| Māmane | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
||||||||||||||
| Conservation status | ||||||||||||||
|
Not evaluated (IUCN 3.1)
|
||||||||||||||
| Scientific classification | ||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||
| Binomial name | ||||||||||||||
| Sophora chrysophylla (Salisb.) Seem. |
Māmane (Sophora chrysophylla) is a plant of the pea and bean family. Richard Anthony Salisbury FRS ( May 2, 1761 - 1829 was a British Botanist. Berthold Carl Seemann 25 February 1825 Hanover, Germany - 10 October 1871 Nicaragua, Central America was a German Botanist. Fabaceae or Leguminosae is a large and economically important family of Flowering plants which is commonly known as the legume family, pea It is highly polymorphic and can either be a shrub or a tree. Polymorphism in biology occurs when two or more clearly different Phenotypes exist in the same population of a species — in other words the occurrence of more than one A shrub or Bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of Woody plant, distinguished from a Tree A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or As a tree, it can grow up to 15 m (50 ft) tall.
Contents |
Biology
Sophora chrysophylla has ridged golden brown branches. The tree has pinnately compound leaves with 6 to 10 pairs of leaflets. Pinnate is a term used to describe Feather -like or multi-divided features arising from both sides of a common axis in Plant or Animal structures and comes In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. A leaflet in Botany is a part of a compound Leaf. A leaflet may resemble an entire leaf but it is not borne on a stem as a leaf is but rather Each leaflet is 0. 7 to 5 cm long and 0. 3 to 2. 3 cm wide. Leaves are smooth, or with gray or yellow hairs on the underside. Trichomes, from the Greek meaning "growth of Hair " are fine outgrowths or appendages on Plants and certain Protists These are of diverse (chrysophylla is Greek for "golden-leaved") Flowers are found at the bases of leaves or the ends of branches in clusters - that is, they occur in axillary or terminal racemes. A raceme is a type of Inflorescence that is unbranched and indeterminate and bears pedicellate Flowers &mdash flowers having short The corolla is yellow. A petal (from Ancient Greek petalon "leaf" "thin plate" regarded as a highly modified leaf is one member or part of the corolla The petal size ranges from 11. 5 to 21 mm long, and 8 to 20 mm wide.
The tree blooms in winter and spring. Winter is one of the four Seasons of Temperate zones Calculated astronomically, it begins on the Solstice and ends on the Equinox Spring is one of the four Temperate Seasons Spring marks the transition from Winter into Summer. The height of the flowering season is in mid-spring. Māmane wood is dense, hard and durable. Pods are persistent, and remain on the tree for most of the year. They are twisted, brown to brownish-gray, have four wings and are 2 to 16 cm (0. 8 to 6. 3 in) long and usually 1. 5 cm (0. 6 in) wide. Pods are tightly constricted around the yellow-orange or brown to grayish-black seeds, who are 6. A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored 35 mm long (0. 25 in) long. Untreated, the seeds have germination rates of less than 5%. Germination is the process whereby growth emerges from a period of dormancy The tree is perennial and highly polymorphic. A perennial plant or perennial ( Latin per, "through" annus, "year" is a Plant that lives for more than Polymorphism in biology occurs when two or more clearly different Phenotypes exist in the same population of a species — in other words the occurrence of more than one
Habitat
Māmane is an endemic species of Hawaii. Endemism is the Ecological state of being unique to a place Endemic species are not naturally found elsewhere The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the It can be found in dry shrublands, dry to moist forests, and sometimes in wet forests. Shrubland (synonymous with Scrubland) is a habitat type dominated by woody Shrubs A shrub is a perennial woody plant that branches at ground level to form several A forest is an area with a high density of Trees There are many definitions of a forest based on various criteria The wetter the forest, the fewer trees can be found. It can grow at elevations ranging from 450 m (1,400 ft) to the tree line over 3,500 m (10,000 ft) above sea level. The tree line or timberline is the edge of the habitat at which Trees are capable of growing Mean sea level (MSL is the average (mean height of the Sea, with reference to a suitable reference surface It is the most common plant of the subalpine areas of East Maui and the island of Hawaii, where it defines a dry woodland ecotone together with naio. The term subalpine refers to the biotic zone immediately below Tree line around the world The Island of Maui is the second-largest of the Hawaiian Islands at 727 An island (ˈaɪlənd or isle (/ˈaɪl/ is any piece of land that is completely surrounded by water in two dimensions above high tide and isolated from other significant The Island of Hawaii, also called the Big Island or Hawaii Island, is a volcanic Island in the U An ecotone is a transition area between two adjacent ecological communities ( Ecosystems. Myoporum sandwicense or naio (also known as "bastard sandalwood" or "false sandalwood" is a species of Plant in the It can be found on all the main islands except Ni‘ihau and Kaho‘olawe. Niihau ( Hawaiian: Ni‘ihau) is the smallest of the inhabited Hawaiian Islands in the U Kahoolawe is the smallest of the 8 main Volcanic islands in the Hawaiian Islands.
Use by humans
The hard, durable wood of māmane was used by the Native Hawaiians for thatching poles up to a five centimeters in diameter, farmers' spades, spears, sled runners, digging sticks (‘ō‘ō), and firewood (wahie). Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs "Kanaka" redirects here For the Tamil actress see Kanaka (actress. A spade is a tool designed primarily for the purpose of digging or removing earth This is an article about a particle accelerator For uses of spear, see Spear or Spear (disambiguation. A sled, sledge or sleigh is a Vehicle with runners for sliding instead of wheels for rolling In Archaeology and Anthropology a digging stick is the term given to a variety of wooden implements used primarily by subsistence-based cultures to Cattle ranchers used it as fence posts. A ranch is an area of landscape including various structures given primarily to the practice of ranching the practice of raising grazing livestock such as Cattle A fence is a freestanding structure designed to restrict or prevent movement across a boundary
In medicine, the flowers are used as an astringent. An astringent (also spelled adstringent) substance is a chemical that tends to shrink or constrict Body tissues usually locally after Topical medicinal The wood was also used in religious rituals to ward off evil. A ritual is a set of actions often thought to have Symbolic value the performance of which is usually prescribed by a Religion or by the Traditions A Hawaiian high priest would wrap the piece of wood in a dark tapa cloth and hold it up to symbolize authority. Kahuna is a Hawaiian word defined in the Pukui & Elbert Dictionary as "Priest sorcerer magician wizard minister expert in any profession Tapa cloth (or simply tapa) is a bark cloth made in the islands of the Pacific Ocean, primarily in Tonga and Samoa, but as far afield as
Ecology and conservation
Māmane is essential for the endangered palila, (Loxioides bailleui), which feeds almost exclusively on the plants' immature seeds when these are in season. The Palila ( Loxioides bailleui) is an endangered finch-billed species of Hawaiian honeycreeper. It also nests in the māmane branches. Caterpillars of Cydia moths also eat the mamane's seeds, and in turn are being eaten by the palila. Caterpillars are the Larval form of a member of the order Lepidoptera (the Insect order comprising butterflies and Moths The tortrix moth genus Cydia includes many species of economic importance due to the damage they inflict on agricultural crops especially fruit and nut Both the bird and the butterflies utilize the embryo only, leaving the seed coat untouched. An embryo (from Greek:, plural, lit "that which grows" from en- "in" + bryein "to swell be full" is a multicellular A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored
To other animals, māmane seds are highly poisonous. House finches die within minutes after eating the seeds. The House Finch ( Carpodacus mexicanus) is a medium-sized Finch of the Rosefinch genus The māmane employs a two-layered biochemical defence system: The seed coats contain some 4% phenolic compounds, which give them a vile taste. Phenol, is a toxic colourless Crystalline Solid with a sweet tarry odor commonly referred to as a "hospital smell" They are also somewhat toxic and have a high fibre content. Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism Dietary fibers are the indigestible portion of plant foods that move food through the Digestive system, absorbing water and easing Defecation. Seed predators trying to eat the seeds will probably not killed but at least have a nasty experience. Seed predation includes any process inflicted on a Plant ’s seeds by an animal that results in the inviability of the Seed. Should a predator be able to penetrate the seed coat, the embryo contains deadly quantities (>4% of dry weight) of quinolizidine alkaloids[1]. This article is about the chemical compounds alkaloids For the Pharmaceutical company in the Republic of Macedonia see Alkaloid (company. The palila and the moths, however, have evolved the ability to deal with the poisonous compounds. eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 The palila, for example, can deal with dozens of times the dose of cytisine that would kill a laboratory mouse. Cytisine is a toxic Pyridine -like Alkaloid. Pharmacologically it exhibits similar effects to Nicotine due to structural similarity The House Mouse ( Mus musculus) is one of the most numerous species of the genus Mus commonly termed a Mouse. Both seed predators seem to be able to recognize and avoid the most poisonous trees, which would be natural selection in action. Natural selection is the process by which favorable Heritable traits become more common in successive Generations of a Population of Cydia caterpillars are able to break up the toxic compounds. They do not sequester the alkaloids for own use, but are found to contain about as much phenolic compounds as the seed coats do. This seems not to be sufficient to deter predators however as they are also cryptically colored. In Ecology, crypsis is the ability of an organism to avoid observation The palila is apparently impervious to the phenolic aroma (as they eat Cydia caterpillars would taste similarly), discarding the seed coats due to their low nutritional value. How the palila deals with the toxins is not known. (Banko et al. 2002)
Feral goats and sheep voraciously eat the seed pods of the plant, negatively impacting the tree's population. A feral organism is one that has escaped from Domestication and returned partly or wholly to its wild state The domestic goat ( Capra aegagrus hircus) is a subspecies of goat Domesticated from the Wild goat of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology Toxicity of the leaves is unknown; it is notable that Uresiphita polygonalis virescens caterpillars which feed on the leaves have aposematic coloration. Clearly, this issue requires further study. Ranch cattle can kill trees through stomping on the roots. Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family ROOT is an object-oriented program and library developed by CERN. Fire has also destroyed some of the trees, though it is generally resistant to fire, and can grow quickly after one occurs. A wildfire, also known as a wildland fire, forest fire, brush fire, vegetation fire, grass fire, Peat fire, As regards diseases, the canker ascomycete Botryosphaeria mamane causes witch's broom disease which kills heavily-infected trees (Gardner 1997). Canker and anthracnose are general terms for a large number of different Plant Diseases characterised by broadly similar Symptoms including the Ascomycota is a Division / Phylum of Fungi, and subkingdom Dikarya, whose members are commonly known as the Sac Fungi. A Witch's broom is a disease or deformity in a Woody plant, typically a Tree, where the natural structure of the plant is changed Māmane grows well in areas where there are no sheep or goats, and cattle populations are limited. The plant is being reforested in order to increase the population of both the tree itself and the palila, and revive the indigenous ecosystem. Reforestation is the restocking of existing forests and woodlands which have been depleted with native tree stock
References
- Banko, P. ; Cipollini, M. L. ; Breton, G. ; Paulk, E. ; Wink, M. & Izhaki, I. (2002): Seed chemistry of Sophora chrysophylla (Mamane) in relation to the diet of the specialist seed predator Loxioides bailleui (Palila) in Hawai'i. Journal of Chemical Ecology 28(7): 1393-1410. doi:10.1023/A:1016248502927 PDF fulltext
- Gardner, D. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. E. (1997): Botryosphaeria mamane sp. nov. associated with witches'-brooms on the endemic forest tree Sophora chrysophylla in Hawaii. Mycologia 89(2): 298-303. The Mycological Society of America (MSA is the professional organization of Mycologists ( Scientists who study Fungi) in the U doi:10.2307/3761086 (HTML abstract and first page image)
Footnotes
- ^ For example cytisine, anagyrine, 5,6-dehydrolupanine, lupanine, N-methylcytisine, and baptifoline (Banko et al. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. Cytisine is a toxic Pyridine -like Alkaloid. Pharmacologically it exhibits similar effects to Nicotine due to structural similarity 2002).
External links
- Plant Profile
- Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database
- General Information
- Plants of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
- Hawaiian Plants - Mamane
- Mamane
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic