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For other uses, see Man Ray (disambiguation).
Man Ray, photographed at Gaite-Montparnasse exhibition in Paris by Carl Van Vechten on June 16, 1934
Man Ray, photographed at Gaite-Montparnasse exhibition in Paris by Carl Van Vechten on June 16, 1934

Man Ray, born Emmanuel Radnitzky (August 27, 1890–November 18, 1976), was an American artist who spent most of his career in Paris, France. The Théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse is a theater situated at 26 rue de la Gaîté in the Montparnasse quarter of Paris in the 14th arrondissement. Carl Van Vechten ( June 17, 1880 &ndash December 21, 1964) was an American Writer and Photographer who was a Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The definition of an artist is wide-ranging and covers a broad spectrum of Activities to do with creating Art, practicing the Arts and/or demonstrating Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Perhaps best described simply as a modernist, he was a significant contributor to both the Dada and Surrealist movements, although his ties to each were informal. Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century For other meanings see Dada (disambiguation DaDa is a Concept album by Alice Cooper, released Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members Best known in the art world for his avant-garde photography, Man Ray produced major works in a variety of media and considered himself a painter above all. Avant-garde (avɑ̃gaʁd in French) means "advance guard" or "vanguard Photography (fә'tɒgrәfi or fә'tɑːgrәfi (from Greek φωτο and γραφία is the process and Art of recording pictures by means of capturing Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e He was also a renowned fashion and portrait photographer. Fashion photography is a genre of Photography devoted to displaying Clothing and other Fashion items A portrait is a painting, photograph, Sculpture, or other artistic representation of a person in which the face and its expression is predominant

While appreciation for Man Ray’s work beyond his fashion and portrait photography was slow in coming during his lifetime, especially in his native United States, his reputation has grown steadily in the decades since.

Legendary photographer, painter, and maker of objects and films, Man Ray was one of the most versatile and inventive artists of the 20th century. Photography (fә'tɒgrәfi or fә'tɑːgrәfi (from Greek φωτο and γραφία is the process and Art of recording pictures by means of capturing Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e Born in Philadelphia in 1890, he knew the worlds of Greenwich Village in the avant-garde era following the 1913 Armory Show; Paris in the 1920's and 1930's, where he played a key role in the Dada and Surrealist movements; The Hollywood of the 1940s, where he joined others chased by war from their homes in Europe; and finally, Paris again until his death in 1976. Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə Greenwich Village (ˌgrɛnɪtʃ ˈvɪlɪdʒ often simply called the Village, is a largely residential area on the west side of downtown (southern Manhattan Avant-garde (avɑ̃gaʁd in French) means "advance guard" or "vanguard Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Many exhibitions have been held in the vast spaces of US National Guard armories, but the Armory Show refers to the International Exhibition For other meanings see Dada (disambiguation DaDa is a Concept album by Alice Cooper, released Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members

In 1999, ARTnews magazine named him one of the 25 most influential artists of the 20th century, citing his groundbreaking photography as well as "his explorations of film, painting, sculpture, collage, assemblage, and prototypes of what would eventually be called performance art and conceptual art" and saying "Man Ray offered artists in all media an example of a creative intelligence that, in its 'pursuit of pleasure and liberty,'" — Man Ray’s stated guiding principles — "unlocked every door it came to and walked freely where it would. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) ARTnews (originally published as American Art News) is an art Magazine, founded in 1902 and claiming a circulation of more than 200000 The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e A collage (From the coller to glue is a work of formal art primarily in the Visual arts, made from an assemblage of different forms thus creating a new whole Assemblage is an artistic process in which a three-dimensional artistic composition is made from putting together found objects This article is about Performance art For other uses see Performance (disambiguation Conceptual art is Art in which the Concept (s or Idea (s involved in the work take precedence over traditional aesthetic and material concerns "[1]

Contents

Biography

Background and early life

From the time he began attracting attention as an artist until his death more than 60 years later, Man Ray allowed little of his early life or family background to be known to the public, even refusing to acknowledge that he ever had a name other than Man Ray. [2]

Man Ray was born Emmanuel Radnitzky in South Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1890, the eldest child of recent Russian-Jewish immigrants. South Philadelphia Nicknamed "South Philly" is the section of Philadelphia bounded by South Street to the north the Delaware River The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term The family would eventually include another son and two daughters, the youngest born shortly after they settled in the Williamsburg section of Brooklyn, New York, in 1897. Williamsburg is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, bordering Greenpoint, Bedford-Stuyvesant, and Bushwick Brooklyn (named after the Dutch town Breukelen) is one of the five boroughs of New York City. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common In early 1912, the Radnitzky family changed their surname to Ray, a name selected by Man Ray's brother, in reaction to the ethnic discrimination and anti-Semitism prevalent at that time. Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility Emmanuel, who was called "Manny" as a nickname, changed his first name to Man at this time, and gradually began to use Man Ray as his combined single name. [2][3]

Man Ray’s father was a garment factory worker who also ran a small tailoring business out of the family home, enlisting his children from an early age. A tailor is a person whose occupation is to sew and scissor menswear style jackets and the skirts or trousers that go with them Man Ray’s mother enjoyed making the family’s clothes from her own designs and inventing patchwork items from scraps of fabric. A Patchwork or " pieced work " is a form of Needlework that involves sewing together pieces of fabric into a larger design [2] Despite Man Ray’s desire to disassociate himself from his family background, this experience left an enduring mark on his art. Tailor's dummies, flat irons, sewing machines, needles, pins, threads, swatches of fabric, and other items related to clothing and sewing appear at every stage of his work and in almost every medium. [4] Art historians have also noted similarity in his collage and painting techniques to those used in making clothing. [3]

First artistic endeavors

Man Ray displayed artistic and mechanical ability from childhood. His education at Boys' High School from 1904 to 1908 provided him with a solid grounding in drafting and other basic art techniques. Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year A technical drawing is a form of graphic communication This type of Drawing is used in the transforming of an idea into physical form At the same time, he educated himself with frequent visits to the local art museums, where he studied the works of the Old Masters. " Old Master " (or " old master " is a term for a European painter of skill who worked before about 1800, or a painting by such After graduation from high school, he was offered a scholarship to study architecture but chose to pursue a career as an artist instead. A scholarship is an award of access to an institution or a financial aid award for an individual student scholar for the purpose of furthering their Education The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation However much this decision disappointed his parents' aspirations to upward mobility and assimilation, they nevertheless rearranged the family's modest living quarters so that Man Ray could use a room as his studio. He stayed for the next four years, working steadily toward being a professional painter, while earning money as a commercial artist and technical illustrator at several Manhattan companies. The term graphic design can refer to a number of artistic and professional disciplines which focus on visual communication and presentation Manhattan Island, in New York Harbor, is much the largest part of the Borough of Manhattan, one of the Five Boroughs which form the City of New York [2][3]

From the surviving examples of his work from this period, it appears he attempted mostly paintings and drawings in 19th-century styles. He was already an avid admirer of avant-garde art of the time, such as the European modernists he saw at Alfred Stieglitz's "291" gallery and works by the Ashcan School, but, with a few exceptions, was not yet able to integrate these new trends into his own work. Alfred Stieglitz (January 1 1864 &ndash July 13 1946 was an American photographer who was instrumental over his fifty-year career in making Photography an acceptable The Ashcan School, also called the Ash Can School, is defined as a realist Artistic movement that came into prominence in the United States The art classes he sporadically attended — including stints at the National Academy of Design and the Art Students League — were of little apparent benefit to him, until he enrolled in the Ferrer School in the autumn of 1912, thus beginning a period of intense and rapid artistic development. The National Academy of Design, in New York City, now called simply The National Academy is an honorary association of American Artists with a Museum The Art Students League of New York is an Art school located on West 57th Street in New York City. The Modern Schools, also called Ferrer Schools, were American Schools formed in the early 20th century around the ideas of educator and anarchist [3]

New York

Living in New York City, influenced by what he saw at the 1913 Armory Show and in galleries showing contemporary works from Europe, Man Ray's early paintings display facets of cubism. Many exhibitions have been held in the vast spaces of US National Guard armories, but the Armory Show refers to the International Exhibition Cubism was a 20th century Avant-garde Art movement, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, that revolutionized European Upon befriending Marcel Duchamp who was interested in showing movement in static paintings, his works begin to depict movement of the figures, for example in the repetitive positions of the skirts of the dancer in The Rope Dancer Accompanies Herself with Shadows (1916). Marcel Duchamp (maʀsɛl dyˈʃɑ̃ (28 July 1887 &ndash 2 October 1968 was a French artist whose work is most often associated with the Dadaist and Surrealist [5]

In 1915, Man Ray had his first solo show of paintings and drawings. Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year His first proto-Dada object, an assemblage titled Self-Portrait, was exhibited the following year. He produced his first significant photographs in 1918. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

Abandoning conventional painting, Man Ray involved himself with Dada, a radical anti-art movement, started making objects, and developed unique mechanical and photographic methods of making images. For other meanings see Dada (disambiguation DaDa is a Concept album by Alice Cooper, released For the 1918 version of Rope Dancer he combined a spray-gun technique with a pen drawing. Again, like Duchamp, he made "readymades" - objects selected by the artist, sometimes modified and presented as art. The readymades of Marcel Duchamp are ordinary manufactured objects that he selected and modified as an antidote to what he called "retinal art" His Gift readymade (1921) is a flatiron with metal tacks attached to the bottom, and Enigma of Isidore Ducasse is an unseen object (a sewing machine) wrapped in cloth and tied with cord. Another work from this period, Aerograph (1919), was done with airbrush on glass. [5]

In 1920 Ray helped Duchamp make his first machine and one of the earliest examples of kinetic art, the Rotary Glass Plates composed of glass plates turned by a motor. Marcel Duchamp (maʀsɛl dyˈʃɑ̃ (28 July 1887 &ndash 2 October 1968 was a French artist whose work is most often associated with the Dadaist and Surrealist That same year Man Ray, Katherine Dreier and Duchamp founded the Société Anonyme, an itinerant collection which in effect was the first museum of modern art in the U. Katherine Sophie Dreier ( September 10, 1877 &ndash March 29, 1952) was an artist and a patron of the arts Société Anonyme Inc was an art organization founded in 1920 by Katherine Dreier, Man Ray and Marcel Duchamp. History of Modern art Roots in the 19th century Although modern Sculpture and Architecture are reckoned to have emerged at the end of the nineteenth S.

Ray teamed up with Duchamp to publish the one issue of New York Dada in 1920, but he soon declared, "Dada cannot live in New York", and he moved to Paris in 1921.

It was in New York in 1913 that Man Ray met his first wife, Adon Lacroix. They married in 1914, separated in 1919, and were formally divorced in 1937.

Paris

In July 1921, Man Ray went to live and work in Paris, France, and soon settled in the Montparnasse quarter favored by many artists. Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Montparnasse is an area of Paris, France, on the left bank of the river Seine, centred on the intersection of the Boulevard du Montparnasse Shortly after arriving in Paris, he met and fell in love with Kiki de Montparnasse (Alice Prin), an artists' model and celebrated character in Paris bohemian circles. Alice Ernestine Prin ( October 2, 1901 – April 29, 1953) was a French artists' model, Nightclub Singer Kiki was Man Ray's companion for most of the 1920s. She became the subject of some of his most famous photographic images and starred in his experimental films. In 1929 he began a love affair with the Surrealist photographer Lee Miller. Elizabeth 'Lee' Miller Lady Penrose ( 23 April 1907 - 21 July 1977) was an American photographer.

Salvador Dalí and Man Ray in Paris, on June 16, 1934 making "wild eyes" for photographer Carl Van Vechten
Salvador Dalí and Man Ray in Paris, on June 16, 1934 making "wild eyes" for photographer Carl Van Vechten

For the next 20 years in Montparnasse, Man Ray made his mark on the art of photography. Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech 1st Marquis of Púbol (May 11 1904 &ndash January 23 1989 was a Spanish Catalan Surrealist Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Carl Van Vechten ( June 17, 1880 &ndash December 21, 1964) was an American Writer and Photographer who was a Photography (fә'tɒgrәfi or fә'tɑːgrәfi (from Greek φωτο and γραφία is the process and Art of recording pictures by means of capturing Great artists of the day such as James Joyce, Gertrude Stein, Jean Cocteau and Antonin Artaud posed for his camera. James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 &ndash 13 January 1941 was an Irish expatriate writer widely considered to be one of the most influential writers of the Gertrude Stein ( February 3, 1874 &ndash July 27, 1946) was an American Writer who spent most of her life in France Jean Maurice Eugène Clément Cocteau (5 July 1889 &ndash 11 October 1963 was a French Poet, Novelist, Dramatist, Designer, Boxing Antoine Marie Joseph Artaud, better known as Antonin Artaud ( September 4, 1896, in Marseille – March 4, 1948 in

With Jean Arp, Max Ernst, André Masson, Joan Miró, and Pablo Picasso, Man Ray was represented in the first Surrealist exhibition at the Galerie Pierre in Paris in 1925. Max Ernst ( 2 April 1891 &ndash 1 April 1976) was a German painter, Sculptor, Graphic artist, and André-Aimé-René Masson ( January 4, 1896 &ndash October 28, 1987) was a French Artist. Joan Miró i Ferrà ( April 20, 1893 &ndash December 25, 1983) was an ethnic Catalan (of Spanish nationality Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973 Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Works from this period include a metronome with an eye, originally titled Object to Be Destroyed. Object to Be Destroyed is a work by American Artist Man Ray, originally created in 1923

In 1934, Surrealist artist Méret Oppenheim, known for her fur-covered teacup, posed for Man Ray in what became a well-known series of photographs depicting Oppenheim nude, standing next to a printing press. Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Meret Oppenheim ( 6 October 1913, Berlin &mdash 15 November 1985, Switzerland) was a German -born Swiss A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a medium (such as paper or cloth thereby transferring an image

Together with Lee Miller — his photography assistant and lover — Man Ray reinvented the photographic technique of solarization. Elizabeth 'Lee' Miller Lady Penrose ( 23 April 1907 - 21 July 1977) was an American photographer. Sabattier effect redirects here For other uses of the terms Sabattier or Sabatier, see Sabatier (disambiguation. He also created a technique using photograms he called rayographs. A photogram is a photographic image made (without a Camera) by placing objects directly onto the surface of a photo-sensitive material such as photographic paper A photogram is a photographic image made (without a Camera) by placing objects directly onto the surface of a photo-sensitive material such as photographic paper

Man Ray also directed a number of influential avant-garde short films, known as Cinéma Pur, such as Le Retour à la Raison (2 mins, 1923); Emak-Bakia (16 mins, 1926); L'Étoile de Mer (15 mins, 1928); and Les Mystères du Château du Dé (20 mins, 1929). Avant-garde (avɑ̃gaʁd in French) means "advance guard" or "vanguard Cinéma Pur ( French for Pure Cinema) was an Avant-garde film movement birthed in Paris in the 1920s and 30s Le Retour à la Raison ( English: Return to Reason) is a 1923 Film directed by Man Ray. Emak-Bakia ( Basque for Leave me alone) is a 1926 Film directed by Man Ray. L'Étoile de Mer (English The Starfish) is a 1928 Film directed by Man Ray. Les Mystéres du Château du Dé ( English: The Mysteries of the Chateau of Dice) is a 1929 Film directed by Man Ray.

Artists Marcel Duchamp, Man Ray, and Francis Picabia were friends as well as collaborators, connected by their experimental, entertaining, and innovative art. Marcel Duchamp (maʀsɛl dyˈʃɑ̃ (28 July 1887 &ndash 2 October 1968 was a French artist whose work is most often associated with the Dadaist and Surrealist Francis-Marie Martinez Picabia ( January 22, 1879 - November 30, 1953) was a well-known painter and poet born of a French mother and [6]

Later life

Later in life, Man Ray returned to the United States, having been forced to leave Paris due to the dislocations of the Second World War. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including He lived in Los Angeles, California from 1940 until 1951. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. A few days after arriving in Los Angeles, Man Ray met Juliet Browner, a trained dancer and experienced artists' model. They began living together almost immediately, and married in 1946 in a double wedding with their friends Max Ernst and Dorothea Tanning. Max Ernst ( 2 April 1891 &ndash 1 April 1976) was a German painter, Sculptor, Graphic artist, and Dorothea Tanning (born August 25 1910) is an American painter printmaker sculptor and writer However, he called Montparnasse home and he returned there.

In 1963 he published his autobiography, Self-Portrait, which was republished in 1999 (ISBN 0821224743).

He died in Paris on November 18, 1976, and was interred in the Cimetière du Montparnasse, Paris. Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Montparnasse Cemetery ( French: Cimetière de Montparnasse) is a famous cemetery in the Montparnasse quarter of Paris, part of the His epitaph reads: unconcerned, but not indifferent. An epitaph (in Greek, &mdash literally " on the gravestone " is a short text honoring a deceased person strictly speaking that inscribed on When Juliet Browner died in 1991, she was interred in the same tomb. Her epitaph reads, together again. Juliet set up a trust for his work and made many donations of his work to museums.

Quotations

By Man Ray

About Man Ray

Man Ray references in popular culture

References

Cited

  1. ^ A. D. Coleman; "Willful Provocateur"; ARTnews, May 1999.
  2. ^ a b c d Neil Baldwin; Man Ray: American Artist; Da Capo Press; ISBN 0-306-81014-X (1988, 2000). ).
  3. ^ a b c d Francis Naumann; Conversion to Modernism: The Early Work of Man Ray; Rutgers University Press; ISBN 0-8135-3148-9 (2003). Francis M Naumann is a scholar curator and art dealer specializing in the art of the Dada movement and the Surrealist periods
  4. ^ Milly Heyd; "Man Ray/Emmanuel Radnitsky: Who is Behind the Enigma of Isidore Ducasse?"; in Complex Identities: Jewish Consciousness and Modern Art; ed. Matthew Baigell and Milly Heyd; Rutgers University Press; ISBN 0-8135-2869-0 (2001).
  5. ^ a b "Man Ray. " Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed. 17 Vols. Gale Research, 1998. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich. : Thomson Gale. 2007. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC Document Number: K1631005476
  6. ^ Chris Bors (January 9, 2008), Winter Museum Preview: Top 5 London, ARTINFO, <http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/26385/winter-museum-preview-top-5-london/>. Retrieved on 23 April 2008 
  7. ^ http://www.housepetmagazine.com/two/wegman Wegman's first Weimaraner. htm

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