Malcolm X
Born	Malcolm Little May 19, 1925 (1925-05-19) North Omaha, Neb., U.S.
Died	February 21, 1965 (aged 39) New York, N.Y., U.S.

Malcolm X (born Malcolm Little; May 19, 1925 – February 21, 1965), also known as El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz,^[1] was an American Black Muslim minister and a spokesman for the Nation of Islam. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. North Omaha is a community area in Omaha, Nebraska, USA. It is bordered by Cuming and Dodge Streets on the south Interstate 680 Nebraska ( is a state located on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States and The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. The City of New York New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. Hajji (الحجّي al-ḥağğī Hadžija Pilgrim) or El-Hajj, is an honorific title given to a Muslim person who has successfully completed Malik (ملك) as an Arabic word meaning " king " It has been adopted in various other mainly Asian languages for their ruling princes and to Shabazz was a name taken by El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz (aka Malcolm X) and the surname borne by his wife Betty Shabazz and his children The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For centuries Islam has spread through the African diaspora. While many in the diaspora adhere to more traditional forms of the religion such as Shia and Sunni The Nation of Islam ( NOI) (أمة الإسلام Ummah al-Islāmu) is a group founded in Detroit, Michigan,

After leaving the Nation of Islam in 1964, he made the pilgrimage, the Hajj, to Mecca and became a Muslim. The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion He also founded the Muslim Mosque, Inc. and the Organization of Afro-American Unity. Muslim Mosque Inc was a Muslim group formed by Al-Hajj Malik El Shabazz (better known as Malcolm X) on March 12 1964 four days after he left the Nation of The Organization of Afro-American Unity was an organization formed by Malcolm X to promote cooperation between African-Americans On June 28, 1964 six weeks after Less than a year later, he was assassinated in Washington Heights on the first day of National Brotherhood Week. AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media. Washington Heights is a New York City neighborhood in the northern reaches of the borough of Manhattan.

Historian Robin D.G. Kelley wrote, "Malcolm X has been called many things: Pan-Africanist, father of Black Power, religious fanatic, closet conservative, incipient socialist, and a menace to society. Robin DG Kelley (born 1962 is a professor of history and American studies and ethnicity at the University of Southern California. Pan-Africanism is a Sociopolitical World view, and Philosophy, as well as a movement which seeks to unify both Native Africans and those of Black Power is a racially based Political slogan and a name for various associated ideologies Religious fanaticism is Fanaticism associated with a Religion. Black conservatism is an international political and social movement rooted in communities of African descent that aligns largely with the conservative movement Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution The meaning of his public life — his politics and ideology — is contested in part because his entire body of work consists of a few dozen speeches and a collaborative autobiography whose veracity is challenged. Political philosophy is the study of questions about the City, Government, Politics, Liberty, Justice, Property, Rights An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics A ghostwriter is a professional Writer who is paid to write books articles stories reports or other content which are officially credited to another person An autobiography, from the Greek αὐτός autos "self" βίος bios "life" and γράφειν graphein "to write" Malcolm has become a sort of tabula rasa, or blank slate, on which people of different positions can write their own interpretations of his politics and legacy. Tabula rasa ( Latin: blank slate) refers to the epistemological thesis that individual human beings are born with no built-in mental content Chuck D of the rap group Public Enemy and Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas can both declare Malcolm X their hero. Carlton Douglas Ridenhour (born August 1 1960 in Roosevelt New York) better known by his stage name Chuck D, is an American rapper author and producer Hip hop music, also referred to as rap music, is a Music genre typically consisting of a rhythmic vocal style called rap which is accompanied with Public Enemy, also known as PE, is an influential hip hop group from Long Island New York, known for its politically charged Lyrics, criticism The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States are the members of the Supreme Court of the United States other than the Chief Justice of the United States Clarence Thomas (born June 23, 1948) is an American Jurist. He has been serving as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United "^[2]

Contents 1 Early years 2 Young adult years 3 Nation of Islam 3.1 Marriage and family 3.2 Meeting Castro 4 Tensions and departure from the Nation of Islam 5 Pilgrimage to Mecca 6 International travel 6.1 Africa 6.2 France and the UK 7 Death and afterwards 7.1 Assassination 7.2 Funeral 7.3 Response to Malcolm's death 8 Allegations of conspiracy 9 Popular culture 10 See also 11 References 12 External links 12.1 Research sites 12.2 Articles and reports 13 Further reading 13.1 By Malcolm X 13.2 Articles 13.3 Books

Early years

Malcolm Little was born in 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska, to Earl Little and Louise Helen (née Norton). Nebraska ( is a state located on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States and He lived briefly at 3448 Pinkney Street in the North Omaha neighborhood. The Malcolm X House Site located at 3448 Pinkney Street in North Omaha, Nebraska, marks the place where Malcolm X first lived with his family North Omaha is a community area in Omaha, Nebraska, USA. It is bordered by Cuming and Dodge Streets on the south Interstate 680 His father was an outspoken Baptist lay speaker and supporter of Marcus Garvey, as well as a member of the Universal Negro Improvement Association. Baptist is a term describing individuals belonging to a Baptist church or a Baptist denomination. Marcus Mosiah Garvey Jr, National Hero of Jamaica (17 August 1887 10 June 1940 was a Publisher, Journalist, Entrepreneur, Black nationalist The Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA is an international self-help organization founded by Marcus Garvey. ^[3] Three of Earl Little's brothers died violently at the hands of white men, and one of his uncles had been lynched. Lynching in the United States is the practice in the 19th and 20th centuries of the humiliation and killing of people by mobs acting outside the law ^[4]

Earl Little had three children (Ella, Mary, and Earl, Jr. ) by a previous marriage before he married Malcolm's mother. From his second marriage he had seven children, of whom Malcolm was the fourth. Earl and Louise Little's children's names were, in order, Wilfred, Hilda, Philbert, Malcolm, Reginald, Wesley, and Yvonne. Louise had her youngest son, Robert Little, several years after her husband's death by an unnamed relationship.

Louise Little was born in Grenada, and Malcolm said she looked like a white woman. Grenada (grɪˈneɪdə is an Island nation that includes the southern Grenadines in the southeastern Caribbean Sea. Her father was a white man of whom Malcolm knew nothing except what he described as his mother's shame. Malcolm got his light complexion from him. Initially he felt it was a status symbol to be light-skinned, but later he would say that he “hated every drop of that white rapist's blood that is in me. ” As Malcolm was the lightest child in the family, he felt that his father favored him; however, his mother treated him harshly for the same reason. ^[5] One of his nicknames, "Red," derived from the reddish tinge of his hair. He was described as having, at birth, "ash-blonde hair . . . tinged with cinnamon," and at four, "reddish-blonde hair. " His hair darkened as he aged but also resembled the hair of his paternal grandmother, whose hair "turned reddish in the summer sun. "^[6]

According to The Autobiography of Malcolm X, his mother had been threatened by Ku Klux Klansmen while she was pregnant with him in December 1924. The Autobiography of Malcolm X (ISBN 0-345-35068-5 was written by Alex Haley between 1964 and 1965 as told to him through conversations with Malcolm conducted shortly Ku Klux Klan ( KKK) is the name of several past and present secret domestic terrorist organizations in the United States, generally in the southern states that are His mother recalled the Klansmen warned the family to leave Omaha, because Earl Little's activities with UNIA were "stirring up trouble". The Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA is an international self-help organization founded by Marcus Garvey. ^[7]

The family relocated to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1926, and to Lansing, Michigan, shortly after. In 1931, Malcolm's father was found dead, having been run over by a streetcar in Lansing. Authorities ruled his death a suicide. ^[8] Malcolm said that the black community disputed the cause of death. His family had frequently found themselves the target of harassment by the Black Legion, a white supremacist group his father accused of burning down their home in 1929, and many blacks felt that the Black Legion had killed Earl Little. The Black Legion was an additional organization within the Ku Klux Klan and operated in the United States in the 1930s White supremacy is a racist ideology based on the assertion that White people are superior to other racial groups. ^[9] Malcolm doubted that his father could "bash himself in the head, then get down across the streetcar tracks to be run over. "^[10]

Though Malcolm’s father had two life insurance policies, his mother received death benefits solely from the smaller policy. Life insurance or life assurance is a contract between the policy owner and the insurer, where the insurer agrees to pay a sum of money upon the occurrence of the Malcolm said the insurance company that had issued the larger policy accepted the police determination that Earl Little's death had been a suicide, and accordingly refused to pay. ^[10] Louise Little had a nervous breakdown and was declared legally insane in December 1938. Mental breakdown (also known as nervous breakdown or snapping) is a non-medical term used to describe a sudden acute attack of Mental illness such as Traditionally insanity or madness is the behaviour whereby a person flouts societal norms and may become a danger to himself and others Malcolm and his siblings were split up and sent to different foster homes. Foster care is a system by which a certified stand-in "parent(s" cares for minor Children or young peoples who have been removed from their birth parents Louise Little was formally committed to the state mental hospital at Kalamazoo, Michigan. She remained there until Malcolm and his brothers and sisters secured her release 26 years later.

In his Autobiography, written more than 25 years later, Malcolm said that after the death of his father he lived on Charles Street in downtown East Lansing. East Lansing is a city in the US state of Michigan. The city is located directly east of Lansing, Michigan, the state's capital The 1930 U.S. Census showed him living on a different Charles Street, in the low-income Urbandale neighborhood in Lansing Township, between Lansing and East Lansing. The United States Census is a decennial Census mandated by the United States Constitution. The Charter Township of Lansing, is a Charter township of Ingham County in the U Later, when he was in high school, Malcolm Little lived in Mason, an almost all-white small town 12 miles (19 km) to the south. Mason is a city in the US state of Michigan. It is named after the state's first governor Stevens T

Malcolm Little graduated from junior high school at the top of his class but dropped out soon after a teacher told him that his aspirations of being a lawyer were "no realistic goal for a nigger". Middle school or Junior High School serves as a "bridge" between the Elementary School and the High School A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law as an attorney, Counsel or Solicitor; a person Nigger is a Noun in the English language, most notable for its usage in a derogatory context to refer to Black people, and also as an informal ^[11] After enduring a series of foster homes, Malcolm was sent to a detention center. Then he moved to Boston to live with his older half-sister, Ella Little Collins. In Boston he held a variety of jobs and intermittently found employment with the New Haven Railroad. The New York New Haven and Hartford Railroad was a railroad that operated in the northeast United States from 1872 to 1969 In 1942, at age 17, Malcolm became "involved with Boston's underworld fringe. "^[7]

Young adult years

Malcolm left Boston to live for a short time in Detroit and Inkster, Michigan. Inkster is a city in Wayne County of the US state of Michigan. Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. He moved to New York City in 1943. The City of New York There he worked again briefly for the New Haven Railroad. Malcolm found work as a shoeshiner at a Lindy Hop nightclub. Shoeshiner is a profession in which a person polishes Shoes with Shoe polish. Lindy Hop is an African American dance that evolved in New York City in 1927 A nightclub (or "night club" or "club" is a drinking, dancing, and entertainment venue which does its primary business after dark In The Autobiography of Malcolm X, he said that he once shined the shoes of Duke Ellington and other notable African-American musicians. Edward Kennedy "Duke" Ellington (April 29 1899 &ndash May 24 1974 was an American Composer, Pianist, and Bandleader. A musician is a person who plays or writes Music. Musicians can be classified by their roles in creating or performing music An instrumentalist plays a After some time in Harlem, he became involved in drug dealing, gambling, racketeering, robbery and steering prostitutes. Harlem is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan, long known as a major African American cultural and business center The illegal drug trade or drug trafficking is a global Black market consisting of the cultivation manufacture distribution and sale of illegal Drugs A racket is an illegal business usually run as part of Organized crime. Robbery is the Crime of seizing Property through Violence or Intimidation. During this time, his friends and acquaintances called him "Detroit Red. "^[12] Between 1943 and 1946, when he was arrested and jailed in Massachusetts, Malcolm drifted between Boston and New York City three more times. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. ^[7]

When Malcolm was examined for the draft, military physicians classified him to be "mentally disqualified for military service. Conscription (also known as the draft, the call-up or national service) is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by some established authority " He explained in his autobiography that he put on a display to avoid the draft by telling the examining officer that he could not wait to "kill some crackers. " Cracker " sometimes " white cracker " is a Pejorative term for a white person, mainly used in the Southern United States " His approach worked; his classification ensured he would not be drafted. ^[13]

In early 1946, Malcolm returned to Boston. On January 12, he was arrested for burglary trying to steal a stolen watch he had left for repairs at a jewelry shop. Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople Two days later, Malcolm was indicted for carrying firearms. On January 16, he was charged with Grand Larceny and Breaking and Entering. Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. In the United States, larceny is a Common law Crime involving Theft. Malcolm was sentenced to eight to ten years in Massachusetts State Prison. ^[7]

On February 27, Malcolm began serving his sentence at the Massachusetts State Prison in Charlestown. Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation Charlestown is a part of the city of Boston, Massachusetts located on a peninsula north of Boston proper While in prison, Malcolm earned the nickname of "Satan" for his vitriolic hatred towards the Bible, God and religion in general. Satan, ( Standard Hebrew Satan'el, English accuser) is a term that originates from the Abrahamic faiths, being traditionally Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos ^[14] Malcolm met a self-educated man named Bimbi, who convinced him to educate himself. ^[15]. Malcolm developed a voracious appetite for reading, much of it after the prison lights had been turned off. In 1948, Malcolm received a letter from his brother, Philbert, telling him about the Nation of Islam. The Nation of Islam ( NOI) (أمة الإسلام Ummah al-Islāmu) is a group founded in Detroit, Michigan, Malcolm wasn't interested in joining until his brother Reginald sent him a letter in which he wrote, "Malcolm, don't eat any more pork and don't smoke any more cigarettes. I'll show you how to get out of prison. "^[15]

For the remainder of his incarceration, Malcolm maintained regular contact with Elijah Muhammad, the group's leader. Elijah Muhammad (born Elijah Poole, October 7 1897 - February 25 1975) is notable for his leadership of the Black Muslims Malcolm started to gain fame among the prisoners but also remained under the eye of the authorities. He was denied a possible early release after five years.

In February 1948, mostly through his sister's efforts, Malcolm was transferred to an experimental prison in Norfolk, Massachusetts, a facility that had a much larger library. Norfolk is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. Malcolm later reflected on his time in prison: "Months passed without my even thinking about being imprisoned. In fact, up to then, I had never been so truly free in my life. "^[14] On August 7, 1952, Malcolm received parole and was released from prison. Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[7]

Nation of Islam

Further information: Nation of Islam

Part of a series on Nation of Islam

Famous leaders Wallace Fard Muhammad · Elijah Muhammad · Malcolm X · Warith Deen Mohammed · Louis Farrakhan History and beliefs Savior's Day · Nation of Islam and antisemitism · Yakub · Million Man March Publications Bilalian News · The Final Call · How to Eat to Live · Message to the Blackman in America · Muhammad Speaks Subsidiaries and offshoots Fruit of Islam · The Nation of Gods and Earths · New Black Panther Party · United Nation of Islam · Your Black Muslim Bakery

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In 1952, after his release from prison, Malcolm visited Elijah Muhammad in Chicago. The Nation of Islam ( NOI) (أمة الإسلام Ummah al-Islāmu) is a group founded in Detroit, Michigan, Savior's Day is a Holiday of the Nation of Islam (NOI and the Nation of Gods and Earths. The Nation of Islam ( NOI) (أمة الإسلام Ummah al-Islāmu) is a group founded in Detroit, Michigan, Wallace Fard Muhammad (born between 1877 and 1893 year of death unknown was a Preacher and founder of the Nation of Islam (NOI Elijah Muhammad (born Elijah Poole, October 7 1897 - February 25 1975) is notable for his leadership of the Black Muslims Warith Deen Mohammed ( October 30, 1933 - September 9, 2008) was an American Muslim leader and the son of Clara Louis Farrakhan (born Louis Eugene Walcott, May 11, 1933) is the Supreme Minister of the Nation of Islam as the National Representative This article outlines the history of the Nation of Islam. NOI 1930–1975 The original Nation of Islam was founded in Detroit in the United States This article is about the Beliefs and theology of the Nation of Islam Main beliefs The main belief of The Nation of Islam and its followers is that there Savior's Day is a Holiday of the Nation of Islam (NOI and the Nation of Gods and Earths. A number of Jewish organizations Christian organizations Muslim organizations and academics consider the Nation of Islam to be antisemitic This article covers the figure in the theology of the black nationalist organization Nation of Islam. The Million Man March was a Political march convened by Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan in Washington DC on October 16 Muhammad Speaks was one of the most widely-read Newspapers ever produced by an African American organization The Final Call is a Newspaper published in Chicago. It was founded in 1979 by Louis Farrakhan and serves as the official newspaper of the How To Eat To Live is a series of books published by Nation of Islam leader Elijah Muhammad in the 1960s which are still Message to the Blackman in America is a book published by Nation of Islam leader Elijah Muhammad in 1965 and reprinted several times since Muhammad Speaks was one of the most widely-read Newspapers ever produced by an African American organization The Fruit of Islam (FOI or "Fruit" for short is a group of Muslim American men who serve as the paramilitary wing and the executive protection for the Nation of Islam The Nation of Gods and Earths, sometimes referred to as the Five-Percent Nation, the Five-Percent Nation of Islam, or the Five Percenters was founded in The New Black Panther Party (NBPP, whose formal name is the New Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, is a U The United Nation of Islam (UNOI is a religious group based in Kansas City Kansas. Your Black Muslim Bakery was a Bakery opened by Yusuf Bey in Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. Like many members of the Nation of Islam, Malcolm changed his surname to "X". He explained the name by saying, "The 'X' is meant to symbolize the rejection of 'slave names' and the absence of an inherited African name to take its place. A slave name is a term for a Name given to a person who is or has been enslaved or a name inherited from enslaved ancestors The 'X' is also the brand that many slaves received on their upper arm. "

The FBI opened a file on Malcolm X in March 1953 after hearing that he had described himself as a Communist. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Included in the file were two letters in which Malcolm used the alias "Malachi Shabazz". In Message to the Blackman in America, Elijah Muhammad explained that African-Americans were "descendants of the Asian Black Nation and the tribe of Shabazz". Message to the Blackman in America is a book published by Nation of Islam leader Elijah Muhammad in 1965 and reprinted several times since ^[16]

In May 1953, the FBI concluded that Malcolm had an "asocial personality with paranoid trends (pre-psychotic paranoid schizophrenia)", and that he had sought treatment for his disorder. Psychosis (from the Greek ψυχή "psyche" for mind or soul and -οσις "-osis" for abnormal condition with adjective psychotic Schizophrenia ( from the Greek roots schizein (σχίζειν "to split" and phrēn This was supported by a letter intercepted by the FBI, dated June 29, 1950. Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland. Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The letter said, in reference to his 4-F classification and rejection by the military, "Everyone has always said. The Selective Service System is the means by which the United States administers military Conscription. . . Malcolm is crazy, so it isn't hard to convince people that I am. "^[17]

Later that year, Malcolm left his half-sister Ella in Boston to stay with Elijah Muhammad in Chicago. He soon returned to Boston and became the minister of the Nation of Islam's Temple Number Eleven.

In 1954, Malcolm was selected to lead the Nation of Islam's Temple Number Seven on Lenox Avenue in Harlem. Lenox Avenue / Malcolm X Boulevard is the primary north-south route through Harlem in the upper portion of the New York City borough Harlem is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan, long known as a major African American cultural and business center He rapidly expanded its membership. After a local television broadcast in New York City about the Nation of Islam, Malcolm became known to a wider audience. The City of New York Representatives of the print media, radio, and television frequently asked Malcolm for comments on issues. He was also sought as a spokesman by reporters from other countries.

From his adoption of the Nation of Islam in 1952 until he left the organization in 1964, Malcolm promoted the Nation's teachings. He referred to whites as "devils" who had been created in a misguided breeding program by a black scientist, and predicted the inevitable (and imminent) return of blacks to their natural place at the top of the social order. This article covers the figure in the theology of the black nationalist organization Nation of Islam. ^[18]

Malcolm has been widely considered the second most influential leader of the movement, after Elijah Muhammad. He opened additional temples, including one in Philadelphia. Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə He was largely credited with increasing membership in the Nation of Islam from 500 in 1952 to 30,000 in 1963. He inspired the boxer Cassius Clay (later known as Muhammad Ali) to join the Nation of Islam. Biography Early life Cassius Clay Jr was born on January 17 1942 Like Malcolm, Ali later left the Nation of Islam and joined mainstream Islam. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation.

Marriage and family

In 1958, Malcolm married Betty X (née Sanders) in Lansing, Michigan. Dr Betty Shabazz (born Betty Jean Saunders) ( May 28, 1936 &ndash June 23 1997) also known as Betty X, was the wife They had six daughters, all of whom carried the family name of Shabazz. A family name or last name is a type of Surname and part of a person's name indicating the family to which the person belongs Their names were Attallah, born in 1958; Qubilah, born in 1960; Ilyasah, born in 1962; Gamilah (also spelled Gumilah), born in 1964; and twins, Malaak and Malikah, born after Malcolm's death in 1965. Qubilah Shabazz, the daughter of Malcolm X and Betty Shabazz, was born on December 25, 1960. Ilyasah Shabazz (born July 22, 1962) is the daughter of the late Malcolm X and Betty Shabazz.

Meeting Castro

In September 1960, Malcolm met with Fidel Castro during Castro's visit to the United Nations in New York. Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13 1926 is a Cuban revolutionary leader who was prime minister of Cuba from December 1959 to December 1976 and then president until The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Malcolm was a prominent member of a Harlem-based welcoming committee made up of black community leaders that greeted heads of state, particularly those from African countries, who had come to New York to address the UN General Assembly. Membership For two articles dealing with membership in the General Assembly see General Assembly members

Tensions and departure from the Nation of Islam

In early 1963, Malcolm started collaborating with Alex Haley on The Autobiography of Malcolm X. Alexander Murray Palmer Haley (August 11 1921–February 10 1992 was an American Writer. The Autobiography of Malcolm X (ISBN 0-345-35068-5 was written by Alex Haley between 1964 and 1965 as told to him through conversations with Malcolm conducted shortly The book had not been finalized at the time of Malcolm's assassination in 1965. Haley completed it and published it later that year. ^[19]

Writing after his break from the Nation of Islam, Malcolm said in the Autobiography that one reason for the separation was growing tension between him and Elijah Muhammad that arose from Malcolm's dismay at rumors of Muhammad's extramarital affairs with young secretaries. These rumors troubled Malcolm because the Nation of Islam condemns adultery. Adultery is the voluntary Sexual intercourse between a married person and another person who is not his or her Spouse, though in many places it is At first Malcolm brushed these rumors aside. Later, he spoke with Elijah Muhammad's son and the women making the accusations and he came to believe them. According to the Autobiography, in 1963 Elijah Muhammad confirmed the rumors to Malcolm. Muhammad justified his actions by saying they followed a pattern established by Biblical prophets.

Malcolm criticized the 1963 March on Washington, which he called "the farce on Washington". The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom was a large political rally that took place in Washington D He said he didn't know why black people were excited over a demonstration "run by whites in front of a statue of a president who has been dead for a hundred years and who didn't like us when he was alive. White People is the second album by Handsome Boy Modeling School. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by "

When asked for a comment about the assassination of President Kennedy in November 1963, Malcolm said that it was a case of "the chickens coming home to roost. The assassination of John F Kennedy, the thirty-fifth President of the United States, took place on Friday November 22 1963 in Dallas Texas " He added that "Chickens coming home to roost never made me sad. It only made me glad. " This remark prompted a widespread public outcry. The Nation of Islam publicly censured their former shining star; although Malcolm retained his post and rank as minister, Elijah Muhammad banned him from public speaking for 90 days.

Malcolm publicly announced his break from the Nation of Islam on March 8, 1964. Martin Luther King Jr ( January 15, 1929 April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, Activist and prominent leader Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion. Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. He founded the Muslim Mosque, Inc. four days later. Muslim Mosque Inc was a Muslim group formed by Al-Hajj Malik El Shabazz (better known as Malcolm X) on March 12 1964 four days after he left the Nation of Malcolm stayed close to some of the teachings of the Nation of Islam but began modifying them. He explicitly advocated political and economic black nationalism, as opposed to the Nation of Islam's religious nationalism. Black nationalism (BN advocates a racial definition (or redefinition of black national identity as opposed to Multiculturalism. In April, he made a speech titled "The Ballot or the Bullet. " Malcolm was in contact with several orthodox Muslims, who encouraged him to learn about orthodox Islam. He soon converted to orthodox Islam, and decided to make his pilgrimage to Mecca. The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world

Pilgrimage to Mecca

On April 13, 1964, Malcolm departed JFK Airport, New York for Cairo by way of Frankfurt. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. John F Kennedy International Airport is an International airport located in Queens County on Long Island in southeastern New York City about 12 miles (19 New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. It was the second time Malcolm had been to Africa. On the next leg of his journey, Malcolm left Cairo for Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Jeddah (also spelled Jiddah, Jidda, or Jedda; جدّة Ǧiddah) is a Saudi Arabian city located on the coast of the The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi His status as an authentic Muslim was questioned by Saudi authorities because of his inability to speak Arabic and his United States passport. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language A passport is a document issued by a national government which certifies for the purpose of international travel the identity and nationality of its holder Since only confessing Muslims are allowed into Mecca, he was separated from the group with which he arrived and was isolated. Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored He spent about 20 hours wearing the ihram, a two-piece garment comprising two white unhemmed sheets. This is a sub-article of Hajj and Islamic cleanliness. Ihram (إحرام iḥrām, from the triconsonantal root Ḥ-R-M

According to the Autobiography, Malcolm X remembered the book The Eternal Message of Muhammad by Abdul Rahman Hassan Azzam, which Dr. Abdul Rahman Hassan Azzam (عبد الرحمن حسن عزام ‎ (1893 - 1976 was an Egyptian diplomat with family origins in Egypt He served as the first Mahmoud Yousseff Sharwabi had presented with his visa approval. He called Azzam's son, who arranged for his release. At the younger Azzam's home, he met Azzam Pasha, who gave Malcolm his suite at the Jeddah Palace Hotel. The next morning, Muhammad Faisal, the son of Prince Faisal, visited and informed Malcolm X that he was to be a state guest. Abdullah Muhammad Sara Luluwa Khalid Saud The deputy chief of protocol accompanied Malcolm X to the Hajj Court, where he was allowed to make his pilgrimage.

On April 19, Malcolm completed the Hajj, making the seven circuits around the Kaaba, drinking from the Zamzam Well and running between the hills of Safah and Marwah seven times. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world The Kaaba ( Arabic: ar الكعبة; 'kɑʕbɑ or 'kæʕbæ "Cube" is a Cuboidal building in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, and is the The Well of Zamzam (or the Zamzam Well, or just Zamzam; Arabic: زمزم) is a well located within the Masjid al Haram in Al-Safa and Al-Marwah ( Safa and Marwah) ( Arabic: الصفا Aş-Şafā   المروة Al-Marwah According to the Autobiography, on this trip Malcolm viewed Muslims of different races interacting as equals and came to believe that Islam could transcend racial problems. The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of categorizing Humans into Populations or groups on the basis of various sets

International travel

Africa

Pan-African topics
General
Pan-Africanism
Afro-Latino
African American
Kwanzaa
Colonialism
Africa
Maafa
Black people
African philosophy
Black nationalism
Black orientalism
Afrocentrism
African Topics
Art
FESPACO
African art
PAFF
People
George Padmore
Walter Rodney
Patrice Lumumba
Thomas Sankara
Frantz Fanon
Sékou Touré
Kwame Nkrumah
Marcus Garvey
Malcolm X
W. E. B. Du Bois
C. L. R. James
Cheikh Anta Diop
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Malcolm X visited Africa on three separate occasions, once in 1959 and twice in 1964. Pan-Africanism is a Sociopolitical World view, and Philosophy, as well as a movement which seeks to unify both Native Africans and those of Pan-Africanism is a Sociopolitical World view, and Philosophy, as well as a movement which seeks to unify both Native Africans and those of An Afro-Latin American (also Afro-Latino) is a Latin American person of at least partial Black African ancestry the term may also refer to historical African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa Kwanzaa is a week-long holiday celebrated primarily in the United States, honoring African-American heritage See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism The word Maafa (also known as the African Holocaust or Holocaust of Enslavement) is derived from a Swahili word meaning disaster terrible occurrence or The term black people usually refers to a racial group of Humans with dark Skin color, but the term has also been used to categorise a number of diverse African Philosophy is a disputed term used in different ways by different Philosophers. Black nationalism (BN advocates a racial definition (or redefinition of black national identity as opposed to Multiculturalism. Black orientalism is a terminology that is used for an intellectual and cultural movement within primarily African American circles which while similar to the general movement Afrocentrism or Afrocentricity is a World view that emphasizes the importance of African people in culture philosophy and history This is a list of articles that are related to African and black people The Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou ( Festival panafricain du cinéma et de la télévision de Ouagadougou or FESPACO) is the largest African African art constitutes one of the most diverse legacies on earth Established in 1992 The Pan African Film Festival (PAFF is a non-profit corporation dedicated to the promotion of cultural and racial tolerance and understanding through the exhibition of film George Padmore (1902&ndash September 23, 1959) born Malcolm Ivan Meredith Nurse, was a Trinidadian who became a leading Pan-Africanist Walter Rodney ( March 23, 1942 &ndash June 13, 1980) was a prominent Guyanese historian and political figure Patrice Émery Lumumba ( 2 July, 1925 – 17 January, 1961) was an African anti-colonial leader and the first legally elected Prime Captain Thomas Isidore Noël Sankara ( December 21, 1949 – October 15, 1987) was the leader of Burkina Faso (formerly Frantz Fanon ( July 20, 1925 – December 6, 1961) was a Psychiatrist, philosopher, revolutionary and author from Ahmed Sékou Touré (var Ahmen Seku Ture) (January 9 1922--March 26 1984 was an African political leader and president of the Republic of Guinea Kwame Nkrumah ( September 21, 1909 - April 27, 1972) was an influential 20th century advocate of Pan-Africanism, and the leader of Marcus Mosiah Garvey Jr, National Hero of Jamaica (17 August 1887 10 June 1940 was a Publisher, Journalist, Entrepreneur, Black nationalist William Edward Burghardt Du Bois (duːˈbɔɪz ( February 23, 1868 August 27, 1963) was an American Civil rights activist Cyril Lionel Robert James ( 4 January 1901 &ndash 19 May 1989) was an Afro- Trinidadian Journalist Cheikh Anta Diop ( 29 December, 1923 &ndash 7 February, 1986) was a Senegalese Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías (ˈuɰo rafaˈel ˈtʃaβ̞es ˈfɾias (born July 28 1954 is the current President of Venezuela. During his visits, he met officials, as well as spoke on television and radio in: Cairo, Egypt; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Dar Es Salaam, Tanganyika (now Tanzania); Lagos and Ibadan, Nigeria; Accra, Winneba, and Legon, Ghana; Conakry, Guinea; Algiers, Algeria; and Casablanca, Morocco. Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Addis Ababa (sometimes spelled Addis Abeba, the spelling used by the official Ethiopian Mapping Authority Amharic NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page Dar es Salaam (دار السلام "Abode of Peace" Dār as-Salām) formerly Mzizima, is the largest city in Tanzania. Tanganyika is the name of an East African territory lying between the largest of the African great lakes Lake Victoria, Lake Malawi and Lake Tanganyika Tanzania ˌtænzəˈniːə officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya Lagos ( pron ˈleɪgɒs or /ˈlɑːgoʊs/ overseas is the most populous Conurbation in Nigeria with Ibadan (Ìlú Èbá-Ọdàn the town at the junction the savannah and the forest the Capital of Oyo State, is the third largest city Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal Accra is the capital, and most populous city of Ghana. The city also doubles as the capital of the Greater Winneba, traditionally known as Simpa,is an historic fishing town in Ghana, lying on the south coast 35 miles west of Accra and 90 miles east of Legon, a suburb of the Ghanaian capital city Accra, is situated about twelve kilometres north-east of the city center The Republic of Ghana is a country in West Africa. It borders Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast to the west Burkina Faso to the north Togo to the Conakry or Konakry ( Malinké: Kɔnakiri) is the Capital and largest city of Guinea. Guinea, officially Republic of Guinea (pronounced /ˈgɪni/ République de Guinée is a country in West Africa, formerly known as French Guinea Algiers (الجزائر Algerian Arabic: Dzayer ( (From kabyle pronunciation Kabyle: Ledzayer, Alger) is the Capital and largest Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's Casablanca (in Standard Arabic: الدار البيضاء ad-Dār al-Bayḍāʼ; Moroccan Arabic: dar beïda الدار البيضا Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa

Malcolm first went to Africa in summer of 1959. He traveled to Egypt (United Arab Republic), Sudan, Nigeria and Ghana to arrange a tour for Elijah Muhammad, which occurred in December 1959. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The United Arab Republic ( الجمهورية العربية المتحدة al-Jumhūrīyah al-‘Arabīyah al-Muttaḥidah / al-Jumhūrīyah al-‘Arabīyah Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal The Republic of Ghana is a country in West Africa. It borders Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast to the west Burkina Faso to the north Togo to the The first of Malcolm's two trips to Africa in 1964 lasted from April 13 until May 21. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. On May 8, following his speech at Trenchard Hall on the campus of the University of Ibadan in Nigeria, he attended a reception in the Students' Union Hall held for him by the Muslim Students' Society. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen The University of Ibadan is the oldest Nigerian university, and is located five miles (8 kilometres from the centre of the major city of Ibadan in Western Nigeria During this reception the students bestowed upon him the name "Omowale", meaning "the son returns home" in the Yoruba language. Yoruba (native name èdè Yorùbá, 'the Yoruba language' is a Dialect continuum of West Africa with over 25 million speakers

Malcolm returned to New York from Africa via Paris on May 21, 1964. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. On July 9, he again left the U. Events 455 - Roman military commander Avitus is proclaimed Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. S. for Africa, spending a total of 18 weeks abroad. On July 17, 1964, Malcolm addressed the Organization of African Unity's first ordinary assembly of heads of state and governments in Cairo as a representative of the OAAU. Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. The Organisation of African Unity ( OAU) or Organisation de l'Unité Africaine ( OUA) was established on 25 May 1963. The Organization of Afro-American Unity was an organization formed by Malcolm X to promote cooperation between African-Americans On June 28, 1964 six weeks after On August 21, 1964, he made a press statement on behalf of the OAAU regarding the second African summit conference of the OAU. Events 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the De facto ruler of Japan. Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. The Organization of Afro-American Unity was an organization formed by Malcolm X to promote cooperation between African-Americans On June 28, 1964 six weeks after The Organisation of African Unity ( OAU) or Organisation de l'Unité Africaine ( OUA) was established on 25 May 1963. In it, he explained how a strong and independent "United States of Africa" is a victory for the awakening of African Americans. The United States of Africa is a name sometimes given to one version of the possible future unification of Africa as a national and sovereign Federation of states African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa By the time he returned to the United States on November 24, 1964, Malcolm had established an international connection between Africans on the continent and those in the diaspora. Events 380 - Theodosius I makes his adventus, or formal Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. The term Diaspora (in Greek, διασπορά &ndash " a scattering or sowing of seeds " refers any population sharing common ethnic

Malcolm held to the view that African-Americans were right in defending themselves from aggressors. On June 28, 1964, at the founding rally of the OAAU he said,

"The time for you and me to allow ourselves to be brutalized nonviolently has passed. Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. Be nonviolent only with those who are nonviolent to you. And when you can bring me a nonviolent racist, bring me a nonviolent segregationist, then I'll get nonviolent. But don't teach me to be nonviolent until you teach some of those crackers to be nonviolent. " Cracker " sometimes " white cracker " is a Pejorative term for a white person, mainly used in the Southern United States "^[20]

In an interview with Gordon Parks in 1965, Malcolm revealed:

"I realized racism isn't just a black and white problem. For the Scottish sports journalist and former footballer see Gordon Parks (footballer Gordon Roger Alexander Buchanan Parks ( November 30, 1912 It's brought bloodbaths to about every nation on earth at one time or another. Brother, remember the time that white college girl came into the restaurant — the one who wanted to help the [Black] Muslims and the whites get together — and I told her there wasn't a ghost of a chance and she went away crying? Well, I've lived to regret that incident. In many parts of the African continent I saw white students helping black people. Something like this kills a lot of argument. I did many things as a [Black] Muslim that I'm sorry for now. I was a zombie then — like all [Black] Muslims — I was hypnotized, pointed in a certain direction and told to march. zombie is a reanimated human corpse Stories of zombies originated in the Afro-Caribbean spiritual belief system of Vodou, which told of the people being controlled Well, I guess a man's entitled to make a fool of himself if he's ready to pay the cost. It cost me 12 years. That was a bad scene, brother. The sickness and madness of those days — I'm glad to be free of them. "

In 1965, he stated, “My mind is wide open to anybody who will help get the ape off our backs. ”^[21]

France and the UK

In late 1964, Malcolm visited France together with Jamaican officials and spoke in Paris at Salle Pleyel where there were discussions and debates on the subject of the Rastafarian ideas espoused by both the Jamaicans present and Malcolm X at that time. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Jamaica (ˈdʒəˈmeɪkə} is an Island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width situated in the Caribbean Sea. The Rastafari movement (also known as Rastafari, Rastafarianism or simply Rasta) is a monotheistic, Abrahamic, New Testament He also visited the UK and participated in a debate at the Oxford Union on December 3, 1964. Status and membership The Oxford Union is an Unincorporated association, holding its property in trust in favour of its objectives and members and governed Events 1800 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden, French Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. ^[22]

On February 12, 1965, Malcolm visited Smethwick, near Birmingham, which had become a byword for racial division after the 1964 general election when the Conservative Party won the parliamentary seat after rumours that their candidates supporters had used the slogan "If you want a nigger for your neighbour, vote Labour". Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. Smethwick (pronounced 'Smethick' is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Sandwell, in the West Midlands of England. Birmingham ( ˈbɜːmɪŋəm Ber -ming-um Campaign The pre-election campaign was prolonged as Douglas-Home delayed calling a general election in order to try to give himself the maximum time to improve the The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the ^[23]

Death and afterwards

Assassination

Tensions increased between Malcolm and the Nation of Islam. It was alleged that orders were given by leaders of the Nation of Islam to "destroy" Malcolm; in The Autobiography of Malcolm X, he says that as early as 1963, a member of the Seventh Temple confessed to him having received orders from the Nation of Islam to kill him.

On March 20, 1964, Life published a photograph of Malcolm holding an M1 Carbine and pulling back the curtains to peer out of the window of his family's home. Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. The M1 Carbine (formally the United States Carbine Caliber.30 M1) is a lightweight semi-automatic Carbine that became a standard firearm in the The photo was taken in connection with Malcolm's declaration that he would defend himself from the daily death threats which he and his family were receiving. Undercover FBI informants warned officials that he had been marked for assassination.

In June 1964, the NOI sued to reclaim Malcolm's home in Queens, which they claimed belonged to the organization. The suit was successful, and Malcolm and his family were ordered to vacate the house. On February 14, 1965, the night before a scheduled hearing to postpone the eviction date, the house burned to the ground. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. Malcolm and his family survived, and no one was charged with any crime.

On February 21, 1965 in Manhattan's Audubon Ballroom, Malcolm had just begun delivering a speech when a disturbance broke out in the crowd of 400. Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. The Audubon Ballroom was a theatre and ballroom located in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Upper Manhattan, north of Harlem. A man yelled, "Get your hand outta my pocket! Don't be messin' with my pockets!" As Malcolm and his bodyguards moved to quiet the disturbance,^[24] a man rushed forward and shot Malcolm in the chest with a sawed-off shotgun. A sawed-off shotgun ( US) also known as a sawn-off shotgun ( UK, AU, NZ; also used in US) or a short-barreled shotgun Two other men charged the stage and fired handguns at Malcolm, who was shot 16 times. Angry onlookers in the crowd caught and beat the assassins as they attempted to flee the ballroom. Malcolm was pronounced dead on arrival at New York's Columbia Presbyterian Hospital. NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital is a prominent University hospital in New York City, composed of two medical centers Columbia University Medical Center

Two suspects were named by witnesses — Norman 3X Butler and Thomas 15X Johnson, both members of the Nation of Islam.

Three men were eventually charged in the case. Talmadge Hayer, also a Black Muslim, confessed to having fired shots into Malcolm's body, but he testified that Butler and Johnson were not present and were not involved in the shooting. All three were convicted.

Norman 3X Butler, now known as Muhammad Abdul Aziz, was paroled in 1985 and became the head of the Nation of Islam's Harlem Mosque in New York in 1998. He continues to maintain his innocence. ^[25] Thomas 15X Johnson, now known as Khalil Islam, was released from prison in 1987. He, too, says that he was not involved in the assassination. ^[26]

Funeral

Malcolm's body was made available for public viewing in Harlem's Unity Funeral Home from February 23 through February 26, 1965, and the number of mourners who filed past his body has been estimated between 14,000 and 30,000. Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin of Ptolemy 's Nabonassar Era 364 - Valentinian I is proclaimed Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. ^[27] Malcolm's funeral was held on February 27, 1965, at the Faith Temple Church of God in Christ, also in Harlem. Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. The Church was filled to capacity, with more than 1,700 people. Ossie Davis delivered a eulogy, describing Malcolm as "our shining black prince. Ossie Davis ( December 18 1917 – February 4 2005) was an American Film Actor, director, A eulogy is a speech or writing in Praise of a person or thing "

There are those who will consider it their duty, as friends of the Negro people, to tell us to revile him, to flee, even from the presence of his memory, to save ourselves by writing him out of the history of our turbulent times. Many will ask what Harlem finds to honor in this stormy, controversial and bold young captain — and we will smile. Many will say turn away — away from this man, for he is not a man but a demon, a monster, a subverter and an enemy of the black man — and we will smile. They will say that he is of hate — a fanatic, a racist — who can only bring evil to the cause for which you struggle! And we will answer and say to them: Did you ever talk to Brother Malcolm? Did you ever touch him, or have him smile at you? Did you ever really listen to him? Did he ever do a mean thing? Was he ever himself associated with violence or any public disturbance? For if you did you would know him. And if you knew him you would know why we must honor him. ^[28]

Malcolm X was buried at the Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York. Ferncliff Cemetery and Mausoleum is located on Secor Road in the hamlet of Hartsdale, town of Greenburgh, Westchester County, New York, about Hartsdale is a hamlet and a census-designated place (CDP located in the town of Greenburgh, Westchester County New York. At the gravesite after the ceremony, friends took the shovels away from the waiting gravediggers and buried Malcolm themselves. Later that month, actors Ruby Dee and Sidney Poitier became co-chairs of the New York affiliate of the Educational Fund for the Children of Malcolm X Shabazz. Ruby Dee (born October 27, 1924) is an American Actress, Poet, Playwright, Screenwriter, Journalist Sir Sidney Poitier, KBE (ˈpwɑːtie born February 20, 1927) is an Oscar - Golden Globe - BAFTA - and Grammy

Response to Malcolm's death

After Malcolm's death, Martin Luther King, Jr., sent a telegram to Betty Shabazz, expressing his sadness over "the shocking and tragic assassination of your husband. Martin Luther King Jr ( January 15, 1929 April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, Activist and prominent leader "

While we did not always see eye to eye on methods to solve the race problem, I always had a deep affection for Malcolm and felt that he had a great ability to put his finger on the existence and the root of the problem. He was an eloquent spokesman for his point of view and no one can honestly doubt that Malcolm had a great concern for the problems we face as a race. ^[29]

Elijah Muhammad reacted differently; as he told the annual Savior's Day convention on February 26, "Malcolm X got just what he preached. Elijah Muhammad (born Elijah Poole, October 7 1897 - February 25 1975) is notable for his leadership of the Black Muslims Savior's Day is a Holiday of the Nation of Islam (NOI and the Nation of Gods and Earths. Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin of Ptolemy 's Nabonassar Era 364 - Valentinian I is proclaimed "^[30]

The international press, particularly that of Africa, was sympathetic. The Daily Times of Nigeria wrote,

Like all mortals, Malcolm X was not without his faults . The Daily Times is a Nigerian Newspaper. It has its headquarters in Lagos, Lagos State. . . but that he was a dedicated and consistent disciple of the movement for the emancipation of his brethren no one can doubt. . . . Malcolm X has fought and died for what he believed to be right. He will have a place in the palace of martyrs. "^[31]

Kwangming, published in Beijing, bluntly stated that "Malcolm was murdered because he fought for freedom and equal rights. "^[32]

Allegations of conspiracy

Within days of Malcolm's assassination, questions were raised about who was responsible for his death. On February 23, James Farmer, the leader of the Congress of Racial Equality, announced at a news conference that local drug dealers, and not the Black Muslims, were to blame. Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable James Leonard Farmer Jr ( January 12, 1920 – July 9, 1999) was a Black civil rights activist who was one of the "big 4" leaders ^[33] Others blamed the police, the FBI, or the CIA, citing the lack of police protection and the ease with which the assassins had entered the Audubon Ballroom. ^[34]

In the 1970s, the public learned about COINTELPRO and other secret government programs to infiltrate and disrupt civil rights organizations during the 1950s and 1960s. COINTELPRO (an acronym for Co unter Intel ligence Pro gram was a series of covert and often illegal projects conducted by the United States Federal Bureau John Ali, national secretary of the Nation of Islam, has been identified as an FBI agent. ^[35] Malcolm had confided in a reporter that Ali had exacerbated tensions between him and Elijah Muhammad, and he considered Ali his "archenemy" within the Nation of Islam leadership. ^[35] On February 20, the night before the assassination, Ali met with Hayer, one of the men convicted of killing Malcolm. Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment ^[36]

Popular culture

The film Malcolm X was released in 1992, directed by Spike Lee and based on the autobiography. Malcolm X is a 1992 Biographical film directed by Spike Lee about the African-American activist and Black nationalist Shelton Jackson "Spike" Lee (born March 20 1957 is an Emmy Award -winning and Academy Award -nominated American Film director, It starred Denzel Washington as Malcolm, with Angela Bassett as Betty and Al Freeman, Jr. as Elijah Muhammad. Denzel Hayes Washington Jr (born December 28 1954) is an American Actor and director. Angela Evelyn Bassett (born August 16 1958 is an Emmy - and Academy Award -nominated and Golden Globe -winning African- American Actress Albert Cornelius "Al" Freeman Jr (born March 21, 1934, in San Antonio Texas) is an African-American Actor and director Both Roger Ebert and Martin Scorsese named the film as one of the 10 best of the decade. Roger Joseph Ebert (iːbɝt born June 18, 1942) is an American film critic and Screenwriter.

The 2001 film Ali also features Malcolm X, as played by Mario Van Peebles. Ali is a 2001 American Biographical film directed by Michael Mann. Mario Van Peebles (born January 15, 1957 in Mexico City Mexico) is a American director and Actor who has appeared

The band Rage Against The Machine talks about him in the song "Wake Up" when they say "You know they (the government) murdered X, And tried to blame it on Islam". Rage Against the Machine (sometimes shortened to RATM or Rage) is " Wake Up " is a song performed by the metal/Funk/Rap band Rage Against the Machine.

See also

• Civil rights movement in Omaha, Nebraska
• Timeline of racial tension in Omaha, Nebraska
• Malcolm X: Prince of Islam
• Malcolm X: Make It Plain
• Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention
• The Autobiography of Malcolm X

References

External links

• The Coalition on Political Assassinations, organizes conferences on Malcolm's assassination.
• The Official Web Site of Malcolm X
• The Smoking Gun: The Malcolm X Files, a collection of primary sources relating to the assassination.
• CBC Television Interview
• Full audio of Malcolm X speeches
• Text and Audio of Ballot or Bullet Speech from AmericanRhetoric. com
• Text of a letter written following his Hajj is given at Wikisource.
• Interview with UC Berkeley sociologist Herman Blake, 1963 (video)
• Minister Louis Farrakhan on the murder of Malcolm X, Malcolm X College, 1990 (video)
• Farrakhan Admission On Malcolm X
• Ancestry of Malcolm X
• Malcolm X (El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz) United States Postage Stamp
• Malcolm X Gravesite
• Malcolm X Reloaded: Who Really Assassinated Malcolm X
• Appearance Malcolm X on City Desk (Torrent download)
• Lessons from Malcolm X: Freedom By Any Means Necessary
• Transcript of interview with Dr. Kenneth Clark

Research sites

• Malcolm X : A Research Site Abdul Alkalimat, ed. Launched May 19, 1999. University of Toledo and Twenty-first Century Books. The University of Toledo is a public University situated in Toledo Ohio.
• malcolm-x.org. seeks to present Malcolm X within an Islamic context. Retrieved May 19, 2005.
• Malcolm X: Make It Plain. Documentary
• Malcolm X Reference Archive. Sound files of speeches The Ballot or the Bullet, Democrats are Dixiecrats, et al. Marxist Internet Archive. Retrieved May 19, 2005.
• Malcolm X Project. Project of the Center for Contemporary Black History at Columbia University. Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. Retrieved May 19, 2005.
• Malcolm X's FBI file
• Malcolm X - An Islamic Perspective
• Malcolm X : A Profile by Det Danske Koranselskab

Articles and reports

• Frazier, Martin. Harlem celebrates Malcolm X birthday. People's Weekly World. The People's Weekly World (PWW is the newspaper associated with the Communist Party USA. May 26, 2005.
• Democracy Now!. Democracy Now! is a syndicated program of news analysis and opinion aired by more than 700 Radio and Television, satellite Malcolm X: Make it Plain transcript. Excerpts of the documentary, "Malcolm X: Make it Plain". Segment available via streaming Real Audio, 128k streaming Real Video, or via MP3 download from Archive.org. 37:23 minutes. Hosted by Amy Goodman. Broadcast May 19, 2005.
• Mills, David, Portion of 1990 article for The Washington Post — Interview of Betty Shabazz
• Mills, David, Portion of 1990 article for The Washington Post — Interview of A. David Mills is an American Author, Journalist, and Screenwriter and producer of Television programs He was an executive The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Dr Betty Shabazz (born Betty Jean Saunders) ( May 28, 1936 &ndash June 23 1997) also known as Betty X, was the wife David Mills is an American Author, Journalist, and Screenwriter and producer of Television programs He was an executive The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Peter Bailey
• Mills, David, Portion of 1990 article for The Washington Post — Interview of A. David Mills is an American Author, Journalist, and Screenwriter and producer of Television programs He was an executive The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Peter Bailey
• Waldron, Clarence. Minister Louis Farrakhan Sets The Record Straight About His Relationship With Malcolm X. Jet Magazine. Interview, June 5, 2000. Retrieved May 19, 2005.
• M, Yahyá. The name Shabazz: Where did it come from?. Revised from 'Islamic Studies vol. 32 no. 1, Spring 1993. p. 73-76. Retrieved May 19, 2005.
• Garnes, Lamar J. , "I'm a Hustler" (or Used to Be): Creating Alternative Black Masculinities in Post-Civil Rights Era African American Hustler Narratives. English, Department of 2005-11-14. (thesis)

Further reading

By Malcolm X

Articles

Books

Persondata
NAME	Malcolm X
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Little, Malcolm; El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz
SHORT DESCRIPTION	Nation of Islam leader
DATE OF BIRTH	May 19, 1925
PLACE OF BIRTH	North Omaha, Nebraska, United States
DATE OF DEATH	February 21, 1965
PLACE OF DEATH	New York City, New York, United States

Hajji (الحجّي al-ḥağğī Hadžija Pilgrim) or El-Hajj, is an honorific title given to a Muslim person who has successfully completed Malik (ملك) as an Arabic word meaning " king " It has been adopted in various other mainly Asian languages for their ruling princes and to Shabazz was a name taken by El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz (aka Malcolm X) and the surname borne by his wife Betty Shabazz and his children Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. North Omaha is a community area in Omaha, Nebraska, USA. It is bordered by Cuming and Dodge Streets on the south Interstate 680 The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. The City of New York New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

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