A man is a male human. Male (♂ refers to the sex of an organism or part of an organism which produces small mobile Gametes called spermatozoa. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus The term man (irregular plural: men) is used for an adult human male, with the term boy being the usual term for a human male child or adolescent human male. For the 2008 British film by Noel Clarke see Adulthood (film. BOY is a Canadian Indie pop band The band consists of vocalist and general instrumentalist Stephen Kozmeniuk, drummer Maurie Kaufmann, However, man can refer to humanity as a whole and is also sometimes used to identify a male human, regardless of age, as in phrases such as "Men's rights". Men’s rights are the freedoms inherently possessed by men and boys of all ages which may be institutionalized ignored or suppressed by law custom and behavior in a particular

Michelangelo's David is the classical image of youthful male beauty in Western art

Biology and gender

Karyogram of human male using Giemsa staining. Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni Two biographies were published of him during his lifetime One of them by Giorgio Vasari, proposed that he was the pinnacle of all David is a Masterpiece of Renaissance Sculpture sculpted by Michelangelo from 1501 to 1504 A karyotype is the characteristic Chromosome complement of a Eukaryote Species. Giemsa stain, named after Gustav Giemsa, an early malariologist is used for the histopathological diagnosis of Malaria and other Parasites It is a mixture Human males possess an XY combination. Human sex determination refers to the processes by which an individual becomes either a male or female during development

Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man displays the proportions of a man. Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ( April 15 1452 – May 2 1519 was an Italian Polymath, having been a scientist Mathematician, Engineer The Vitruvian Man is a world-renowned Drawing with accompanying notes created by Leonardo da Vinci around the year 1487 as recorded in one of his journals ^[1]

Main article: Secondary sexual characteristics

Humans exhibit sexual dimorphism in many characteristics, many of which have no direct link to reproductive ability, however most of these characteristics do have a role in sexual attraction. Secondary sex characteristics are traits that distinguish the two Sexes of a species but that are not directly part of the Reproductive system. Sexual dimorphism is the systematic difference in form between individuals of different Sex in the same Species. Most expressions of sexual dimorphism in humans are found in height, weight, and body structure, though there are always examples that do not follow the overall pattern. For example, men tend to be taller than women, but there are many people of both sexes who are in the mid-height range for the species.

Some examples of male secondary sexual characteristics in humans, those acquired as boys become men or even later in life, are:

• more pubic hair around penis and under arms
• more facial hair
• larger hands and feet than women
• broader shoulders and chest
• heavier skull and bone structure
• greater muscle mass
• a prominent Adam's apple and deeper voice
• A bigger penis and larger testicles
• coarser skin texture

Reproductive system

The sex organs of a man are part of the reproductive system, consisting of the penis, testicles, vas deferens, and the prostate gland. Facial hair is a Secondary sex characteristic in human Males Many Men start developing facial hair in the later years of Puberty, approximately In Human anatomy, the shoulder joint comprises the part of the body where the Humerus attaches to the Scapula. Bones are rigid organs that form part of the Endoskeleton of Vertebrates They function to move support and protect the various organs of the body produce Muscle (from Latin musculus, diminutive of mus "mouse" is contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the A sex organ, or primary sexual characteristic, as narrowly defined is any of the anatomical parts of the body which are involved in sexual reproduction and constitute The penis (plural penises, penes The testicle (from Latin testiculus, diminutive of testis, meaning "witness" virility plural testes) is the male The vas deferens (plural vasa deferentia also called ductus deferens, ( Latin: "carrying-away vessel" is part of the Male Anatomy The prostate (from Greek προστάτης - prostates, literally "one who stands before" "protector" "guardian" is a The male reproductive system's function is to produce semen which carries sperm and thus genetic information that can unite with an egg within a woman. Physiological aspects Internal and external fertilization Depending on the Species, spermatozoa can fertilize A spermatozoon or spermatozoan ( pl spermatozoa) from the Ancient Greek σπέρμα (seed and ζῷον (living being and more commonly known Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known Since sperm that enters a woman's uterus and then fallopian tubes goes on to fertilize an egg which develops into a fetus or child, the male reproductive system plays no necessary role during the gestation. The uterus (from the Latin word for womb) is the major Female reproductive organ of most Mammals including Humans One end the The Fallopian tubes, also known as oviducts, uterine tubes, and salpinges ( singular salpinx) are two very fine tubes lined with ciliated For soil improvement see Fertilization (soil. A fetus (or foetus or fœtus) is a developing Mammal or other Viviparous Vertebrate, after the Embryonic stage and Gestation is the carrying of an Embryo or Fetus inside a Female Viviparous Animal. The concept of fatherhood and family exists in human societies. The father is defined as the Male Parent of an offspring The Adjective "paternal" refers to father parallel to "maternal" for Family denotes a group of People affiliated by consanguinity affinity or co-residence A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions The study of male reproduction and associated organs is called andrology. See also Reproductive health Andrology (from Greek grc ἀνήρ anēr, Genitive grc ἀνδρός andros, "man"

Karyotype

The normal human karyotypes contain 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. A karyotype is the characteristic Chromosome complement of a Eukaryote Species. Normally karyotypes for men have both an X and a Y chromosome denoted 46,XY.

Illnesses

In general, men suffer from many of the same illnesses as women. Illness (sometimes referred to as ill-health or ail) can be defined as a state of poor Health. Men generally tend to suffer from more illnesses than women but suffer from fewer sex-related illnesses than women. A sex-specific illness is an Illness that occurs only in people of one Sex. On average, men have a slightly lower life expectancy than women; however, there has been a gradual reduction in this disparity.

Sexual characteristics

Human male genital area anatomy

In humans, the sex of an individual is generally determined at the time of fertilization by the genetic material carried in the sperm cell. For soil improvement see Fertilization (soil. A spermatozoon or spermatozoan ( pl spermatozoa) from the Ancient Greek σπέρμα (seed and ζῷον (living being and more commonly known If a sperm cell carrying an X chromosome fertilizes the egg, the offspring will typically be female (XX); if a sperm cell carrying a Y chromosome fertilizes the egg, the offspring will typically be male (XY). The X chromosome is one of the two sex-determining Chromosomes in many animal species including mammals (the other is the Y chromosome) An ovum (plural ova) is a Haploid Female reproductive cell or Gamete. The Y chromosome is the sex-determining Chromosome in most Mammals including Humans In mammals it contains the gene SRY, which triggers This is referred to as the XY sex-determination system and is typical of most mammals, but quite a few other sex-determination systems exist, including some that are non-genetic. The XY sex-determination system is the Sex-determination system found in Humans most other Mammals some insects ( Drosophila) and some A sex-determination system is a biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an Organism. The term primary sexual characteristics denotes the kind of gamete the gonad produces: The ovary produces egg cells in the female, and the testis produces sperm cells in the male. A gamete (from Ancient Greek γαμέτης; translated gamete = wife gametes = husband is a cell that fuses with another gamete The gonad is the organ that makes Gametes The gonads in males are the Testes and the gonads in Females are the Ovaries. "Ovaria" redirects here This is also a proposed section and a Synonym of Solanum. The testicle (from Latin testiculus, diminutive of testis, meaning "witness" virility plural testes) is the male The term secondary sexual characteristics denotes all other sexual distinctions that play indirect roles in uniting sperm and eggs. Secondary sexual characteristics include everything from the specialized male and female features of the genital tract, to the brilliant plumage of male birds or facial hair of humans, to behavioral features such as courtship.

Sex hormones

In mammals, the hormones that influence sexual differentiation and development are androgens (mainly testosterone), which stimulate later development of the ovary. Hormones (from Greek ὁρμή - "impetus" are chemicals released by cells that affect cells in other parts of the body Androgen is the generic term for any natural or synthetic compound usually a Steroid Hormone, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine Testosterone is a Steroid hormone from the Androgen group In mammals testosterone is primarily secreted in the testes of males and the Ovaries In the sexually undifferentiated embryo, testosterone stimulates the development of the Wolffian ducts, the penis, and closure of the labioscrotal folds into the scrotum. An embryo (from Greek:, plural, lit "that which grows" from en- "in" + bryein "to swell be full" is a multicellular The labioscrotal folds (or labioscrotal swellings, or genital swellings) are paired structures in the human Embryo that represent the final stage of development Another significant hormone in sexual differeniation is the Anti-müllerian hormone, which inhibits development of the Müllerian ducts. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH is a Dimeric Glycoprotein that inhibits the development of the Müllerian ducts in a male Embryo. The Müllerian ducts (or paramesonephric ducts) are paired ducts of the Embryo which run down the lateral sides of the Urogenital ridge and terminate at

For males during puberty, testosterone, along with gonadotropins released by the pituitary gland, stimulates spermatogenesis, along with the full sexual distinction of a human male from a human female, while women are acted upon by estrogens and progesterones to produce their sexual distinction(penisvigina) from the human male. Gonadotropins are Protein Hormones secreted by Gonadotrope cells of the Pituitary gland of Vertebrates Gonadotropin is sometimes The pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an Endocrine gland about the size of a Pea. Spermatogenesis is the process by which male Spermatogonia develop into mature Spermatozoa.

Masculinity

Main article: Masculinity

See also: Stereotype

Enormous debate in Western societies has focused on perceived social, intellectual, or emotional differences between men and women. A stereotype (from Greek: stereo + týpos = "solid impression" is a generalized perception of first impressions behaviors presumed by a group These differences are very difficult to quantify for both scientific and political reasons.

Characteristics

Image of a man on the Pioneer plaque sent to interstellar space. The Pioneer plaques are a pair of Gold anodized Aluminum plaques which were placed on board the 1972 Pioneer 10 and 1973

Janet Saltzman Chafetz (1974, 35-36) describes seven areas of masculinity in general culture:

1. Physical -- virile, athletic, strong, brave. With regard to living things, a body is the integral physical material of an individual Virility refers to any of a wide range of masculine characteristics viewed positively Gallantry redirects here Or see Gallant for other meanings Courage, also known as bravery, will, intrepidity Unconcerned about appearance and aging;
2. Functional -- provider for family, defender of family from physical threat;
3. Sexual -- sexually aggressive, experienced. Ageing or aging (American English is the accumulation of changes in an organism Generally speaking human sexuality is how people experience and express themselves as sexual beings In Psychology and other social and Behavioral sciences aggression refers to behavior that is intended to cause harm Single status acceptable;
4. Emotional -- unemotional, stoic, never crying;
5. Intellectual -- logical, intellectual, rational, objective, practical;
6. Interpersonal -- leader, dominating; disciplinarian; independent, free, individualistic; demanding;
7. Other Personal Characteristics -- success-oriented, ambitious, aggressive, proud, egotistical, moral, trustworthy; decisive, competitive, uninhibited, adventurous. An emotion is a mental and physiological state associated with a wide variety of feelings thoughts and behaviours Logic is the study of the principles of valid demonstration and Inference. An intellectual (from the adjective meaning "involving thought and reason" is a person who tries to use his or her Intelligence and analytical thinking, Objectivity is both an important and very difficult concept to pin down in philosophy An interpersonal relationship is a relatively long-term association between two or more people Motivation is the reason or reasons for engaging in a particular behavior especially Human behavior as studied in Philosophy, Conflict, Economics In Psychology and other social and Behavioral sciences aggression refers to behavior that is intended to cause harm

Some differences have been supported by scientific research; most have not. It is especially difficult and contentious for science to separate the "innate" or biological differences from the learned or social differences. All should be considered broad generalizations; that is, at least a large minority of either gender would fit better with the other gender in any one of these aspects.

A number of the above stereotypes were not perceived in the same way as today (i. e. , their applications to particular aspects and spheres of life, such as work vs. home) until the 19th century, beginning with industrialization. is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a Pre-industrial society into an industrial one

In terms of outward appearance, few men in Western cultures wear cosmetics or clothing generally associated with female gender roles. Clothing (also called clothes, accoutrements, accouterments, or habiliments) protects the Human body from extreme Weather A gender role is defined as a set of perceived behavioural norms associated particularly with Males or Females in a given social group or system (Doing so is generally stigmatized and viewed as cross-dressing. Social stigma is severe social disapproval of personal characteristics or Beliefs that are against cultural norms. Cross-dressing is the act of wearing clothing commonly associated with another gender within a particular Society. )

Culture and gender roles

Main article: Gender role

Vladimir Putin is the Prime Minister of Russia, a position that has been held only by men. A gender role is defined as a set of perceived behavioural norms associated particularly with Males or Females in a given social group or system Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (; born 7 October 1952 in Leningrad, USSR; now Saint Petersburg, Russia was the second President of Russia The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, (Председатель Правительства Российской Федерации unofficially called the Prime-Minister

Well into prehistoric culture, men are believed to have assumed a variety of social and cultural roles which are likely similar across many groups of humans. In hunter-gatherer societies, men were often if not exclusively responsible for all large game killed, the capture and raising of most or all domesticated animals, the building of permanent shelters, the defense of villages, and other tasks where the male physique and strong spatial-cognition were most useful. Some anthropologists believe that it may have been men who led the Neolithic Revolution and became the first pre-historical ranchers, as a possible result of their intimate knowledge of animal life.

Throughout history, the roles of men have changed greatly. As societies have moved away from agriculture as a primary source of jobs, the emphasis on male physical ability has waned. Traditional gender roles for working men typically involved jobs emphasizing moderate to hard manual labor (see Blue-collar worker), often with no hope for increase in wage or position. For poorer men among the working classes the need to support their families, especially during periods of industrial change and economic decline, forced them to stay in dangerous jobs working long arduous hours, often without retirement. Many industrialized countries have seen a shift to jobs which are less physically demanding, with a general reduction in the percentage of manual labor needed in the work force (see White-collar worker). White-collar worker refers to a salaried professional or an educated Worker who performs semi-professional office administrative and sales coordination tasks as opposed to The male goal in these circumstances is often of pursuing a quality education and securing a dependable, often office-environment, source of income. Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency

Pope Benedict XVI is the leader of the Roman Catholic Church, a position that is reserved for men only. Pope Benedict XVI ( Latin: Benedictus PP XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger

The Men's Movement is in part a struggle for the recognition of equality of opportunity with women, and for equal rights irrespective of gender, even if special relations and conditions are willingly incurred under the form of partnership involved in marriage. Men's and fathers' rights masculism See also Men's rights, Fathers' rights, Masculism The men's rights and fathers' rights differ in their The difficulties of obtaining this recognition are due to the habits and customs recent history has produced. Through a combination of economic changes and the efforts of the feminist movement in recent decades, men in some societies now compete with women for jobs that traditionally excluded women. Some larger corporations have instituted tracking systems to try to ensure that jobs are filled based on merit and not just on traditional gender selection. Assumptions and expectations based on sex roles both benefit and harm men in Western society (as they do women, but in different ways) in the workplace as well as on the topics of education, violence, health care, politics, and fatherhood - to name a few. Research has identified anti-male sexism in some areas (a concept which must be distinguished and differentiated from the traditional anti-female sexism in its ubiquity and impact) which can result in what appear to be unfair advantages given to women.

The Parsons model was used to contrast and illustrate extreme positions on gender roles. A gender role is defined as a set of perceived behavioural norms associated particularly with Males or Females in a given social group or system Model A describes total separation of male and female roles, while Model B describes the complete dissolution of barriers between gender roles. ^[2] The examples are based on the context of the culture and infrastructure of the United States. Infrastructure typically refers to the technical structures that support a society such as Roads Water supply, Wastewater, Power grids However, these extreme positions are rarely found in reality; actual behavior of individuals is usually somewhere between these poles. The most common 'model' followed in real life in the United States and Great Britain is the 'model of double burden'. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located

References

Further reading

• Andrew Perchuk, Simon Watney, Bell Hooks, The Masculine Masquerade: Masculinity and Representation, MIT Press 1995
• Pierre Bourdieu, Masculine Domination, Paperback Edition, Stanford University Press 2001
• Robert W. Pierre Bourdieu ( August 1, 1930 – January 23, 2002) was an acclaimed French Sociologist and writer known for his Connell, Masculinities, Cambridge : Polity Press, 1995
• Warren Farrell, Myth of Male Power Berkley Trade, 1993 ISBN 0-425-18144-8
• Michael Kimmel (ed. Dr Warren Farrell (1943-present is an American author of seven books on women and men’s issues Michael Scott Kimmel (*1951 is an American sociologist. His focus is Pro-feminism. ), Robert W. Connell (ed. ), Jeff Hearn (ed. ), Handbook of Studies on Men and Masculinities, Sage Publications 2004

See also

• Barechested
• Boy
• Father's rights
• Gender and sexuality studies
• Gender differences
• Gender identity
• Machismo
• Male chauvinism
• Masculinity
• Masculine psychology, discipline of
• Masculism
• Men's health
• Men's movement
• Men's studies
• Men's Rights
• Misandry
• Prostate cancer
• Patriarchy
• Testicular cancer
• Urology
• Virility (social traits of men)
• Woman