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Maltese
Maltin |
|---|
 Gerald Strickland • Enrico Mizzi • Edward de Bono • Rużar Briffa |
| Total population |
|
c. Gerald Strickland 1st Baron Strickland 6th Count of Catena, GCMG ( May 24 1861 – August 22 1940) was a Maltese Enrico Mizzi ( 20 September, 1885 - 20 December, 1950) known in Maltese as Nerik Mizzi was a Maltese politician leader of Edward de Bono (born May 19, 1933, in Malta Rużar Briffa (1906 - 1963 was a Maltese Poet and Dermatologist, and a major figure in Maltese literature 740,000 |
| Regions with significant populations |
 Malta:400,000 (2006)
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| Languages |
| Maltese, English, Italian |
| Religions |
| Roman Catholic. Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. Gibraltar (dʒɨˈbrɒltər is a British overseas territory located near the southernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar Maltese (Maltese Malti is the National language of Malta, and a co-official language of the country alongside English, English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. |
The Maltese people or Maltese are a Southern European nation and ethnic group native to Malta, an island nation consisting of an archipelago of seven islands in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea. The term Southern Europe can have four definitions geographical political climatic phytogeographic A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands
Contents |
Historical background
Malta has been inhabited from around 5200 BC, since the arrival of the Sicani tribe from the Italian island of Sicily. Malta has been inhabited since around 5200 BC from the Italian island of Sicily. During the 6th millennium BC, Agriculture spreads from the Balkans to Italy and Eastern Europe and from Mesopotamia to Egypt. The Sicani ( Greek Sikanoi) or Sicanians were one of three ancient peoples of Sicily present at the time of Phoenician and Greek colonization Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. [6] A significant prehistoric Neolithic culture marked by Megalithic structures existed on the islands, predating the Pyramids of Giza by a millennium. The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos The Giza Necropolis stands on the Giza Plateau on the outskirts of Cairo, Egypt. The Phoenicians colonized Malta from about 1000 BC, using the islands as an outpost from which they expanded sea explorations and trade in the Mediterranean until their successors, the Carthaginians, were ousted by the Romans in 216 BC. Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers
After a period of Byzantine rule (4th to 9th century) and a probable sack by the Vandals, the islands were conquered by the Arabs in AD 870. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 4th century (per the Julian calendar and Anno Domini / Common era) was that Century The 9th century is the period from 801 to 900 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The Arabs, who generally tolerated the population's Christianity, introduced the cultivation of citrus fruits and cotton, and irrigation systems. Arab influence can be seen most prominently in the modern Maltese language, which is the only Semitic language written in the Latin alphabet in its standard form. Maltese (Maltese Malti is the National language of Malta, and a co-official language of the country alongside English, The Semitic languages are a Language family whose living representatives are spoken by more than 467 million people across much of the Middle East,
From the advent of the Normans in 1090 to 1530, Malta was part of the Kingdom of Sicily; thus from 1091 to 1530 when the Order of St. John came to Malta, the original Italic, Phoenician and Byzantine population from the Roman period was further reinforced by other European elements - a period of 440 years. The Kingdom of Sicily (Regnum Siciliae or Sicilie Regno di Sicilia, commonly abbreviated Regno) was a state that existed in the south of Italy The Knights Hospitaller (also known as the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun
The French under Napoleon took hold of the Maltese islands in 1798, although with the aid of the British, the Maltese were able to oust French control two years later. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. The inhabitants subsequently desired Britain to accept the sovereignty of the islands, and as part of the Treaty of Paris (1814), Malta became a colony within the British Empire. The Treaty of Paris, signed on 30 May 1814 ended the war between France and the Sixth Coalition. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power.
Malta was granted independence on September 21, 1964 (Independence Day). Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. Malta has been inhabited since around 5200 BC from the Italian island of Sicily. Under its 1964 constitution, Malta initially retained Queen Elizabeth II as Queen of Malta, with a Governor-General exercising executive authority on her behalf. A constitution is a system for government often Codified as a written document that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II This title of Queen of Malta (Maltese Reġina ta' Malta) was held by Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom between September 21, 1964 and The term governor general or governor-general refers to a vice-regal representative of a Monarch in an independent realm or a major colonial circonscription In Political science and Constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the State. On December 13, 1974 (Republic Day), however, it became a republic within the Commonwealth, with the President as head of state. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Republic Day is the name of a Public holiday in several countries to commemorate the day when they first became Republics January 9th in Republika A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its The office of the President of Malta (President ta' Malta came into being on 13 December 1974, when Malta became a Commonwealth republic. Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state Malta joined the European Union on May 1, 2004 and joined the Eurozone on January 1, 2008. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Euro Enlargement of the New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
Culture
Language
Maltese people speak the Maltese language, a Semitic language written in the Latin alphabet in its standard form. The culture of Malta is a reflection of various cultures that have come into contact with the Maltese Islands throughout the centuries including neighbouring Mediterranean Maltese (Maltese Malti is the National language of Malta, and a co-official language of the country alongside English, Maltese (Maltese Malti is the National language of Malta, and a co-official language of the country alongside English, The language developed from Siculo-Arabic, a semitic dialect spoken in Sicily and surrounding Southern Italy. Siculo Arabic (or Sicilian Arabic) was a variety of Arabic spoken in Sicily and Malta between the ninth and the fourteenth centuries Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. Geography Southern Italy forms the lower "boot" of the Italian peninsula containing the ankle (Abruzzo and Molise and southern Lazio the toe (Calabria and the heel [7] However in the course of Malta's recent history, the language has adopted large volumes of vocabulary, grammar, and lexology from Italian (in particular, Sicilian), English, and lesserly, French. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Sicilian (scn '''''lu sicilianu''''' lingua siciliana, also known as Siculu or Calabro-Sicilian) is a Romance language. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The official languages of Malta are English and Maltese, with Italian also widely spoken. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States
Maltese became an official language of Malta in 1934, prior to which the official language was Italian. Today, there are an estimated 371,900 Maltese speakers. There are a significant number of Maltese expatriates in Australia, the United States and Canada who can still speak the language.
Multilingualism
Bilingualism and even multilingualism is quite common in Malta. The current national language of Malta is Maltese, which along with English, is one of the official languages The Eurobarometer statistics show 100% of people speak Maltese, 88% speak English, 66% Italian, 17% French, which shows a greater degree of fluency in a greater amount of languages than many other European countries have. Maltese (Maltese Malti is the National language of Malta, and a co-official language of the country alongside English, English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people [8]
For 29% of the population, English is the language of the workplace. Studies indicate that somewhere between 86% and 90% of the population speak Maltese within their families, while among friends, that figure drops to about 83. 6%. For several decades there has been a growing trend among young Maltese families to speak to their children in English at home. Secondary and tertiary education is exclusively in English. [9]
Religion
The Constitution of Malta provides for freedom of religion but establishes Roman Catholicism as the state religion. In the small Mediterranean Island nation of Malta the predominant religion is Roman Catholicism. Freedom of religion is the freedom of an individual or community in public or private to manifest religion or belief in teaching practice worship and observance A state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is a religious body or Creed officially Freedom House and the World Factbook report that 98 percent of the Maltese religion is Roman Catholic, making the nation one of the most Catholic countries in the world. Freedom House is a United States -based international Non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on Democracy, political The World Factbook ( ISSN; also known as the CIA World Factbook) is an annual publication of the Central Intelligence Agency of the
Possible genetic links
The origins debate
The genetic or ethnic origins of the Maltese people have been fiercely debated among historians and geneticists. The origins question is complicated by numerous factors, including Malta's turbulent history of invasions and conquests, with long periods of depopulation followed by periods of immigration to Malta and intermarriage with the Maltese by foreigners from the Mediterranean, Western and Southern European countries that ruled Malta, including the exile to Malta of the entire male population of the town of Celano (Italy) in 1223, the stationing of a Norman French and Sicilian Italian troops on Malta in 1240, the expulsion from of all remaining Arabs from Malta in 1224,[10] the arrival of several hundred Catalan soldiers in 1283, the European repopulation of Malta that began in the 13th century,[11] the settlement in Malta of noble families from Sicily and Aragon between 1372 and 1450, the arrival of several thousand Greek and Rhodian sailors, soldiers and slaves with the Knights of St. John, the introduction of several thousand Sicilian labourers in 1551 and again in 1566, the emigration to Malta of some 891 Italian exiles during the Risorgimento in 1849, and the posting of some 22,000 British servicemen in Malta from 1807 to 1979. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' The term Southern Europe can have four definitions geographical political climatic phytogeographic Celano is a town in the Province of L'Aquila, Italy, 120 km east of Rome by rail The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. Garrison (various spellings (from the French garnison, itself from the verb garnir, "to equip" is the collective term for a body of Troops The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The Catalans are the people from Catalonia, an Autonomous community of Spain, including people originating in that region but living elsewhere Aragon ( Spanish: "Aragón") is an autonomous community of Spain. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions The Knights Hospitaller (also known as the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St The' Italian people' are a Southern European Ethnic group located primarily in Italy, Switzerland, France and by virtue of a wide-ranging Italian Unification ( Italian: il Risorgimento, or "The Resurgence" was the political and social movement that unified different states of the Italian Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common British people, or Britons, are the native inhabitants of Great Britain and their descendants or citizens of the United Kingdom, of the Year 1807 ( MDCCCVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) [12]
Historical and ethnic studies published and promoted by the various ruling classes during their governance over Malta provide little, if any, valuable guidance on the question of Maltese ethnicity, given that their conclusions appear to have been driven, in large part, by political expediency. [13] Hence, Maltese history books published during the rule of the Knights of St. John, at a time when Malta and Gozo suffered repeated razzias at the hands of the Ottomans and Barbary corsairs, promoted the myth of a continuous, Roman Catholic, native Maltese population, that somehow survived despite the Arab conquest of Malta and the depopulation that followed. The Knights Hospitaller (also known as the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St Ghazw or Ghazah (plural ghazawāt) (غزو was originally an Arabic term referring to the battles in which the Islamic prophet Muhammad personally The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Barbary pirates, also sometimes called Ottoman corsairs, were Muslim Pirates and Privateers that operated from North Africa, from The Aghlabid dynasty of emirs members of the Arab tribe of Bani Tamim, ruled Ifriqiya (northern Africa nominally on behalf of the Abbasid [14] Studies and reports published during the British colonial period promoted the theory of Phoenician origins, in an attempt to distinguish the Maltese from their Sicilian and Italian neighbours, or in the case of the Catholic Church, to distinguish the Maltese from the Arab peoples that controlled Malta prior to the liberation of Malta by the Normans. Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. The' Italian people' are a Southern European Ethnic group located primarily in Italy, Switzerland, France and by virtue of a wide-ranging The Aghlabid dynasty of emirs members of the Arab tribe of Bani Tamim, ruled Ifriqiya (northern Africa nominally on behalf of the Abbasid [15] By contrast, history books published during the Mintoff years following Independence began to question the earlier beliefs in a continuous, indigenous population of Christian Maltese and, in some cases, quietly promoted the theory of closer cultural and ethnic ties with North Africa. Dom Mintoff (born Dominic Mintoff, Maltese Duminku Mintoff; August 6, 1916) was the leader of the Malta Labour Party from 1949 Independence is the Self-government of a Nation, Country, or State by its residents and population or some portion thereof generally exercising This new development was noted by Boissevain in 1991:
. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. . . the Labour government broke off relations with NATO and sought links with the Arab world. After 900 years of being linked to Europe, Malta began to look southward. Muslims, still remembered in folklore for savage pirate attacks, were redefined as blood brothers. [16]
This latter development coincided with and reflected dramatic new (but short-lived) developments in Maltese foreign policy: Western media reported that Malta appeared to be turning its back on NATO, the United Kingdom, and Europe generally;[17] Libya had loaned several million dollars to Malta to make up for the loss of rental income which followed the closure of British military bases in Malta;[18] Malta and Libya had entered into a Friendship and Cooperation Treaty, in response to repeated overtures by Gaddafi for a closer, more formal union between the two countries; and, for a brief period, Arabic had become a compulsory subject in Maltese secondary schools. The North Atlantic Treaty The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Muammar Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi 1 (معمر القذافي) (born 7 June 1942) also known as Colonel Gaddafi [19] However, following the termination of the Mintoff government and backed by popular sentiment, Malta abandoned its fledgling relationship with North Africa and returned its attention and allegiance to NATO and Europe.
The Phoenician origins theory
Some recent studies carried out by geneticists Spencer Wells and Pierre Zalloua of the American University of Beirut collected samples of Y-chromosomes from men living in the Middle East, North Africa, southern Spain, and Malta, places the Phoenicians are known to have settled and traded. Spencer Wells (born April 6 1969 in Georgia United States) is a Geneticist and Anthropologist, and an Explorer-in-Residence at the The American University of Beirut (AUB الجامعة الأميركية في بيروت is a private independent University in Beirut, Lebanon. The Y chromosome is the sex-determining Chromosome in most Mammals including Humans In mammals it contains the gene SRY, which triggers Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun According to the study, more than half (50 %) of the Y chromosome lineages that are seen in today's Maltese population could have come in with the Phoenicians. As to why there is such a significant genetic impact, Wells could only speculate, "but the results are consistent with a settlement of people from the Levant within the past 2,000 years, and that points to the Phoenicians. See also Names of the Levant The Levant (lə'vænt is a geographical term that denotes a large area in Western Asia, roughly bounded on the north by the " [20]
The Phoenician background of the Maltese suggests possible cultural, religious, and linguistic links to Lebanese Maronites (also descended from Phoenicians revealed during National Geographic's Special), who speak a variety of Arabic and are Christian. Maronites ( الموارنة,, Syriac: ܡܪܘܢܝܐ, Latin: Ecclesia Maronitarum) are members of one of the Syriac [2]
The Southern Italian theory
A major study found that "the contemporary males of Malta most likely originated from Southern Italy, including Sicily and up to Calabria," and that "[t]here is a minuscule amount of input from the Eastern Mediterranean with genetic affinity to Christian Lebanon. "[21] This contradicts the "Phoenician origins" theory, and states that the main Maltese population originally came from the Sicani tribes on Sicily. Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun The Sicani ( Greek Sikanoi) or Sicanians were one of three ancient peoples of Sicily present at the time of Phoenician and Greek colonization Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. [6] There One of the authors of the major study commented as follows on the Wells/Zalloua study:
"We are aware of conflicting conclusions published as an interview in the popular National Geographic magazine. Despite an intensive search we cannot find them reproduced in the mainstream scientific literature. We consider that data somewhat flawed, and furthermore, unsound. National Geographic is not a peer-reviewed academic journal and thus the weight of the evidence is poor compared to other peer-reviewed academic journals that are also in the public domain. One cannot be comfortable with data that have not passed the scrutiny of peer review. . . .
[I]t seems to me that the simplest explanation that cannot be excluded by any of the scientific data thus far available is that Malta was indeed barely inhabited at the turn of the tenth century.
Repopulation is likely to have occurred by a clan or clans (possibly of Arab or Arab-like speaking people) from neighbouring Sicily and Calabria. Possibly, they could have mixed with minute numbers of residual inhabitants, with a constant input of immigrants from neighbouring countries and later, even from afar. There seems to be little input from North Africa. "[22]
See also
External links
References
- ^ How 2006 Census
- ^ 2002 Community Survey
- ^ Statistics Canada, 2006 Census: Ethnic Origin
- ^ http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/23/34792376.xls
- ^ CSO Ireland - 2006 Census
- ^ a b "Gozo", IslandofGozo. Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands This is a partial list of Famous or Notable Maltese people including people who were not born weren't or aren't based in Malta but they are either Maltese A Maltese community has existed in Gibraltar since shortly after the British conquest in 1704 Malta is the most densely populated country in the EU and one of the most densely populated countries in the world with about 1265 inhabitants per square kilometre (3000 per square mile org, 7 October 2007. Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar)
- ^ MED Magazine
- ^ http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf
- ^ European Commission, "Malta: Country Profile", Euromosaic Study (September 2004). Available online, at http://ec.europa.eu/[1]
- ^ Debattista, Martin; Timeline of Malta History; retrieved on [2008-05-14]
- ^ Constantiae Imperatricis et Reginae Siciliae Diplomata: 1195-1198, ed. T. K. Slzer (Vienna, 1983), 237-240.
- ^ Joseph M. Brincat, "Language and Demography in Malta: The Social Foundations of the Symbiosis between Semitic and Romance in Standard Maltese," in Malta: A Case Study in International Cross-Currents. Proceedings of the First International Colloquium on the history of the Central Mediterranean held at the University of Malta, 13-17 December 1989. Ed: S. Fiorini and V. Mallia-Milanes (Malta University Publications, Malta Historical Society, and Foundation for International Studies, University of Malta) at 91-110. ] Last visited August 5, 2007.
- ^ Anthony Luttrell, "Medieval Malta: the Non-written and the Written Evidence", in Malta: A Case Study in International Cross-Currents. Proceedings of the First International Colloquium on the history of the Central Mediterranean held at the University of Malta, 13-17 December 1989. Ed: S. Fiorini and V. Mallia-Milanes (Malta University Publications, Malta Historical Society, and Foundation for International Studies, University of Malta) at 33-45. Last visited August 5, 2007.
- ^ Anthony T. Luttrell, "Girolamo Manduca and Gian Francesco Abela: Tradition and invention in Maltese Historiography," in Melita Historica, 7 (1977) 2 (105-132). Last visited August 5, 2007.
- ^ See, e. g. : "Malta: Civil History," in The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume IX. Published 1910. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Nihil Obstat, October 1, 1910. Remy Lafort, Censor. Imprimatur. +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York. Last visited August 6, 2007.
- ^ Jeremy Boissevain, "Ritual, Play, and Identity: Changing Patterns of Celebration in Maltese Villages," in Journal of Mediterranean Studies, Vol. 1 (1), 1991:87-100 at 88.
- ^ "Our Sad Adieu", in Time Magazine (Monday, Apr. 09, 1979). Last viewed August 8, 2007.
- ^ "Gaddafi to the Rescue", in Time Magazine (Monday, Jan. 17, 1972). Last viewed August 8, 2007.
- ^ Hanspeter Mattes, "Aspekte der libyschen Außeninvestitionspolitik 1972-1985 (Fallbeispiel Malta)," Mitteilungen des Deutschen Orient-Instituts, No. 26 (Hamburg: 1985), at 88-126; 142-161.
- ^ In the Wake of the Phoenicians: DNA study reveals a Phoenician-Maltese link
- ^ C. Capelli, N. Redhead, N. Novelletto, L. Terrenato, P. Malaspina, Z. Poulli, G. Lefranc, A. Megarbane, V. Delague, V. Romano, F. Cali, V.F. Pascali, M. Fellous, A.E. Felice, and D.B. Goldstein; "Population Structure in the Mediterranean Basin: A Y Chromosome Perspective," Annals of Human Genetics, 69, 1-20, 2005. Last visited August 8, 2007.
- ^ Alex E. Felice, "Genetic origin of contemporary Maltese," The Sunday Times (of Malta), August 5, 2007, last visited August 5, 2007
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