| Malvaceae | ||||||||||
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 Least Mallow, Malva parviflora
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Bombacoideae |
Malvaceae, or the mallow family, is a family of flowering plants containing over 200 genera with close to 2,300 species [1]. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Dicotyledons, or "dicots", is a name for a group of Flowering plants whose Seed typically has two embryonic leaves or Cotyledons There Malvales is the name of an order of Flowering plants As circumscribed by APG II -system it includes about 6000 Species within nine Antoine Laurent de Jussieu ( April 12, 1748 - September 17, 1836) was a French Botanist, notable as the first to propose Herbaceous or woody plants leaves alternatecommonly palmately lobed with small and caducous stipuules hermaphrodite actinomorphic flowers calyx of 5 sepal united at the base accompanied Brownlowioideae is a Subfamily of the botanical family Malvaceae. Grewioideae is a subfamily of the Malvaceae family The group is named for English scientist Nehemiah Grew (1641-1712 Malvoideae is a botanical name at the rank of subfamily which includes at the minimum the genus Malva. Tilioideae is a Botanical name at the rank of Subfamily. systems of plant classification, among which is the The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group
The largest genera in terms of number of species include Hibiscus (300 species), Sterculia (250 species), Dombeya (225 species), Pavonia (200 species) and Sida (200 species). Hibiscus, or rosemallow, is a large genus of about 200&ndash220 species of Flowering plants in the family Malvaceae (the mallow family Sterculia is a Genus colloquially termed the tropical chestnuts Dombeya of L'Héritier de Brutelle is a synonym of Tourrettia ( Bignoniaceae) Pavonia is a Plant Genus in the family Malvaceae. Species include Pavonia arabica Hochst For the Cladoceran (water flea genus see Sida (crustacean. "Sida" is also a Nigerian name for Gabon Nut ( Coula
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Taxonomy
The circumscription of the Malvaceae is very controversial.
The traditional Malvaceae sensu stricto comprises a very homogeneous and cladistically monophyletic group.
Another major circumscription, Malvaceae sensu lato, has been more recently defined on the basis that newer techniques have shown that the commonly recognised families Bombacaceae, Tiliaceae, and Sterculiaceae, which have always been considered very close to Malvaceae s. The name Bombacaceae is a Botanical name at the rank of family which is now widely considered obsolete Tiliaceae is a Botanical name for a family of Flowering plants. Sterculiaceae is a Botanical name for a group of Flowering plants at the rank of family which is now widely considered obsolete s. , are not monophyletic groups. Thus the Malvaceae have been expanded to include all of these families so to have a monophyletic group. Adopting this circumscription, Malvaceae incorporates a much larger number of genera.
This article is based on the second circumscription, as presented by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website [2]. The Malvaceae s. l. (hereafter simply Malvaceae) comprise nine subfamilies. A tentative cladogram of the family is shown below. The diamond denotes a poorly supported branching (<80%).
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It is important to point out the relationships between these subfamilies are still either poorly supported or almost completely obscure, so that the very definition of the family may change dramatically as new studies are published. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America
If looking for information about the traditional Malvaceae s. s. , we recommend referring to Malvoideae, the subfamily that approximately corresponds to that group. Malvoideae is a botanical name at the rank of subfamily which includes at the minimum the genus Malva.
Description
Most species are herbs or shrubs but some trees and lianas are present. A(n herb (ˈhɝb or /ˈɝb/ see pronunciation differences) is a plant that is valued for qualities such as medicinal properties flavor scent or the like A shrub or Bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of Woody plant, distinguished from a Tree A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or The liana is any of various long-stemmed usually woody vines that are rooted in the soil at ground level and use trees as well as other means of vertical support to climb up to
Leaves and stems
Leaves are generally alternate, often palmately lobed or compound and palmately veined. In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. In Botany, phyllotaxis or phyllotaxy is the arrangement of the leaves on the stem of a Plant. The margin may be entire, but when dentate a vein ends at the tip of each tooth (malvoid teeth). In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. Stipules are present. The stems contain mucous canals and often also mucous cavities. Hairs are common, and are most typically stellate.
Flowers
The flowers are commonly borne in definite or indefinite axillary inflorescences, which are often reduced to a single flower, but may also be cauliflorous, oppositifolious or terminal. An inflorescence is a group or cluster of Flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main Branch or a complicated arrangement of branches They often bear supernumerary bracts. In Botany, a bract is a modified or specialized Leaf. Bracts are ordinarily associated with reproductive structures (subtending Flowers Inflorescence They can be unisexual or bisexual and are generally actinomorphic, often associated with conspicuous bracts, forming an epicalyx. Floral symmetry refers to whether and how a Flower can be divided into two or more identical or mirror-image parts In Botany, a bract is a modified or specialized Leaf. Bracts are ordinarily associated with reproductive structures (subtending Flowers Inflorescence They generally have five valvate sepals, most frequently basally connate. A sepal (from Latin separatus "separate" + petalum "petal" is a part of the flower of Angiosperms or flower plants Five imbricate petals. A petal (from Ancient Greek petalon "leaf" "thin plate" regarded as a highly modified leaf is one member or part of the corolla The stamens are five to numerous, connate at least at their bases, but often forming a tube around the pistils. The stamen ( Plural stamina or stamens, from Latin stamen meaning "thread of the warp " is the male A gynoecium (from Ancient Greek gyne, "woman" is the Female reproductive part of a Flower. The pistils are composed of two to many connate carpels. A gynoecium (from Ancient Greek gyne, "woman" is the Female reproductive part of a Flower. A gynoecium (from Ancient Greek gyne, "woman" is the Female reproductive part of a Flower. The ovary is superior, with axial placentation. Capitate or lobed stigma. The flowers have nectaries made of many tightly packed glandular hairs, usually positioned on the sepals. Nectar is a Sugar -rich liquid produced by plants It is produced either by the Flowers in which it attracts pollinating animals or by extrafloral Trichomes, from the Greek meaning "growth of Hair " are fine outgrowths or appendages on Plants and certain Protists These are of diverse
Fruits
Most often a loculicidal capsule, a schizocarp or nut
Uses
A number are pest species in agriculture, including Abutilon theophrasti and Modiola caroliniana plus others that are garden escapes. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Abutilon theophrasti ( Velvetleaf, China Jute, Buttonweed, Butterprint or Indian Mallow) is an Annual plant Bristly mallow is a creeping perennial found in the lower Piedmont and Coastal plain region of the Southeast from Virginia to Florida and Cotton (4 species of Gossypium), kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) are important agricultural crops. Cotton is a soft staple Fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant ( Gossypium sp For information on cotton production industry history and applications see Cotton. Kenaf Persian Hibiscus cannabinus, is a plant in the Malvaceae family Okra ( American English:, British English,) also known as lady's finger, bhindi ( Hindustani) and gumbo, is a
References
- Baum, D. A. , W. S. Alverson, and R. Nyffeler (1998). "A durian by any other name: taxonomy and nomenclature of the core Malvales". Harvard Papers in Botany 3: 315–330.
- Baum, D. A. , S. D. Smith2, A. Yen, W. S. Alverson, R. Nyffeler, B. A. Whitlock and R. L. Oldham (2004). "Phylogenetic relationships of Malvatheca (Bombacoideae and Malvoideae; Malvaceae sensu lato) as inferred from plastid DNA sequences". American Journal of Botany 91: 1863-1871. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. (abstract online here).
- Bayer, C. , J. R. Hoppe, K. Kubitzki, M. F. Fay, A. Y. De Bruijn, V. Savolainen, C. M. Morton, K. Kubitzki, W. S. Alverson, and M. W. Chase (1999). "Support for an expanded family concept of Malvaceae within a recircumscribed order Malvales: a combined analysis of plastid atpB and rbcL DNA sequences". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 129: 267–303. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- Bayer, C. and K. Kubitzki 2003. Malvaceae, pp. 225-311. In K. Kubitzki (ed. ), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, vol. 5, Malvales, Capparales and non-betalain Caryophyllales.
- Edlin, H. L. (1935). "A critical revision of certain taxonomic groups of the Malvales". New Phytologist (1-20): 122-143.
- Judd, W. S. , and S. R. Manchester (1997). "Circumscription of Malvaceae (Malvales) as determined by a preliminary cladistic analysis of morphological, anatomical, palynological, and chemical characters". Brittonia 49: 384–405. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- Judd, W. S. , C. S. Campbell, E. A. Kellogg and P. F. Stevens. Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach.
- Maas, P. J. M. and L. Y. Th. Westra. 2005. Neotropical Plant Families (3rd edition).
- Perveen, A. , E. Grafström and G. El-Ghazaly (2004). "World Pollen and Spore Flora 23. Malvaceae Adams. P. p. Subfamilies: Grewioideae, Tilioideae, Brownlowioideae". Grana 43: 129-155. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. (abstract online here).
- Tate, J. A. , J. F. Aguilar, S. J. Wagstaff, J. C. La Duke5, T. A. Bodo Slotta and B. B. Simpson (2005). "Phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Malveae (Malvaceae, subfamily Malvoideae) as inferred from ITS sequence data". American Journal of Botany 92: 584-602. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. (abstract online here).
External links
- Malvaceae in Topwalks
- Alverson, William S., Barbara A. Whitlock, Reto Nyffeler, Clemens Bayer and David A. Baum. 1999. Phylogeny of the core Malvales: evidence from ndhF sequence data. American Journal of Botany 86: 1474-1486.
- Core Malvales from Tree of Life
- Malvaceae: plants of Hawaii (image gallery) from HEAR
- Malvaceae Gallery
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