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"Maluku" redirects here. For the Indonesian provinces encompassing the islands, see Maluku (Indonesian province) and North Maluku. Maluku is a province of Indonesia, comprising broadly the southern part of the Maluku Islands (also known as the Moluccas Molucca Islands or Moluccan North Maluku ( Maluku Utara) is a province of Indonesia. It covers the northern part of the Maluku Islands, which are split between it and
Maluku Islands
Geography
Location South East Asia
Coordinates 3°9′S, 129°23′E
Total islands ~1000
Major islands Halmahera, Seram, Buru, Ambon, Ternate, Tidore, Aru Islands, Kai Islands
Area 74,505 km²
Highest point Binaiya
3,027 m
Administration
Flag of Indonesia Indonesia
Provinces Maluku, North Maluku
Demographics
Population 1,895,000 (as of 2000)

The Maluku Islands (also known as the Moluccas, Moluccan Islands, the Spice Islands or simply Maluku) are an archipelago in Indonesia, and part of the larger Malay Archipelago. Halmahera (also Jilolo or Gilolo is the largest Island in the Maluku Islands. Seram (formerly Ceram, also called Seran or Serang is an Island in the Maluku province of Indonesia. Buru is an Island in the Maluku province of Indonesia. It is located west of Ambon and Seram. Ambon Island is part of the Maluku Islands of Indonesia. The Island has an area of 775 km² (300 sq mi Ternate is an island and town in the Maluku Islands (Moluccas of eastern Indonesia, located off the west coast of the larger island of Halmahera. Tidore is an island in the Maluku Islands of eastern Indonesia, just west of the larger island of Halmahera. The Aru Islands (also Aroe Islands or Kepulauan Aru are a group of about ninety-five low-lying Islands in the Maluku province of eastern Indonesia The Kai Islands (also Kei Islands) of Indonesia are in the south-eastern part of the Maluku Islands, in Maluku province. Mount Binaiya (Indonesian Gunung Binaia) is the highest point on the Indonesian island of Seram (or Ceram The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Maluku is a province of Indonesia, comprising broadly the southern part of the Maluku Islands (also known as the Moluccas Molucca Islands or Moluccan North Maluku ( Maluku Utara) is a province of Indonesia. It covers the northern part of the Maluku Islands, which are split between it and This article covers the historical role of the Maluku Islands as a source of spices since early history when the islands where known as the Spice Islands An archipelago (ɑrkəˈpɛləgoʊ is a chain or cluster of Islands The word archipelago literally means "chief Sea " from Italian The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. The Malay Archipelago is a name given to the Archipelago located between mainland Southeastern Asia ( Indochina) and Australia. They are located on the Australian Plate, lying east of Sulawesi (Celebes), west of New Guinea, and north of Timor. The Indo-Australian Plate is a major Tectonic plate that includes the continent of Australia and surrounding Ocean, and extends northwest to include the Sulawesi (formerly known as Celebes, ˈsɛlɛbiz is one of the four larger Sunda Islands of Indonesia and is situated between Borneo and the New Guinea, located just north of Australia, is the world's second largest island, having become separated from the Australian mainland when the area now known Timor is an Island at the south end of the Malay Archipelago, north of the Timor Sea. The islands were also historically known as the "Spice Islands" by the Chinese and Europeans, but this term has also been applied to other islands. This article covers the historical role of the Maluku Islands as a source of spices since early history when the islands where known as the Spice Islands

Most of the islands are mountainous, some with active volcanoes, and enjoy a wet climate. The vegetation of the small and narrow islands, encompassed by the sea, is very luxuriant; including rainforests, sago, rice, and the famous spices--nutmeg, cloves and mace, among others. Sago is a Starch extracted from the Pith inside stems of the sago palm Metroxylon sagu Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many The nutmegs Myristica are a Genus of Evergreen Trees indigenous to tropical southeast Asia and Australasia This article is about the Spice; for other meanings see Clove (disambiguation. The nutmegs Myristica are a Genus of Evergreen Trees indigenous to tropical southeast Asia and Australasia Though originally Melanesian, many island populations, especially in the Banda Islands, were killed in the 17th century. Melanesia (from Greek: μέλας black, νῆσος island) means "islands of the black-skinned people" The Banda Islands (Kepulauan Banda are a group of ten small volcanic Islands in the Banda Sea, about 140km south of Seram island and about 2000km east of A second influx of Austronesian immigrants began in the early twentieth century under the Dutch and continued in the Indonesian era. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands

Politically, the Maluku Islands formed a single province from 1950 until 1999. ||-||-||}The Province ( Indonesian: provinsi or propinsi) is the highest tier of local government subnational entity in Indonesia. In 1999 the North Maluku (Maluku Utara) and Halmahera Tengah (Central Halmahera) regency were split off as a separate province, so the islands are now divided between two provinces, Maluku and North Maluku. Maluku is a province of Indonesia, comprising broadly the southern part of the Maluku Islands (also known as the Moluccas Molucca Islands or Moluccan North Maluku ( Maluku Utara) is a province of Indonesia. It covers the northern part of the Maluku Islands, which are split between it and Between 1999 and 2002 they were known for religious conflicts between Muslims and Christians but have been peaceful in the past years.

Contents

Geography

The Maluku Islands are often described by tourist literature as having 999 islands; they are 90% sea with 77,990 km2 of land, and 776,500 km2 of sea. [1]

North Maluku Province

Maluku Province

Etymology

The name Maluku is thought to have been derived from the Arab trader's term for the region, Jazirat al-Muluk ('the land of many kings'). Morotai Island (695 sq mi/1800 km² is an island located in the Halmahera group of eastern Indonesia 's Maluku Islands (Moluccas The Obi Islands are a group of islands in the Indonesian province of Maluku. Sanana is an island part of Sula Islands which again is part of Maluku Islands in Indonesia. Tidore is an island in the Maluku Islands of eastern Indonesia, just west of the larger island of Halmahera. Maluku is a province of Indonesia, comprising broadly the southern part of the Maluku Islands (also known as the Moluccas Molucca Islands or Moluccan Ambon Island is part of the Maluku Islands of Indonesia. The Island has an area of 775 km² (300 sq mi The Aru Islands (also Aroe Islands or Kepulauan Aru are a group of about ninety-five low-lying Islands in the Maluku province of eastern Indonesia The Babar Islands (literally translated from the official Indonesian term Pulau-pulau Babar) are located in Maluku Province, Indonesia between The Banda Islands (Kepulauan Banda are a group of ten small volcanic Islands in the Banda Sea, about 140km south of Seram island and about 2000km east of Buru is an Island in the Maluku province of Indonesia. It is located west of Ambon and Seram. The Kai Islands (also Kei Islands) of Indonesia are in the south-eastern part of the Maluku Islands, in Maluku province. Kisar is a small Island in the Southwestern Moluccas in Indonesia, to the northeast of Timor Island The Leti Islands of Indonesia are part of the Maluku Islands, in southeast Maluku province. Seram (formerly Ceram, also called Seran or Serang is an Island in the Maluku province of Indonesia. The Tanimbar Islands, also called Timor Laut, are a group of about 30 Islands in the Maluku province of Indonesia. The tropical island Wetar belongs to the Indonesian province Maluku and is the largest island of the Barat Daya Islands (literally Southwest Islands Malik (ملك) as an Arabic word meaning " king " It has been adopted in various other mainly Asian languages for their ruling princes and to [3]

History

Early history

The earliest archaeological evidence of human occupation of the region is about thirty-two thousand years old, but evidence of even older settlements in Australia may mean that Maluku had earlier visitors. Evidence of increasingly long-distance trading relationships and of more frequent occupation of many islands, begins about ten to fifteen thousand years later. Onyx beads and segments of silver plate used as currency on the Indian subcontinent around 200BC have been unearthed on some of the islands. Onyx is a Cryptocrystalline form of Quartz. The colors of its bands range from white to almost every color (save some shades such as purple or blue In addition, local dialects employ derivations of the Malay word then in use for 'silver', in contrast to the term used in wider Melanesian society, which has etymological roots in Chinese, a consequence of the regional trade with China that developed in the 500s and 600s. The Malay language ( ISO 639-1 code MS is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people and people of other ethnic groups who reside in the

Maluku was a cosmopolitan society where spice traders from across the region took residence in settlements, or in nearby enclaves, including Arab and Chinese traders who visited or lived in the region.

The Portuguese

Apart from some relative inconsequential cultural influences, the most significant lasting effects of the Portuguese presence was the disruption and disorganisation of Asian trade, and in eastern Indonesia—including Maluku—the planting of Christianity. [4] The Portuguese had conquered Malacca in the early sixteenth century and their lasting influence was most strongly felt in Maluku and other parts of eastern Indonesia. [3] Following the Portuguese conquest of Malacca in August 1511, Afonso de Albuquerque learned the route to the Banda Islands and other 'Spice Islands', and sent an exploratory expedition of three vessels under the command of António de Abreu, Simão Afonso Bisigudo and Francisco Serrão. The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta Dom Afonso de Albuquerque (or Afonso d'Albuquerque - disused (ɐˈfõsu dɨ aɫbuˈkɛɾk(ɨ (1453 Alhandra - Goa, December 16 1515 was a Portuguese The Banda Islands (Kepulauan Banda are a group of ten small volcanic Islands in the Banda Sea, about 140km south of Seram island and about 2000km east of This article covers the historical role of the Maluku Islands as a source of spices since early history when the islands where known as the Spice Islands António de Abreu was a Portuguese Navigator and naval officer ( 16th century, born in Madeira) Francisco Serrão ( Francisco Serrano) (died 1521 was a Portuguese explorer, and a cousin or personal friend of Ferdinand Magellan. [5] On the way to return, Francisco Serrão was shipwrecked at Hitu island (northern Ambon) in 1512. Francisco Serrão ( Francisco Serrano) (died 1521 was a Portuguese explorer, and a cousin or personal friend of Ferdinand Magellan. Ambon Island is part of the Maluku Islands of Indonesia. The Island has an area of 775 km² (300 sq mi There he established ties with the local ruler who was impressed with his martial skills. The rulers of the competing island states of Ternate and Tidore also sought Portuguese assistance and were welcomed in the area as buyers of food and spices during a lull in the spice trade due to a temporary disruption to Javanese and Malay sailings to the area following the 1511 conflicts in Malacca. Ternate is an island and town in the Maluku Islands (Moluccas of eastern Indonesia, located off the west coast of the larger island of Halmahera. Tidore is an island in the Maluku Islands of eastern Indonesia, just west of the larger island of Halmahera. Malays (Melayu are an Ethnic group of Austronesian peoples predominantly inhabiting the Malay Peninsula, the east coast of Sumatra, the coast The Asian trade soon revived and the Portuguese were never able to dominate the trade. [3]

Allying himself with Ternate, Serrão constructed a fortress on the island and served as the head of a mercenary band of Portuguese warriors under the service of one of two feuding powerful sultans who controlled the spice trade. A mercenary is a person who takes part in an armed conflict who is not a national or a party to the conflict and is "motivated to take part in the hostilities essentially by A spice is a dried Seed, Fruit, Root, Bark or vegetative substance used in Nutritionally insignificant quantities as a Food additive Such an outpost far from Europe generally only attracted the most desperate and avaricious, such that the feeble attempts at Christianisation, strained relations with Ternate's Muslim ruler. [3] Serrão urged Ferdinand Magellan to join him in Maluku, and gave the explorer information about the Spice Islands. Ferdinand Magellan (Fernão de Magalhães fɨɾˈnɐ̃ũ dɨ mɐgɐˈʎɐ̃ĩʃ Fernando de Magallanes (Spring 1480 &ndash April 27 1521 Mactan Island, Cebu Both Serrão and Magellan, however, perished before they could meet one another. [3] In 1535 King Tabariji was deposed and sent to Goa by the Portuguese. He converted to Christianity and changed his name to Dom Manuel. After being declared innocent of the charges against him he was sent back to reassume his throne, but he died en route in Malacca in 1545. He had, however, bequeathed the island of Ambon to his Portuguese godfather Jordão de Freitas. Ambon Island is part of the Maluku Islands of Indonesia. The Island has an area of 775 km² (300 sq mi Following the murder of Sultan Hairun at the hands of the Portuguese, the Ternateans expelled the Portuguese in 1575 after a five-year siege.

The Portuguese first landed in Ambon in 1513, but it became the new centre for Portuguese activities in Maluku following their expulsion from Ternate. European power in the region was weak and Ternate became an expanding, fiercely Islamic and anti-Portuguese state under the rule of Sultan Baab Ullah (r. 1570 - 1583) and his son Sultan Said. [6] The Portuguese in Ambon, however, were regularly attacked from native Muslims on the island's northern coast, in particular Hitu, which had trading and religious links with major port cities on Java's north coast. Indeed, the Portuguese never managed to control the local trade in spices, and failed in attempts to establish their authority over the Banda Islands, the nearby centre of nutmeg production.

Spaniards took control of Ternate and Tidore. Ternate is an island and town in the Maluku Islands (Moluccas of eastern Indonesia, located off the west coast of the larger island of Halmahera. Tidore is an island in the Maluku Islands of eastern Indonesia, just west of the larger island of Halmahera. Missionary and Catholic Saint, Francis Xavier worked in Maluku in 1546-1547 among the people's of Ambon, Ternate and Morotai (or Moro), and laid the foundations for a permanent mission there. Saint Francis Xavier ( Konkani / Konknni: Sam Fransisku Xavier/ Sanv Fransisk Xavier Basque: San Frantzisko Xabierkoa Spanish: San Francisco Following his departure from Maluku, others carried on his work and by the 1560s there were 10,000 Catholics in the area, mostly on Ambon, and by the 1590s there were 50,000 to 60,000, although most of the region surrounding Ambon remained Muslim. [6]

Following Portuguese missionary work, there have been large Christian communities in eastern Indonesia through to contemporary times, which has contributed to a sense of shared interest with Europeans, particularly among the Ambonese. [6] Other influences include a large number of Indonesian words derived from Portuguese which alongside Malay was the lingua franca up until the early nineteenth century. Indonesian or Bahasa Indonesia, based on the Riau version of Malay language, was declared the official language with the declaration of Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. The Malay language ( ISO 639-1 code MS is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people and people of other ethnic groups who reside in the Contemporary Indonesian words such as pesta ('party'), sabun ('soap'), bendera ('flag'), meja ('table'), Minggu ('Sunday'), all derive from Portuguese. Many family names in Maluku are derived from Portuguese including De lima, Waas, da Costa, Dias, de Fretas, Gonsalves, Mendosa, Rodrigues, and da Silva. WAAS Objectives Accuracy The WAAS specification requires it to provide a position accuracy of 7 The surname da Costa derives from the Portuguese word for coast. Gonsalves is an English language variation of the Portuguese surname Gonçalves, used by Music Anthony Gonsalves Silva is the most common Surname in the Portuguese language, namely in Portugal and Brazil; it is also widespread in regions of the former Also of part-Portuguese origin is the romantic keroncong ballads sung to a guitar. Kroncong (pronounced "kronchong" is the name of a Ukulele -type instrument and an Indonesian musical style that typically makes use of the kroncong a

The Dutch

Main articles: Dutch East India Company and Dutch East Indies

The Dutch arrived in 1599 and reported native discontent with Portuguese attempts to monopolise their traditional trade. The Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in old-spelling Dutch, literally "United East Indian See http//enwikipediaorg/wiki/WikipediaFootnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the tags and the template below After the Ambonese helped the Dutch to construct a fort at Hitu Larna, the Portuguese begun a campaign of retribution against which the Ambonese invited Dutch aid. After 1605 Frederik Houtman became the first Dutch governor of Ambon.

The Dutch East India Company was a company with three obstacles in its way: the Portuguese, controlling the aboriginal populations, and the British. The Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in old-spelling Dutch, literally "United East Indian Again smuggling would be the only alternative to a European monopoly. Among other events of the 17th century, the Bandanese attempted independent trade with the British, the East-India Company's response was to decimate the native population of the Banda Islands sending the survivors fleeing to other islands and installing slave labour. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar

Though other races re-settled the Banda Islands, the rest of Maluku remained uneasy under foreign control and even after the Portuguese had a new trading station at Macassar there were native revolts in 1636 and 1646. Under company control northern Maluka was administered by the Dutch residency of Ternate, and the southern by "Amboyna" (Ambon).

During the Japanese occupation in World War II, the Moluccans fled to the mountains but began a campaign of resistance also known as the South Moluccan Brigade. After the war's end the island's political leaders had successful discussions with the Netherlands about independence. Complicated by Indonesian demands, the Round Table Conference Agreements were signed in 1949 transferring Maluku to Indonesia with mechanisms for the islands to choose or opt out of the new Indonesia. The Agreements granted Moluccans the right to determine their ultimate sovereignty.

Since Indonesian independence

With the declaration of a single republic of Indonesia in 1950 to replace the federal state, the South Moluccas (Republik Maluku Selatan, RMS) attempted to secede. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The South Moluccas consist of about 150 islands in the Banda Sea. This movement was led by Chris Soumokil (former Supreme Prosecutor of the Eastern Indonesia state) and supported by the Moluccan members of the Netherlands special troops. Chris Soumokil (died 12 April 1966) was the President of the self-proclaimed Republik Maluku Selatan until his death at the hands of Indonesian This movement was defeated by the Indonesian army after 17 years of bloody struggle and by special agreement with the Netherlands the troops were transferred to the Netherlands. The commencement of Indonesian transmigration of (mainly) Javanese populations to the outer islands (including Maluku) during the 1960s is thought to have aggravated independence and issues of religious / ethnic politics. The transmigration program ( Indonesian: Transmigrasi) was an initiative of the Indonesian government to move landless people from densely populated areas There has been occasional ethnic and nationalist violence on the islands.

Maluku is one of the first provinces of Indonesia, proclaimed in 1945 until 1999, when the Maluku Utara and Halmahera Tengah Regencies were split off as a separate province of North Maluku. North Maluku ( Maluku Utara) is a province of Indonesia. It covers the northern part of the Maluku Islands, which are split between it and Its capital is Ternate, on a small island to the west of the large island of Halmahera. Halmahera (also Jilolo or Gilolo is the largest Island in the Maluku Islands. The capital of the remaining part of Maluku province remains at Ambon. Ambon (1990 pop 275888 is the main city and seaport of Ambon Island, and is the capital of Maluku province of Indonesia.

The situation in much of Maluku became highly unpredictable when religious-nuance conflict erupted in the province in January 1999. The subsequent 18 months were characterized by fighting between largely local groups of Muslims and Christians, the destruction of thousands of houses, the displacement of approximately 500,000 people, the loss of thousands of lives, and the segregation of Muslims and Christians. [7] The following 12 months saw periodic eruptions of violence, which appeared more targeted and premeditated, which helped keep suspicions high and people segregated (although these experiences were generally the norm). Violence is the exertion of force so as to injure or abuse The word is used broadly to describe the destructive action of natural phenomena like Storms and Earthquakes In spite of numerous negotiations and the signing of a peace agreement in February 2002, tensions on Ambon remained high until late 2002, when an increasingly stable peace led to a series of spontaneous 'mixings' between previously hostile groups.

Geology and ecology

The geology and ecology of the Maluku Islands shares much similar history, characteristics and processes with the neighbouring Nusa Tenggara region. There is a long history of geological study of these regions since Indonesian colonial times, however, the geological formation and progression is not fully understood, and theories of the island's geological evolution have changed extensively in recent decades. See http//enwikipediaorg/wiki/WikipediaFootnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the tags and the template below [8] The Maluku Islands comprise some of the most geologically complex and active regions in the world,[9] resulting from its position at the meeting point of four geological plates and two continental blocks.

The Maluku islands lies in Wallacea, the region between the Sunda Shelf (part of the Asia block), and the Arafura Shelf (part of the Australian block). Wallacea is a biogeographical designation for a group of Indonesian islands separated by deep water Straits from the Asian and Australian Geologically, the Sunda Shelf is an extension of the Continental shelf of Southeast Asia, covered during Interglacials by the South China The Arafura Sea is west of the Pacific Ocean overlying the Continental shelf between Australia and New Guinea. Wallacea also encompasses Nusa Tenggara and Sulawesi, and within this region of small islands lies some of the world's deepest seas. Sulawesi (formerly known as Celebes, ˈsɛlɛbiz is one of the four larger Sunda Islands of Indonesia and is situated between Borneo and the [10] Malukan biodiversity and its distribution is affected by various tectonic activities; most of the islands are geologically young being from 1 million to 15 million years old, and have never been attached to the larger landmasses. The Maluku islands differ from other areas in Indonesia; it contains some of the countries smallest islands, coral island reefs scattered through some of the deepest seas in the world, and no large islands such as Java or Sumatra. Java (Jawa is an Island of Indonesia and the site of its Capital city Jakarta. Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two Flora and fauna immigration between islands is thus restricted, leading to a high rate of endemic biota evolving. [11]

The ecology of the Maluku Islands has fascinated collectors for centuries; Alfred Wallace's famous book, The Malay Archipelago was the first significant recording of this natural history, and remains one of the most important sources on Indonesian natural history. Alfred Russel Wallace OM, FRS (8 January 1823 &ndash 7 November 1913 was an British naturalist, Explorer, Geographer The Malay Archipelago is a book by the British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace that chronicles his scientific exploration during the eight year period 1854 Maluku is the source of two major historical works of natural history; George Everhard Rumpf wrote the Herbarium Amboinense and the Ambonische Rariatenkamer. Georg Eberhard Rumphius (ca November 1 1627 in or near Hanau - June 15 1702 Ambon) the "blind seer of Ambon" was a German -born Botanist [12]

While many ecological problems affect both small islands and large landmasses, small islands suffer their particular problems. Development pressures on small islands are increasing, although their effects are not always anticipated. Although Indonesia is richly endowed with natural resources, the resources of the small islands of Maluku are limited and specialised; furthermore human resources in particular are limited. [13]

General observations[14] about small islands that can be applied to the Maluku Islands include:[15]

References

General

Notes

  1. ^ Monk, K. A. ; Fretes, Y. , Reksodiharjo-Lilley, G. (1996). The Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd. , page 9. ISBN 962-593-076-0.  
  2. ^ Monk, K. A. ; Fretes, Y. , Reksodiharjo-Lilley, G. (1996). The Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd. , page 7. ISBN 962-593-076-0.  
  3. ^ a b c d e Ricklefs, M. C. (1991). A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300, 2nd Edition. London: MacMillan, p. 24. ISBN 0-333-57689-6.  
  4. ^ Ricklefs, M. C. (1991). A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300, 2nd Edition. London: MacMillan, p. 26. ISBN 0-333-57689-6.  
  5. ^ E. C. Abendanon and E. Heawood (1919). "Missing Links in the Development of the Ancient Portuguese Cartography of the Netherlands East Indian Archipelago". The Geographical Journal 54 (6): 347–355. doi:10.2307/1779411. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  6. ^ a b c Ricklefs, M. C. (1991). A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300, 2nd Edition. London: MacMillan, p. 25. ISBN 0-333-57689-6.  
  7. ^ "Troubled history of the Moluccas", BBC News, 26 June 2000. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-05-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason.  
  8. ^ Monk (1996), page 9
  9. ^ Monk,, K. A. ; Fretes, Y. , Reksodiharjo-Lilley, G. (1996). The Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd. , page 9. ISBN 962-593-076-0.  
  10. ^ Monk (1996), page 10
  11. ^ Monk (1996), page 9
  12. ^ Monk,, K. A. ; Fretes, Y. , Reksodiharjo-Lilley, G. (1996). The Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd. , page 4. ISBN 962-593-076-0.  
  13. ^ Monk,, K. A. ; Fretes, Y. , Reksodiharjo-Lilley, G. (1996). The Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd. , page 1. ISBN 962-593-076-0.  
  14. ^ Beller, W. , P. d'Ayala, and P. Hein. 1990. Sustainable development and environmental management of small islands. Paris and New Jersey: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation and Parthenon Publishing Group Inc. ; Hess, A, 1990. Overview: sustainable development and environmental management of small islands. In Sustainable development and environmental management of small islands. eds W. Beller, P. d'Ayala, and P. Hein, Paris and New Jersey: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation and Parthenon Publishing Group Inc. (both cited in Monk)
  15. ^ Monk,, K. A. ; Fretes, Y. , Reksodiharjo-Lilley, G. (1996). The Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd. , page 1. ISBN 962-593-076-0.  

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