. 1   45 36 temperatures in °F • precipitation totals in inches

At 53°28′0″N, 2°14′0″W (53. 466, -2. 233), 160 miles (257 km) northwest of London, Manchester lies in a bowl-shaped land area bordered to the north and east by the Pennine hills, a mountain chain that runs the length of Northern England and to the south by the Cheshire Plain. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The Pennines are a low-rising Mountain range in Northern England and southern Scotland. Northern England, The North, The North of England or (less commonly The North Country refers to the parts of England north of an ill-defined line The Cheshire Plain is a flat Boulder clay plain situated entirely within Cheshire. The city centre is on the east bank of the River Irwell, near its confluences with the Rivers Medlock and Irk, and is relatively low-lying, being between 115 to 138 feet (35 and 42 m) above sea level. Manchester City Centre is the Central business district of both Manchester and Greater Manchester, in North West England. The River Irwell is a River flowing through the Irwell Valley in the counties of Lancashire and Greater Manchester The River Medlock is a River of Greater Manchester in north west England that flows for 10 miles before joining the River Irwell in central Mean sea level (MSL is the average (mean height of the Sea, with reference to a suitable reference surface ^[54] The River Mersey flows through the south of Manchester. See also Mersey River (Tasmania and Mersey River (Nova Scotia. Much of the inner city, especially in the south, is flat, offering extensive views from many highrise buildings in the city of the foothills and moors of the Pennines, which can often be capped with snow in the winter months. Manchester's geographic features were highly influential in its early development as the world's first industrial city. These features are its climate, its proximity to a seaport at Liverpool, the availability of water power from its rivers, and its nearby coal reserves. ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo Liverpool ( is a City and Metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary ^[55]

The name Manchester, though officially applied only to the metropolitan district of Greater Manchester, has been applied to other, wider divisions of land, particularly across much of the Greater Manchester county and urban area. Land use' is also often used to refer to the distinct land use types in Zoning. The "Manchester City Zone", "Manchester post town" and the "Manchester Congestion Charge" are all examples of this. The M postcode area, also known as the Manchester postcode area, is a group of several Postal districts in Greater Manchester, England. The economic geography of the Manchester City Region is used to define housing markets, business linkages, travel to work patterns, administrative areas etc. ^[56] As defined by The Northern Way economic development agency the City Region territory encompasses most of the natural economy’s Travel to Work Area and includes the cities of Manchester and Salford, plus the adjoining metropolitan boroughs of Metropolitan Borough of Stockport, Tameside, Trafford, Bolton, Bury, Oldham, Rochdale and Wigan, together with High Peak (which lies outside the North West England region), Congleton, Macclesfield, Vale Royal and Warrington. The Northern Way is a 20 year Strategy to transform the Economy of the North of England. A Travel to Work Area or TTWA is a statistical tool used by UK Government agencies and Local authorities, especially by the Department for Work and The City of Salford is a Local government district of Greater Manchester, England with the status of a city and Metropolitan borough. The Metropolitan Borough of Stockport is a Metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, in north west England, centered around the town of Stockport The Metropolitan Borough of Tameside is a Metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester in North West England. The Metropolitan Borough of Trafford is a Metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England The Metropolitan Borough of Bolton is a Metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England. The Metropolitan borough of Bury is a Metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, in the northwest of England. The Metropolitan Borough of Oldham is a Metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, in North West England. The Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale is a Metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester in North West England. The Metropolitan Borough of Wigan is a Metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, in North West England. High Peak is a Non-metropolitan district and Borough of the Non-metropolitan county of Derbyshire, England. North West England is one of the nine official Regions of England. Congleton is a town and Civil parish in Cheshire, England, on the banks of the River Dane, and to the west of the Macclesfield is a market town in Cheshire, England with a population of about 50688 (2001 census for Macclesfield urban sub-area Vale Royal is a local government district and Borough in Cheshire, England. Warrington is a large town borough and Unitary authority area in Cheshire, England. ^[57]

For purposes of the Office for National Statistics, Manchester forms the most populous settlement within the Greater Manchester Urban Area, the United Kingdom's third largest conurbation. The Office for National Statistics (ONS is the executive office of the UK Statistics Authority, a non-ministerial department which reports directly The Greater Manchester Urban Area is an area of land defined by the Office for National Statistics consisting of the large Conurbation surrounding and including the There is a mixture of high-density urban and suburban locations in Manchester. The largest open space in the city, at around 618 acres (3 km²), is Heaton Park. Heaton Park, covering an area variously reported as,, and is the biggest park in Greater Manchester, England and one of the biggest Municipal parks in Manchester is contiguous on all sides with several large settlements, except for a small section along its southern boundary with Cheshire. Cheshire (or archaically the County of Chester) is a county in North West England. The M60 and M56 motorways pass through the south of Manchester, through Northenden and Wythenshawe respectively. The M60 motorway is an orbital Motorway circling Greater Manchester, a Metropolitan county in North West England. The M56 is a Motorway, also known as the North Cheshire motorway, in Cheshire and Greater Manchester, England. Northenden is an area of Wythenshawe in the City of Manchester, in North West England. Wythenshawe (pop 66000 is a district in the south of the City of Manchester in North West England. Heavy rail lines enter the city from all directions, the principal destination being Manchester Piccadilly station. Manchester Piccadilly station, known locally as just Piccadilly, is the principal railway station of Manchester in England.

Manchester experiences a temperate maritime climate, like much of the British Isles, with relatively cool summers and mild winters. An oceanic climate (also called marine west coast climate and maritime climate) is the Climate typically found along the west coasts at the middle latitudes The British Isles (Irish variously Na hOileáin Bhriotanacha, Oileáin Iarthair Eorpa, Éire agus an Bhreatain Mhór; Ellanyn Goaldagh Eileanan There is regular but generally light precipitation throughout the year. The city's average annual rainfall is 806. 6 millimetres (31. 76 in)^[58] compared to the UK average of 1,125. 0 millimetres (44. 29 in),^[59] and its mean rain days are 140. 4 per annum,^[58] compared to the UK average of 154. 4. ^[59] Manchester also has a relatively high humidity level, which lent itself to the optimised and breakage-free textile manufacturing which took place there. Snowfall is not a common sight in the city, due to the urban warming effect. Urban climate refers to climatic conditions in an Urban area that differ from neighboring Rural areas and are attributable to Urban development However, the Pennine and Rossendale Forest hills that surround the city to its east and north receive more snow and roads leading out of the city can be closed due to snow,^[60] notably the A62 road via Oldham and Standedge, the A57 (Snake Pass) towards Sheffield,^[61] and the M62 over Saddleworth Moor. The Pennines are a low-rising Mountain range in Northern England and southern Scotland. The Rossendale Forest is the area of hills in Lancashire, England between the Manchester basin and the upper Ribble valley The A62 is a major Road in England that runs between the two major cities of Manchester and Leeds. Oldham is a large town in Greater Manchester, England It lies amongst the Pennines on elevated ground between the rivers Irk and Medlock Standedge (normally pronounced Stannige) is a Moorland Escarpment in the Pennine Hills of northern England. The A57 is a major road in England. It runs east from Liverpool to Lincoln, via Warrington and Manchester, then through the The Snake Pass is the name given to the higher reaches of the A57 road where it crosses the Peak District between Manchester and Sheffield in Sheffield ( is a city and Metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England The M62 motorway is a west&ndasheast trans-Pennine Motorway in northern England, connecting the cities of Liverpool and Hull Saddleworth Moor is an area of sparsley populated Moorland and dark millstone grit scenery typical of the West Yorkshire and East Lancashire Pennine hills of northern

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Avg high °C (°F)	6. 4 (43. 5)	6. 6 (43. 9)	8. 9 (48. 0)	11. 6 (52. 9)	15. 3 (59. 5)	18. 2 (64. 8)	19. 6 (67. 3)	19. 5 (67. 1)	17. 0 (62. 6)	13. 7 (56. 7)	9. 1 (48. 4)	7. 1 (44. 8)
Avg low temperature °C (°F)	1. 3 (34. 3)	1. 2 (34. 2)	2. 5 (36. 5)	4. 3 (39. 7)	7. 3 (45. 1)	10. 2 (50. 4)	12. 0 (53. 6)	11. 9 (53. 4)	10. 0 (50. 0)	7. 5 (45. 5)	3. 6 (38. 5)	2. 0 (35. 6)
Mean Total Rainfall mm	69	50	61	51	61	67	65	79	74	77	78	78
Mean Number of Rainy Days	18. 2	13. 1	15. 6	14. 4	15. 1	14. 4	13. 6	15. 0	15. 0	16. 5	17. 0	17. 4
Source: Worldweather.org taken between 1971 and 2000 at the Met Office weather station at Manchester Airport. Manchester Airport is a major Airport in the vicinity of Manchester, England, and the largest airport in the United Kingdom outside the

Demography

See also: Demography of Greater Manchester

Manchester compared[62][63]
UK Census 2001	Manchester	Greater Manchester	England
Total population	441,200	2,547,700	49,138,831
Foreign born	15. The Demography of Greater Manchester is charactered by a number of trends recorded amongst its multicultural agglomoration of 2 A nationwide Census, commonly known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday 29 April 2001 Greater Manchester is a Metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 2 0%	7. 2%	9. 2%
White	81. 0%	91. 0%	91. 0%
Asian	9. 1%	5. 7%	4. 6%
Black	4. 5%	1. 2%	2. 3%
Over 75 years old	6. 4%	7. 0%	7. 5%
Christian	62. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings 4%	74%	72%
Muslim	9. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. 1%	5. 0%	3. 1%

The United Kingdom Census 2001 showed a total resident population for Manchester of 392,819, a 9. A nationwide Census, commonly known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday 29 April 2001 2% decline from the 1991 census. ^[64] Approximately 83,000 were aged under 16, 285,000 were aged 16–74, and 25,000 aged 75 and over. ^[64] 75. 9% of Manchester's population claim they have been born in the UK, according to the 2001 UK Census. Inhabitants of Manchester are known as Mancunians or Mancs for short. Manchester reported the second-lowest proportion of the population in employment of any area in the UK. A primary reason cited for Manchester's high unemployment figure is the high proportion of the population who are students. ^[64] Mid-year estimates for 2006 indicate that the population of the metropolitan borough of Manchester stood at 452,000 making Manchester the most populous city in North West England. North West England is one of the nine official Regions of England. ^[65] Historically the population of Manchester only began to rapidly increase during the Victorian era and peaked at 766,311 in 1931. After the peak the population began to decrease rapidly, reasons cited for this are slum clearance and the increased building of social housing overspill estates by Manchester City Council after WWII such as Hattersley and Langley. Urban Renewal (similar to Urban Regeneration in British English) is a controversial U Public housing is a form of Housing tenure in which the property is owned by a Government authority which may be central or local An overspill estate is a Housing estate planned and built for the rehousing of people from decaying Inner city areas usually as part of the process of Slum World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Hattersley is a residential area within the Metropolitan Borough of Tameside, in Greater Manchester, England. Langley is an area of Middleton in the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale, Greater Manchester, England. ^[66]

The inhabitants of Manchester, like in many other large cities, are religiously diverse. The Jewish population is second only to London in the UK,^[67] and it also has one of the largest Muslim populations in Greater Manchester. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Greater Manchester is a Metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 2 Manchester's Palace Hotel hosted the 2007 Lloyds TSB's Northern Jewel Awards, where leaders of the Asian community in the north of the UK were recognised. ^[68]

The city is also home to one of the UK's largest gay populations with Canal Street, a gay village, located close to Piccadilly station. Canal Street is a street in Manchester in the north of England which is the centre of the Manchester Gay Village. A gay village (also known as a gay neighborhood or by the slang gayborhood) is an urban geographic location with generally recognized boundaries Manchester Piccadilly station, known locally as just Piccadilly, is the principal railway station of Manchester in England. ^[69] The percentage of the population in Manchester who reported themselves as being in a same-sex relationship was 0. 44%, compared to the English national average of 0. 20%. ^[70]

In terms of districts by ethnic diversity, the City of Manchester is ranked highest in Greater Manchester and 34th in England. This is a list of Districts of England in order of ethnic diversity ( 2001 UK census) 2005 estimates state 77. 6% people as 'White' (71. 0% of residents as White British, 3. " White British " was a racially -based classification used by the 2001 census. 0% White Irish, 3. Irish migration to Britain (also known as the Br[[Irish people|irish]]) has a lengthy history due to the close proximity of and complex relationship between 6% as Other White - although those of mixed white European and British ancestry is unknown, there are over 25,000 Mancunians of Italian descent alone which represents 5. " White Other " is a term used in the UK census to describe white persons of non- British and non- Irish descent in Italian Britons also known as Britalians, are British citizens whose ancestry originates in Italy. 5% of the city's population^[71]). 3. 2% as Mixed race (1. Mixed Race was included as an ethnic classification on the UK Census from 2001. 3% Mixed White and Black Caribbean, 0. 6% Mixed White and Black African, 0. 7% Mixed White and Asian, 0. 7% Other Mixed). 10. 3% of the city's population are South Asian (2. British Asians are British citizens who are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka 3% Indian, 5. British Asians are British citizens who are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka 8% Pakistani, 1. 0% Bangladeshi, 1. British Asians are British citizens who are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka 2% Other South Asian). British Asians are British citizens who are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka 5. 2% are Black (2. See also British African-Caribbean community, Caribbean British Black British is a term which has had different meanings and uses as a racial and political 0% Black Caribbean, 2. The British African Caribbean community are residents of the United Kingdom who are of West Indian background and whose ancestors were indigenous to Africa 7% Black African and 0. See also British African-Caribbean community, Caribbean British Black British is a term which has had different meanings and uses as a racial and political 5% Other Black). See also British African-Caribbean community, Caribbean British Black British is a term which has had different meanings and uses as a racial and political 2. 3% of the city's population are Chinese, and 1. British Chinese, including British-born Chinese (often informally referred to as BBC) are people of Chinese ancestry who were born in or have migrated 4% are another ethnic group. The 2001 UK Census ethnic groups include White British, White Other, Mixed Race, Asian British, Black British and Chinese ^[72] Kidd identifies Moss Side, Longsight, Cheetham Hill, Rusholme, as centres of population for ethnic minorities. Moss Side is a residential suburb district and electoral ward of Manchester in North West England situated two miles Longsight is an area of the City of Manchester, in North West England. Cheetham Hill is a district of Manchester, England located approximately two miles to the north of Manchester city centre. Rusholme is a part of Manchester, in North West England, about two miles south of Manchester city centre. ^[17] Manchester's Irish Festival, including a St Patrick's Day parade, is one of Europe's largest. Saint Patrick's Day (Lá ’le Pádraig or Lá Fhéile Pádraig) colloquially St ^[73] There is also a well-established Chinatown in the city with a substantial number of oriental restaurants and Chinese supermarkets. Manchester 's Chinatown is the second largest Chinatown in the United Kingdom and the fourth largest in Europe The area also attracts large numbers of Chinese students to the city, attending the two universities. ^[74]

Based on the population estimates for 2005, crime levels in the city are considerably higher than the national average. Some parts of Manchester have been adversely affected by its recent rapid urbanisation, resulting in high levels of crime in areas such as Moss Side and Wythenshawe. Urbanizationn (also spelled urbanisation) is the physical growth of Urban areas into rural or natural land as a result of population in-migration to an existing Wythenshawe (pop 66000 is a district in the south of the City of Manchester in North West England. ^[75] The number of theft from a vehicle offences and theft of a vehicle per 1,000 of the population was 25. 5 and 8. 9 compared to the English national average of 7. 6 and 2. 9 respectively. ^[76] The number of sexual offences was 1. 9 compared to the average of 0. 9. ^[76] The national average of violence against another person was 16. 7 compared to the Manchester average of 32. 7. ^[76] The figures for crime statistics were all recorded during the 2006/7 financial year. ^[77]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Manchester

See also: List of companies based in Greater Manchester

Manchester was at the forefront of the 19th-century Industrial Revolution, and was a leading centre for manufacturing. The city's economy is now largely service-based and, as of 2007, is the fastest growing in the UK, with inward investment second only to the capital. ^[78] Manchester’s State of the City Report identifies financial and professional services, life science industries, creative, cultural and media, manufacturing and communications as major activities. ^[78] The city was ranked in 2007 as the best place^[6] or the second best place to do business in the UK,^[79] and the eighteenth best in Europe. ^[80] Manchester has the largest UK office market outside London. ^[81] Greater Manchester represents over £42 billion of the UK GVA, the third largest of any English county and more than Wales or North East England. Gross Value Added or GVA is a measure in Economics of the value of goods and services produced in an area or sector of an Economy. North-East England is one of the nine official Regions of England and comprises the combined area of Northumberland, County Durham, Tyne and Wear ^[82]

Manchester is a focus for businesses which serve local, regional and international markets. ^[81] It is one of the largest financial centres in Europe with more than 15,000 people employed in banking and finance and more than 60 banking institutions. ^[81] The Co-operative Group, the world's largest consumer-owned business, is based in Manchester and is one of the city's biggest employers. Co-operative Group Limited, trading as The Co-operative Group, is a United Kingdom Consumers' co-operative, and one of the world's largest consumer-owned Legal, accounting, management consultancy and other professional and technical services exist in Manchester. ^[81]

Manchester's Central Business District is in the centre of the city, adjacent to Piccadilly, focused on Mosley Street, Deansgate, King Street and Piccadilly. A central business district ( CBD) is the commercial and often geographic heart of a city Manchester City Centre is the Central business district of both Manchester and Greater Manchester, in North West England. Spinningfields is a £1. Spinningfields is a large business retail and residential complex in Manchester, England that lies in the western portion of the City Centre, between south 5 billion mixed-use development that is expanding the district west of Deansgate. The area is designed to hold office space, retail and catering facilities, and courts. Several high-profile tenants have moved in, and a Civil Justice Centre opened in October 2007. The Manchester Civil Justice Centre is a building in Manchester, England. ^[83]

Manchester is the commercial, educational and cultural focus for North West England,^[81] and is ranked as the fourth biggest retail area in the UK by sales. North West England is one of the nine official Regions of England. ^[84] The city centre retail area contains shops from chain stores up to high-end boutiques such as Vivienne Westwood, Emporio Armani, and DKNY. Dame Vivienne Westwood, DBE, RDI, (born 8 April, 1941) is an English Fashion designer largely responsible for bringing Giorgio Armani SpA is an Italian fashion company The company designs and manufactures products in several categories including fashion accessories apparel cosmetics DKNY ( D onna K aran N ew Y ork is the Label of Fashion designer Donna Karan. The city has several shopping malls including the Manchester Arndale, the UK's largest inner city shopping mall. Manchester Arndale (known locally as The Arndale Centre or just The Arndale) is a large Shopping centre in Manchester City Centre, ^[37]

Landmarks

Main article: Architecture of Manchester

See also: List of tallest buildings and structures in Manchester and List of streets in Manchester

Manchester's buildings display a variety of architectural styles, ranging from Victorian to contemporary architecture. The term Victorian architecture can refer to one of a number of Architectural styles predominantly employed during the Victorian era. Contemporary architecture is the architecture being made at the present time The widespread use of red brick characterises the city. A brick is a block of Ceramic material used in Masonry construction laid using mortar. Much of the architecture in the city harks back to its days as a global centre for the cotton trade. ^[14] Just outside the immediate city centre is a large number of ex-cotton mills, some of which have been left virtually untouched since their closure whilst many have been redeveloped into apartment buildings and office space. A cotton mill is a Factory housing spinning and Weaving Machinery Cotton was a leading sector in the Industrial Revolution, as cotton Manchester Town Hall, in Albert Square, was built in the gothic revival style and is considered to be one of the most important Victorian buildings in England. Manchester Town Hall is a building in Manchester, England that houses Manchester City Council. Albert Square is a public Plaza in Manchester, England. It lies in front of Manchester Town Hall and features the monuments The Gothic Revival is an architectural movement which began ^[85] It has been used in film as a replacement location for the Palace of Westminster, where filming is not permitted. ^[86] Manchester also has a number of skyscrapers built during the 1960s and 1970s, the tallest of which is the CIS Tower located near Manchester Victoria station. This list of the tallest buildings and structures in Manchester ranks Skyscrapers structures and Towers in the City of Manchester, England by height The CIS Tower is the second- tallest building in Manchester, England. Manchester Victoria station is the second of Manchester 's mainline railway stations The Beetham Tower, completed in 2006, is an example of the new surge in high-rise building and includes a Hilton hotel, a restaurant, and apartments. The Beetham Tower is a landmark 47-storey Skyscraper in Manchester, England. UH Hilton Hoteljpg|thumbnail|right|The Hilton University of Houston in Houston Texas, located on the campus of the University of Houston, contains the Hilton College of On its completion, it was the tallest building in the UK outside London, although an even taller building, the Piccadilly Tower, began construction behind Manchester Piccadilly station in early 2008. The Piccadilly Tower (also known as Eastgate and previously known as Inacity Tower) (a title currently held by Beetham Tower Manchester) Manchester Piccadilly station, known locally as just Piccadilly, is the principal railway station of Manchester in England. ^[87] The Green Building, opposite Oxford Road station, is a pioneering eco-friendly housing project, almost unique in the UK. The Green Building is an environmentally conscious mixed use development situated in the Southern Gateway area of Manchester City Centre, England. Manchester Oxford Road Station is a railway station in the city of Manchester, England.

In the north of the city borough is the award winning Heaton Park which is one of the largest municipal parks in Europe covering 610 acres (2. Heaton Park, covering an area variously reported as,, and is the biggest park in Greater Manchester, England and one of the biggest Municipal parks in 5 km²) of parkland. ^[88] There are a total of 135 parks, gardens and open spaces within the city. ^[89] Two large squares hold many of Manchester's public monuments. Albert Square has monuments to Prince Albert, Bishop James Fraser, Oliver Heywood, William Ewart Gladstone and John Bright. James Fraser ( August 18, 1818 – October 22, 1885) was a reforming Anglican Bishop of Manchester, England Oliver Heywood ( September 9, 1825 – 1892 was an English Banker and Philanthropist. John Bright ( 16 November 1811 &ndash 27 March 1889) Quaker, was a British Radical and Liberal Piccadilly Gardens has monuments dedicated to Queen Victoria, Robert Peel, James Watt and the Duke of Wellington. Piccadilly Gardens is a green space in Manchester city centre, England, situated at one end of Market Street (a busy shopping area and on the Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Sir Robert Peel 2nd Baronet (5 February 1788 &ndash 2 July 1850 was the Conservative Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 10 December 1834 to 8 April James Watt ( 19 January 1736 &ndash 25 August 1819 Boulton proved to be an excellent businessman and both men eventually made fortunes Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley 1st Duke of Wellington, KG, KP, GCB, GCH, PC, FRS ( c The cenotaph in St Peter's Square, by Edwin Lutyens, is Manchester's main memorial to its war dead. Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens, OM, KCIE, PRA, FRIBA, LLD ( 29 March 1869 – 1 January 1944 The Alan Turing Memorial in Sackville Park commemorates his role as the father of modern computing. The Alan Turing Memorial, situated in the Sackville Park in Manchester, England, is in memory of a father of modern computing Whitworth Gardens (also known as Sackville Park, and more recently Sackville Gardens) in Manchester, England, is bounded by the City College A statue of Abraham Lincoln by George Gray Barnard in the eponymous Lincoln Square was presented to the city by Mr. Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal and Mrs. Charles Phelps Taft of Cincinnati, Ohio, to mark the part that Lancashire played in the cotton famine and American Civil War of 1861–1865. The Lancashire Cotton Famine, also known as The Cotton Famine or the Cotton Panic (1861 &ndash 1865 was a depression in the textile industry in northwest Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South ^[90] The success of the 2002 Commonwealth Games is commemorated by the B of the Bang, located near the City of Manchester Stadium in the Eastlands area of the city. The 2002 Commonwealth Games were held in Manchester, England from 25 July to 4 August 2002 B of the Bang is a Sculpture in Manchester, England. It is located next to the City of Manchester Stadium at Sportcity At 184 feet (56 m) tall, the sculpture is the tallest in the UK. ^[91] A Concorde is on display near Manchester Airport. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

 

Transport

Main article: Transport in Manchester

See also: Manchester Airport, List of railway stations in Greater Manchester, and Manchester Congestion Charge

Manchester and North West England are served by Manchester Airport. Manchester Airport is a major Airport in the vicinity of Manchester, England, and the largest airport in the United Kingdom outside the The airport is the busiest in terms of passenger traffic in the UK outside London, serving 22 million passengers in 2006. Airline service exists to many destinations in Europe, North America, the Caribbean, Africa, the Middle East and Asia (with more destinations from Manchester than from London Heathrow). ^[92] A second runway was opened in 2001 and, in conjunction with continued terminal improvements, airport officials believe that will allow growth to 40. 7 million passengers by 2015. ^[93]

Manchester is well served by train. In terms of passengers, Manchester Piccadilly is the busiest train station in England, outside London. Manchester Piccadilly station, known locally as just Piccadilly, is the principal railway station of Manchester in England. ^[94] Local operator Northern Rail operates all over the north of England, and other national operators include Virgin Trains. Northern Rail (often referred to simply as Northern) is a Train operating company that has operated local passenger services in the north of England Virgin Trains is a Train operating company in the United Kingdom, which currently provides services from London Euston to the North West The Liverpool and Manchester Railway was the first passenger railway in the world. The Liverpool and Manchester Railway (L&MR was the world's first inter-city passenger Railway in which all the trains were timetabled and were hauled for most of the distance Greater Manchester has an extensive countywide railway network, and two mainline stations. Manchester city centre is also serviced by over a dozen rail-based park and ride sites. ^[95] Manchester became the first city in the UK to acquire a modern light rail system when the Manchester Metrolink opened in 1992. For specific light rail systems many of which use the words "light rail" as part of their name see List of light-rail transit systems. Manchester Metro redirects here - for the Manchester Metroshuttle free bus routes see Metroshuttle or First Manchester Manchester Metrolink An expansion programme is underway. ^[96] In October 2007, the government announced that a feasibility study had been ordered into increasing the capacity at Piccadilly station and turning Manchester into the rail hub of the north. Northern England, The North, The North of England or (less commonly The North Country refers to the parts of England north of an ill-defined line ^[97]

The city has one of the most extensive bus networks outside London with over 50 bus companies operating in the Greater Manchester region radiating from the city. Greater Manchester is a Metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 2 Prior to the deregulation of 1986, SELNEC and later GMPTE operated all buses in Manchester. ^[98] The bus system were then taken over by GM Buses which after privatisation was split into GM Buses North and GM Buses South and taken over by First Manchester and Stagecoach Manchester respectively. GM Buses was the main bus company serving the area of Greater Manchester, England. First Manchester is one of the bus companies serving Greater Manchester, a metropolitan county in North West England. Stagecoach Manchester is the trading name of Greater Manchester Buses South Limited and is a major operator of Bus services in the English city of Manchester ^[99] First Manchester also operates a three route zero-fare bus service called Metroshuttle which carries commuters around Manchester's business districts. Zero-fare Public transport services are funded in full by means other than collecting a Fare from passengers Metroshuttle is a Zero-fare bus system that operates in Manchester City Centre ^[100]

An extensive canal network remains from the Industrial Revolution, nowadays mainly used for leisure. The Manchester Ship Canal is open, but traffic to the upper reaches is light. The Manchester Ship Canal is a wide long river navigation in North West England, opened on 21 May 1894 ^[101]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Manchester

See also: List of people from Manchester

Arts

Main articles: Music of Manchester and List of bands from Manchester

Manchester has two symphony orchestras, the Hallé Orchestra and the BBC Philharmonic Orchestra. The Culture of Manchester boasts diverse artistic architectural musical sporting theatrical and creative breadth comparable to any significant international Metropolis. Manchester had an impressive music scene before 1976 with groups like The Hollies, The Bee Gees, Herman's Hermits, Wayne Fontana and The Mindbenders This article features a List of bands from Manchester, and may also include some bands who hail from the wider area of Greater Manchester, in England. The Opera House in Quay Street Manchester, England is a 1920 seater commercial touring theatre which plays host to touring musicals Ballet, An orchestra is an instrumental ensemble, usually fairly large with string brass woodwind sections and possibly a percussion section as well The Hallé is a Symphony orchestra based in Manchester, England, it claims the status of "the oldest professional orchestra" in the There is also a chamber orchestra, the Manchester Camerata. An orchestra is an instrumental ensemble, usually fairly large with string brass woodwind sections and possibly a percussion section as well In the 1950s, the city was home to the so-called 'Manchester School' of classical composers, which comprised Harrison Birtwistle, Peter Maxwell Davies, David Ellis and Alexander Goehr. Sir Harrison Paul Birtwistle CH (born 15 July, 1934) is a British contemporary Composer. Sir Peter Maxwell Davies, CBE (b 8 September 1934 is an English Composer and conductor. David Ellis may refer to David Ellis (writer, television series writer David R Alexander Goehr (born 10 August 1932 in Berlin) is an English Composer and academic Manchester is a centre for musical education, with the Royal Northern College of Music and Chetham’s School of Music. The Royal Northern College of Music or RNCM is a conservatoire in Manchester, England. Chetham's School of Music, familiarly known as "Chets" is a specialist Music school in Manchester, United Kingdom. ^[102] The main classical venue was the Free Trade Hall on Peter Street, until the opening in 1996 of the 2,500 seat Bridgewater Hall. The Free Trade Hall in Manchester, England, was for many years a focal point for public debate and cultural activity in the city The Bridgewater Hall is an international Concert venue in Manchester, England. ^[103]

Manchester’s main pop music venue is the Manchester Evening News Arena, situated next to Victoria station. The Manchester Evening News Arena or MEN Arena (commonly referred to as just The M Manchester Victoria station is the second of Manchester 's mainline railway stations It seats over 21,000, is the largest arena of its type in Europe, and has been voted International Venue of the Year. ^[104] In terms of concert goers, it is the busiest indoor arena in the world ahead of Madison Square Garden in New York and the O2 Arena in London, the second and third busiest respectively. Madison Square Garden, often abbreviated as MSG, and known colloquially as The Garden, has been the name of four Arenas in New York City. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The O2 is a large entertainment district including an indoor arena a music club a cinema an exhibition space piazzas and bars and restaurants built within a large dome-shaped London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. ^[105] Other major venues include the Manchester Apollo and the Manchester Academy. The Manchester Apollo is a concert venue in Manchester, England. Manchester Academy is a Brand name used by the University of Manchester Students' Union for its four Concert venues in Manchester, Smaller venues are the Bierkeller, the Roadhouse, and Night and Day Cafe.

Bands that have emerged from the Manchester music scene include The Smiths, the Buzzcocks, The Fall, Joy Division and its successor group New Order, Oasis and Doves. The Smiths were an English rock band formed in Manchester in 1982 Buzzcocks are an English Punk rock band formed in Manchester in 1975 The Fall are an English Post-punk band formed in Prestwich, Greater Manchester in 1976 Joy Division were an English rock band formed in 1976 in Salford, Greater Manchester. New Order are an English rock group formed in 1980 by Bernard Sumner ( vocals, Guitars Synthesizers, Peter Hook Oasis are an English rock band that formed in Manchester in 1991 Doves is an English Indie rock band which formed in Wilmslow, Cheshire, England, although most of their early gigs Manchester was credited as the main regional driving force behind indie bands of the 1980s including Happy Mondays, The Charlatans, Inspiral Carpets, James, and The Stone Roses. In Popular music, independent music, often abbreviated as indie, is a term used to describe independence from major commercial record labels and an autonomous Happy Mondays are an English Alternative rock band from Salford, Greater Manchester. The Charlatans (known in the United States as The Charlatans UK) are a British Alternative rock band Inspiral Carpets are an Indie rock band from Oldham in Greater Manchester, England formed by Graham Lambert and Stephen Holt in 1986 James are an English rock band from Manchester. They formed in 1981 and were active throughout the 80s but most successful during the 90s The Stone Roses were an English Alternative rock band formed in Manchester in 1984 These groups came from what became known as the "Madchester" scene that also centred around the Fac 51 Haçienda (also known as simply The Haçienda) developed by founder of factory records Tony Wilson. Madchester was an Alternative rock genre that developed in Manchester, England, towards the end of the 1980s and into the early 1990s Fac 51 Haçienda (better known simply as The Haçienda) was a Nightclub and Music venue in Manchester, England. Factory Records was a Manchester based British Independent record label, started in 1978, which featured several prominent musical acts on its Anthony Howard Wilson (20 February 1950 &ndash 10 August 2007 was an English Record label owner radio presenter TV show host Nightclub manager Impresario Although from southern England, The Chemical Brothers subsequently formed in Manchester. The Chemical Brothers are an English Grammy Award winning Electronic music duo of Tom Rowlands and Ed Simons (occasionally referred to as Chemical ^[106] Ex-Stone Roses' frontman Ian Brown and ex-Smiths Morrissey continue successful solo careers. Ian George Brown (born 20 February 1963) is an English musician and former lead singer of the Alternative rock band The Stone Roses Steven Patrick Morrissey (ˈmɒɹɪsiː born May 22, 1959) known primarily as Morrissey, is a British Singer and Lyricist Other notable Manchester acts include Take That and Simply Red. Take That are an English pop Musical group consisting of members Gary Barlow, Howard Donald, Jason Orange, Mark Simply Red is an English pop band Their style draws influences from pop, rock, jazz, Lovers rock, and Blue-eyed soul Greater Manchester natives include A Guy Called Gerald, Richard Ashcroft and Jay Kay of Jamiroquai. A Guy Called Gerald is the Stage name for musician Record producer and DJ Gerald Simpson (born February 16, 1967) Richard Paul Ashcroft (born September 11 1971 in Billinge Higher End Lancashire) is an English Singer-songwriter. Jason "Jay" Kay (born Jason Cheetham on 30 December, 1969 in Stretford Trafford) is an English Musician. Jamiroquai is a Grammy Award -winning English Acid jazz / Funk / soul band Older Manchester artists include the 1960s band's The Hollies, Herman's Hermits and the Bee Gees who, whilst commonly associated with Australia, grew up in Chorlton. The Hollies are an English Rock and roll band formed in the early 1960s. Herman's Hermits were an English Pop band, formed in Manchester in 1963 as 'Herman & The Hermits' The Bee Gees were a singing trio of brothers — Barry, Robin, and Maurice Gibb. Chorlton-cum-Hardy is a suburban area of the City of Manchester, North West England, known locally as Chorlton. ^[107]

Larger venues include the Manchester Opera House, featuring large-scale touring shows and West End shows; the Palace Theatre; the Royal Exchange Theatre in Manchester’s former cotton exchange; and the Lowry Centre, a touring venue in Salford. The Opera House in Quay Street Manchester, England is a 1920 seater commercial touring theatre which plays host to touring musicals Ballet, West End theatre is a popular term for mainstream professional theatre staged in the large theatres of London 's "Theatreland" The Palace Theatre Manchester, Oxford Street is one of the main theatres in Manchester, England. Royal Exchange Theatre is a producing theatre in St Ann's Square/Exchange Street Manchester, England. The Lowry is a combined theatre and gallery complex situated in Salford Quays, in Greater Manchester, England. Smaller sites include the Library Theatre, a producing theatre in the basement of the central library; the Green Room; the Contact Theatre; and Studio Salford. The Library Theatre is located in the basement of Manchester Central Library in St Peter's Square Manchester, England and is the home of the Library The Contact Theatre is a Theatre owned by The University of Manchester. The Dancehouse is dedicated to dance productions. The building which now houses the Dancehouse Theatre in Manchester was originally designed by Pendleton and Dickson for property developer Emannuel Nove, as two large ^[108]

In the 19th century, Manchester featured in works highlighting the changes that industrialisation had brought to Britain. These included Elizabeth Gaskell's novel Mary Barton: A Tale of Manchester Life (1848),^[109] and The Condition of the English Working Class in 1844, written by Friedrich Engels while living and working in Manchester. Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell (née Stevenson 29 September 1810 &ndash 12 November 1865 often referred to simply as Mrs Friedrich Engels (28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895 was a German social scientist and philosopher, who Charles Dickens is reputed to have set his novel Hard Times in the city, and while it is partly modelled on Preston, it shows the influence of his friend Elizabeth Gaskell. Hard Times- For These Times is a Novel by Charles Dickens, first published in 1854 Preston ( ˈprɛstən is a city and local government district in Lancashire, England, located on the River Ribble. ^[110]

Nightlife

The night-time economy of Manchester has expanded significantly since about 1993, with investment from breweries in bars, public houses and clubs, along with active support from the local authorities. Canal Street is a street in Manchester in the north of England which is the centre of the Manchester Gay Village. ^[111] The more than 500 licensed premises^[112] in the city centre have a capacity to deal with over 250,000 visitors,^[113] with 110–130,000 people visiting on a typical weekend night. ^[112] The night-time economy has a value of about £100 million pa^[114] and supports 12,000 jobs. ^[112]

The Madchester scene of the 1980s, from which groups including The Stone Roses, the Happy Mondays, Inspiral Carpets, 808 State, James and The Charlatans emerged, was based around clubs such as The Hacienda. Madchester was an Alternative rock genre that developed in Manchester, England, towards the end of the 1980s and into the early 1990s The Stone Roses were an English Alternative rock band formed in Manchester in 1984 Happy Mondays are an English Alternative rock band from Salford, Greater Manchester. Inspiral Carpets are an Indie rock band from Oldham in Greater Manchester, England formed by Graham Lambert and Stephen Holt in 1986 808 State are an English Electronic music outfit formed in 1988 in Manchester, taking their name from the Roland TR-808 Drum machine James are an English rock band from Manchester. They formed in 1981 and were active throughout the 80s but most successful during the 90s The Charlatans (known in the United States as The Charlatans UK) are a British Alternative rock band Fac 51 Haçienda (better known simply as The Haçienda) was a Nightclub and Music venue in Manchester, England. ^[115] The period was the subject of the movie 24 Hour Party People. 24 Hour Party People is a 2002 Film about Manchester 's Popular music community from 1976 to 1997 and specifically about Factory Records Many of the big clubs suffered problems with organised crime at that time; Haslam describes one where staff were so completely intimidated that free admission and drinks were demanded (and given) and drugs were openly dealt. ^[115] Following a series of drug-related violent incidents, The Hacienda closed in 1997. ^[111] Public houses in the Canal Street area have had a gay clientele since at least 1940^[111] and now form the centre of Manchester's gay community. Canal Street is a street in Manchester in the north of England which is the centre of the Manchester Gay Village. Following the council's investment in infrastructure, the UK's first gay supermarket was opened; since the opening of new bars and clubs the area attracts 20,000 visitors each weekend^[111] and has hosted a popular festival each August since 1991. ^[116] The TV series Queer as Folk is set in the area. Queer as Folk is a 1999 British Television series that chronicles the lives of three Gay men let loose in Manchester 's Gay village

Education

See also: List of schools in Greater Manchester

There are two universities in Manchester. The List of schools in Greater Manchester, England is divided by metropolitan borough The University of Manchester is a " red brick " civic University located in Manchester, England. A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects The University of Manchester is the largest full-time non-collegiate university in the United Kingdom and was created in 2004 by the merger of Victoria University of Manchester and UMIST. The University of Manchester is a " red brick " civic University located in Manchester, England. The Victoria University of Manchester (commonly known as the University of Manchester) was a University in Manchester, England. The University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology ( UMIST) was a University based in the centre of the City of Manchester ^[117] It includes the Manchester Business School, which offered the first MBA course in the UK in 1965. Manchester Business School ( MBS) is the business and management school of the University of Manchester in England. Manchester Metropolitan University was formed as Manchester Polytechnic on the merger of three colleges in 1970. Manchester Metropolitan University is a university based in the city of Manchester. It gained university status in 1992, and in the same year absorbed Crewe and Alsager College of Higher Education in South Cheshire. ^[118]

The University of Manchester, Manchester Metropolitan University and the Royal Northern College of Music are grouped around Oxford Road on the southern side of the city centre, which forms Europe's largest urban higher education precinct. The Royal Northern College of Music or RNCM is a conservatoire in Manchester, England. ^[119] Together they have a combined population of 73,160 students in higher education,^[120] though almost 6,000 of these were based at Manchester Metropolitan University's campuses at Crewe and Alsager in Cheshire. Higher education is Education that is provided by universities, vocational universities, Community colleges Liberal arts colleges Crewe is a town in Cheshire, England, the largest town in the borough of Crewe and Nantwich, in which it is the only Unparished area. Alsager is a town and civil parish in Cheshire, England, to the north-west of the city of Stoke-on-Trent, and east of the railway town of Cheshire (or archaically the County of Chester) is a county in North West England. ^[121]

One of Manchester's most notable secondary schools is the Manchester Grammar School. The Manchester Grammar School ( MGS) is an independent boys' school (ages 9-18 in Fallowfield, Manchester, England. Established in 1515,^[122] as a free grammar school next to what is now the Cathedral, it moved in 1931 to Old Hall Lane in Fallowfield, south Manchester, to accommodate the growing student body. A grammar school is one of several different types of School in the history of education in the United Kingdom and other English-speaking countries In the post-war period, it was a direct-grant grammar school (i. e. partially state funded), but it reverted to independent status in 1976 after abolition of the direct-grant system. ^[123] Its previous premises are now used by Chetham's School of Music. Chetham's School of Music, familiarly known as "Chets" is a specialist Music school in Manchester, United Kingdom. There are two schools nearby: Withington Girls' School and Manchester High School for Girls. Withington Girls' School is an independent day school and provides education for girls between the ages of seven and eighteen Manchester High School for Girls is an independent daytime School for girls and a member of the Girls School Association.

Sport

Main article: Sports in Manchester

Manchester is well-known for being a city of sport. Sport in Manchester and especially football are an important part of the city's culture The City of Manchester Stadium, which is also known as COMS or Eastlands, is a sports venue in Manchester, England. The 2002 Commonwealth Games were held in Manchester, England from 25 July to 4 August 2002 Two Premiership football clubs bear the city's name, Manchester City and Manchester United. The Premier League, colloquially referred to as the Premiership, is an English professional league for football clubs Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered TalkManchester City FC before changing verbs to singular --> Manchester City Football Club is an English professional football club Manchester City's ground is at the City of Manchester Stadium (48,000 capacity); Manchester United's Old Trafford ground, the largest club football ground in the United Kingdom, with a capacity of 76,000, and England's only UEFA-rated 5-star stadium, is just outside the city, in the borough of Trafford. The City of Manchester Stadium, which is also known as COMS or Eastlands, is a sports venue in Manchester, England. The Metropolitan Borough of Trafford is a Metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England Lancashire County Cricket Club's ground is also in Trafford. Lancashire County Cricket Club is one of the eighteen major county clubs which make up the English domestic Cricket structure representing the historic ^[124]

The City of Manchester Stadium was built for the 2002 Commonwealth Games. The City of Manchester Stadium, which is also known as COMS or Eastlands, is a sports venue in Manchester, England. After the games, one of the stands was replaced in preparation for Manchester City's arrival in 2003. TalkManchester City FC before changing verbs to singular --> Manchester City Football Club is an English professional football club The stadium holds 48,000 fans all-seated, and is one of the largest football stadiums in England. It has hosted the 2008 UEFA Cup Final. Route to the final See also UEFA Cup 2007-08 Knockout stage Pre-match Zenit and Michel Platini asked the British government Old Trafford is the only club football ground in England to have hosted the UEFA Champions League Final, in 2003. See also List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League winners The UEFA Champions League, which evolved from the European Champion Clubs' Cup is a seasonal club The 2003 UEFA Champions League Final was a football match that took place at Old Trafford in Greater Manchester, England on 28 May It is also the venue of the Super League Grand Final in Rugby League. The Super League Grand Final (commonly referred to as the Grand Final is the last game of the European Super League 's domestic season History See also History of rugby league The grass roots of rugby league can be traced to early football history, through the playing of ball games

First class sporting facilities were built for the 2002 Commonwealth Games, including the City of Manchester Stadium, the National Squash Centre and the Manchester Aquatics Centre. The 2002 Commonwealth Games were held in Manchester, England from 25 July to 4 August 2002 The City of Manchester Stadium, which is also known as COMS or Eastlands, is a sports venue in Manchester, England. The National Squash Centre is part of the Sportcity complex in Eastlands, Manchester, England which was constructed for the 2002 Commonwealth The Manchester Aquatics Centre is a public Aquatics sports facility south of the center of Manchester, England, north of the main buildings of University ^[125] Manchester has competed twice to host the Olympic Games, beaten by Atlanta for 1996 and Sydney for 2000. The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 The Manchester Velodrome was built as a part of the bid for the 2000 games. Manchester Velodrome is an indoor cycle-racing track (or Velodrome) in Manchester, in the north west of England. ^[111] It hosted the UCI Track Cycling World Championships for the third time in 2008. The UCI Track Cycling World Championships are the set of World championship events for the various disciplines and distances in Track cycling and are regulated by Various sporting arenas around the city will be used as training facilities by athletes preparing for the 2012 Olympics in London. The MEN Arena hosted the FINA World Swimming Championships in 2008. The Manchester Evening News Arena or MEN Arena (commonly referred to as just The M ^[126] Manchester will also host the World Squash Championships in 2008. ^[127]

Media

See also: List of television shows set in Manchester and Films set in Manchester

ITV franchisee Granada Television has its headquarters in Quay Street, in the Castlefield area of the city. Independent Television (generally known as ITV) is a public service network of British commercial television broadcasters set up under the Independent Granada Television is the United Kingdom ITV contractor for North West England. ^[128] Granada produces the world's oldest and most watched television soap opera, Coronation Street,^[129] which is screened five times a week on ITV1. Coronation Street (commonly known as 'Corrie' is an award-winning Soap opera created by Tony Warren This article deals with the ITV1 brand name as it is broadcast at present Local news and programmes for the north-west region are produced in Manchester.

Manchester is one of the three main BBC bases in England,^[128] alongside London and Bristol. Bristol ( ˈbrɪstəl is a city, Unitary authority and ceremonial county in South West England, west of London Programmes including A Question of Sport, Mastermind,^[130] and Real Story,^[131] are made at New Broadcasting House on Oxford Road, just south of the city centre. A Question of Sport is a long-running BBC Quiz show which started on 5 January 1970 and continues to this day Mastermind is a British quiz show, well-known for its challenging questions intimidating setting and air of seriousness Real Story was a current affairs programme which aired on the British Television channel BBC One at 1930 GMT weekly on The hit series Cutting It was set in the city's Northern Quarter and ran on BBC1 for five series. Life on Mars was set in 1973 Manchester. Life on Mars is Also, The Street, winner of a BAFTA and International Emmy Award in 2007 is set in Manchester. The Street is a BBC television series created by Jimmy McGovern which follows the lives of different residents of one street in Manchester. The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA is a British charity that hosts annual awards shows for film television television craft video games and forms of animation ^[132] The first edition of Top of the Pops was broadcast from a converted church in Longsight on New Year's Day 1964. Top of the Pops, also known as TOTP, was a long-running British music chart Television programme, made and broadcast Longsight is an area of the City of Manchester, in North West England. ^[133] Manchester is also the regional base for the BBC One North West Region so programmes like North West Tonight are produced here. ^[134] The BBC intends to relocate large numbers of staff and facilities from London to Media City at Salford Quays. Salford Quays is an area of Salford, in Greater Manchester, England, near the end of the Manchester Ship Canal. The Children's (CBBC), Comedy, Sport (BBC Sport) and New Media departments are all scheduled to move before 2010. CBBC ( Children's BBC) is the brand-name for the BBC 's Children's television programmes aimed at children aged between 6 and 12 years old ^[135] Manchester has its own television channel, Channel M, owned by the Guardian Media Group and operated since 2000. Channel M is a television station which is based in Manchester. Not to be confused with the Guardian Enterprise Group, an American media company (see. ^[128] The station produces almost all content including local news locally and is available nationally on the BSkyB television platform. British Sky Broadcasting ( BSkyB — Sky Television and BSB) is a company that operates Sky Digital, a subscription television service in the Television characters from Manchester include Daphne Moon (played by Jane Leeves), of Frasier, Charlie Pace (played by Dominic Monaghan) of Lost, Naomi Dorrit (Lost) and Nessa Holt (Las Vegas), both played by local actress Marsha Thomason. Daphne Moon Crane (born 1961 is a Fictional character on the American television Sitcom Frasier, played by Jane Leeves. Jane Leeves (born April 18, 1961) is a Screen Actors Guild Award winning English actress best known for her work as Daphne Moon Frasier is an American sitcom, a Spin-off of Cheers starring Kelsey Grammer as Charlie Hieronymus Pace is a Fictional character present in the first four seasons on the ABC television series Lost played by Dominic Monaghan Dominic Bernard Patrick Luke Monaghan (born 8 December 1976) is an English Actor. Lost is an Emmy and Golden Globe award-winning American serial drama television series. This article contains character information for the American Drama / Adventure television series Lost. Las Vegas is an American Television series that aired on NBC from September 22, 2003 to February 15, 2008 Las Vegas is an American Television series that aired on NBC from September 22, 2003 to February 15, 2008 Marsha Thomason (born January 19, 1976 in Moston, Manchester, England) is an English actress, who is best

The city has the highest number of local radio stations outside London including BBC Radio Manchester, Key 103, Galaxy, Piccadilly Magic 1152, 105.4 Century FM, 100.4 Smooth FM, Capital Gold 1458, 96. Key 103 is an Independent Local Radio station broadcasting to the city of Manchester and the north west of England. Galaxy is a local Radio station owned by the Global Radio UK as part of its Galaxy Network specialising in Dance music and R'n'B NB Piccadilly Radio re-directs here See also Key 103 Piccadilly Magic 1152 (also known simply as Magic 1152 began broadcasting as Piccadilly Radio which was Smooth Radio 1004 is an Independent Local Radio station based in Salford, Greater Manchester. 2 The Revolution and Xfm. The Revolution is an Independent Local Radio station broadcasting to the areas of Oldham, Rochdale and Tameside in Greater Manchester Xfm Manchester is a commercial Radio station broadcasting "alternative" music to Manchester in North West England. ^[136][137] Radio Manchester returned to its former title in 2006 after becoming BBC GMR in 1988. ^[138] Student radio stations include Fuse FM at the University of Manchester and MMU Radio at the Manchester Metropolitan University. ^[139] A community radio network is coordinated by Radio Regen, with stations covering the South Manchester communities of Ardwick, Longsight and Levenshulme (All FM 96. Community radio is a type of Radio service that caters to the interests of a certain area broadcasting material that is popular to a local audience but is overlooked by more Ardwick is a district of the City of Manchester, in North West England. Longsight is an area of the City of Manchester, in North West England. Levenshulme is an Urban area of the City of Manchester, in North West England. All FM is a local community radio station serving south and east Manchester and based in the South Manchester suburb of Levenshulme. 9) and Wythenshawe (Wythenshawe FM 97. Wythenshawe (pop 66000 is a district in the south of the City of Manchester in North West England. 2). ^[137] Defunct radio stations include Sunset (which became) Kiss 102 (now Galaxy), and KFM which became Signal Cheshire (now Imagine FM). Galaxy is a local Radio station owned by the Global Radio UK as part of its Galaxy Network specialising in Dance music and R'n'B Imagine FM is an Independent Local Radio station run by UTV Radio which broadcasts to Stockport and the immediate surrounding area just south These stations, as well as pirate radio, played a significant role in the city's House music culture, also known as the Madchester scene, which was based around clubs like The Haçienda which had its own show on Kiss 102. The term pirate radio usually refers to illegal or unregulated radio transmissions House music is a style of Electronic dance music initially popularized in mid-1980s Discothèques catering to the African-American, Latino Madchester was an Alternative rock genre that developed in Manchester, England, towards the end of the 1980s and into the early 1990s Fac 51 Haçienda (better known simply as The Haçienda) was a Nightclub and Music venue in Manchester, England. Radio producer and author Karl Pilkington, of The Ricky Gervais Show fame, is from Manchester. Karl Pilkington (born on 23 September 1972 is a Sony Award -winning Radio producer, podcaster and author best known for producing and co-presenting This article is about the audio programme for the tv programme see Meet Ricky Gervais The Ricky Gervais Show is a comedy audio

Manchester is also featured in several Hollywood films such as My Son, My Son! (1940), directed by Charles Vidor and starring Brian Aherne and Louis Hayward. Charles Vidor ( July 27, 1900 &ndash June 4, 1959) was a Film director. Brian Aherne ( May 2, 1902 – February 10, 1986) was an Oscar -nominated English Actor of both stage and screen Louis Hayward ( March 19 1909 – February 21 1985) was a British Actor born in South Africa. Also Grand Hotel (1932), in which Wallace Beery often shouts "Manchester!". Grand Hotel is a 1932 MGM Pre-Code Art Deco Film that won the Best Picture Oscar. Wallace Beery ( April 1, 1885 – April 15, 1949) was an American Academy Award -winning actor arguably best known Others include Velvet Goldmine starring Ewan McGregor, and Sir Alec Guinness's The Man in the White Suit. Velvet Goldmine is a 1998 film directed and co-written by Todd Haynes. Ewan Gordon McGregor (born 31 March 1971 ˌjuːən məˈgrɛgər is a Scottish Actor, who has had significant success in mainstream indie and art Sir Alec Guinness, CH, CBE (2 April 1914 &ndash 5 August 2000 was an English Actor. The Man In The White Suit is a satirical Comedy film made in 1951 by Ealing Studios. More recently, the entire city of Manchester is engulfed in runaway fires in the 2002 film 28 Days Later. 28 Days Later is a 2002 British post-apocalyptic Science fiction film directed by Danny Boyle. The city is also home to the Manchester International Film Festival^[140] and has held the Commonwealth film festival.

The Guardian newspaper was founded in Manchester in 1821 as The Manchester Guardian. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Its head office is still in Manchester, though many of its management functions were moved to London in 1964. ^[17] Its sister publication, the Manchester Evening News, has the largest circulation of a UK regional evening newspaper. The Manchester Evening News (also known as MEN Media) is an English daily Newspaper published each week day evening and on Saturdays It is free in the city centre, but paid for in the suburbs. Despite its title, it is available all day. ^[141] The Metro North West is available free at Metrolink stops, rail stations and other busy locations. Metro is the trading name of a Free daily newspaper, published by Associated Newspapers (part of Daily Mail and General Trust) in the Manchester Metro redirects here - for the Manchester Metroshuttle free bus routes see Metroshuttle or First Manchester Manchester Metrolink The MEN group distributes several local weekly free papers. ^[142] For many years most of the national newspapers had offices in Manchester: The Daily Telegraph, Daily Express, Daily Mail, The Daily Mirror, The Sun. For "The Daily Telegraph" in Australia see The Daily Telegraph (Australia. The Daily Express is a conservative Middle-market British Tabloid Newspaper. The Daily Mail is a British newspaper currently published in a tabloid format The Daily Mirror, often referred to simply as The Mirror, is a British Tabloid daily Newspaper founded in 1903 The Sun is a Tabloid daily newspaper published in the United Kingdom and Ireland with the highest circulation of any daily English-language Only The Daily Sport remains based in Manchester. The Daily Sport is a Tabloid Newspaper published in the United Kingdom by Sport Newspapers, owned by the pornographer At its height, 1,500 journalists were employed, though in the 1980s office closures began and today the "second Fleet Street" is no more. ^[143] An attempt to launch a Northern daily newspaper, the North West Times, employing journalists made redundant by other titles, closed in 1988. ^[144] Another attempt was made with the North West Enquirer, which hoped to provide a true "regional" newspaper for the North West, much in the same vein as the Yorkshire Post does for Yorkshire or The Northern Echo does for the North East; it folded in October 2006. North West Enquirer was a short-lived weekly regional tabloid newspaper covering the North West region of England. North West England is one of the nine official Regions of England. The Yorkshire Post is a daily Broadsheet Newspaper, published in Leeds, England by Yorkshire Post Newspapers, a company Yorkshire is a historic county of Northern England and the largest in Great Britain. The Northern Echo is a daily regional morning Newspaper serving the north-east of England. North-East England is one of the nine official Regions of England and comprises the combined area of Northumberland, County Durham, Tyne and Wear ^[144] There are several local lifestyle magazines, including YQ Magazine and Moving Manchester. ^[145]

Twin cities and consulates

Manchester has formal twinning arrangements (or "friendship agreements") with several places. ^[146][147] In addition, the British Council maintains a metropolitan centre in Manchester. The British Council is a Public Body of the United Kingdom Government which specialises in educational and development opportunities ^[148] Although not an official twin city, Tampere, Finland is known as "the Manchester of Finland" – or "Manse" for short. Tampere ( ˈtɑmpɛrɛ Swedish: Tammerfors or) is a city in southern Finland located between two lakes Näsijärvi and Pyhäjärvi Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe.

	Country		Place		County / District / Region / State	Date
	Nicaragua		Bilwi		Puerto Cabezas
	Germany		Chemnitz[149]		Saxony	1983
	Spain		Córdoba		Córdoba
	Israel		Rehovot		Center District
	Russia		Saint Petersburg		Northwestern Federal District	1962
	China		Wuhan		Hubei	1986
	Pakistan		Faisalabad		Punjab	1997

Manchester is home to the largest group of consuls in the UK outside London. Nicaragua (ˌnɪkəˈrɑgwə officially the Republic of Nicaragua () is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in Central America Bilwi, with an approximate population of 60000 is the main city of the Municipality of Puerto Cabezas in the North Atlantic Coast department ( Región Puerto Cabezas ( Bilwi in Miskito) is a Municipality in the North Atlantic Coast department ( Región Autónoma del Atlántico Norte Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Chemnitz (1953–1990 Karl-Marx-Stadt ( Sorbian:Kamjenica is a City in Eastern Germany. The Free State of Saxony (Freistaat Sachsen ˈzaksən Swobodny Stat Sakska is the easternmost federal state of Germany. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. ||-||-||} Córdoba ( Cordova in English is a City in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. Córdoba (Arabic قرطبة) traditionally named Cordova in English is a province of southern Spain, in the north-central part of the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The Center District (מחוז המרכז Meḥoz haMerkaz) of Israel is one of six administrative districts, including most of the Sharon region Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Northwestern Federal District (Се́веро-За́падный федера́льный о́круг tr China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National ( is the capital of Hubei province and is the most populous city in central People's Republic of China. ( Postal map spelling: Hupeh) is a central province of the People's Republic of China. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and ( is a city located in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. It was formerly known as Lyallpur. The Punjab ( Urdu:) province of The expansion of international trade links during the industrial revolution led to the introduction of the first consuls in the 1820s and since then over 800, from all parts of the world, have been based in Manchester. Manchester has remained (in consular terms at least) the second city of the UK for two centuries, and hosts consular services for most of the north of England. The reduction in the amount of local paperwork required for modern international trade is partly offset by the increased number of international travellers. Many pass through Manchester Airport, easily the UK’s biggest and busiest airport outside the London area. ^[150]

Australian Honorary Consul[151] Assistant High Commissioner for Bangladesh Consulate General of the Peoples Republic of China High Commission for Cyprus Trade Commission of Denmark Consulate of France Consulate of Italy Consulate of the Netherlands Royal Norwegian Consulate Consulate General of Pakistan Consulate General of Portugal Consulate General of Spain Consulate of Sweden Consulate of Switzerland

See also

• Cottonopolis
• Manchester local elections

Further reading

Architecture Hands, David; Sarah Parker (2000). Cottonopolis is a name given to the city of Manchester, in England. One third of Manchester City Council is elected each year followed by one year without election Manchester: A Guide to Recent Architecture. London: Ellipsis Arts. ISBN 1-899858-77-6.   Hartwell, Clare (2001). Manchester, Pevsner Architectural Guides. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-071131-7.   Hartwell, Clare; Matthew Hyde, Nikolaus Pevsner (2004). Sir Nikolaus Bernhard Leon Pevsner, CBE, ( January 30, 1902 &ndash August 18, 1983) was a German-born British scholar of Lancashire: Manchester and the South-East, The Buildings of England. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10583-5.   Parkinson-Bailey, John J (2000). Manchester: an Architectural History. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-5606-3.   Robinson, John Martin (1986). The Architecture of Northern England. Macmillan London Ltd. ISBN 0-333-37396-0.   General Beesley, Ian (1988). Victorian Manchester and Salford. Keele: Ryburn. ISBN 1-85331-006-9.   Hylton, Stuart (2003). A History of Manchester. Chichester: Phillimore & Company. ISBN 1-86077-240-4.   Kidd, Alan J (1993). Manchester, Town and City Histories. Keele: Ryburn. ISBN 1-85331-016-6.   Price, Jane; Ben Stebbing (editors) (2002). The Mancunian Way. Manchester: Clinamen Press Ltd. ISBN 1-903083-81-8.   Redhead, Brian (1993). Brian Redhead ( 28 December 1929 - 23 January 1994) was a British author journalist and broadcaster Manchester: a Celebration. London: Andre Deutsch Ltd. ISBN 0-233-98816-5.   Schofield, Jonathan (2005). The City Life Guide to Manchester. Manchester: City Life. ISBN 0-9549042-2-2.

Culture Champion, Sarah (1990). And God Created Manchester. Manchester: Wordsmith. ISBN 1-873205-01-5.   Gatenby, Phill (2002). Morrissey's Manchester: The Essential "Smiths" Tour. Empire Publications. ISBN 1-901746-28-3.   Haslam, Dave (2000). Manchester, England. New York: Fourth Estate. ISBN 1-84115-146-7.   Lee, C P (2002). Shake, Rattle and Rain – Popular Music Making in Manchester 1955–1995. Hardinge Simpole. ISBN 1-84382-049-8.   Lee, C P (2004). Like The Night (Revisited): Bob Dylan and the Road to the Manchester Free Trade Hall. London: Helter Skelter Publishing. ISBN 1-900924-33-1.   Savage, John (editor) (1992). The Hacienda Must Be Built. International Music Publications. International Music Publications (better known as IMP) is a British Publisher of popular Sheet music. ISBN 0-86359-857-9.

References

External links

• Manchester City Council
• Manchester travel guide from Wikitravel
• Official tourist board site of Manchester

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