The Right Honourable  Malcolm Fraser  AC CH PC
22nd Prime Minister of Australia Elections: 1975, 1977, 1980, 1983
In office 11 November 1975 – 11 March 1983
Deputy	Doug Anthony
Preceded by	Gough Whitlam
Succeeded by	Bob Hawke
Constituency	Wannon (Victoria)
Born	21 May 1930 (1930-05-21) (age 78) Melbourne, Victoria
Political party	Liberal Party of Australia
Spouse	Tamara "Tamie" Fraser

John Malcolm Fraser AC, CH, PC (born 21 May 1930), is an Australian politician who was the 22nd Prime Minister of Australia. The Right Honourable (abbreviated as The Rt Hon) is an Honorific prefix that is traditionally applied to certain Order of Australia is an order of chivalry established by Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia on 14 February 1975 "for the purpose of according recognition The Order of the Companions of Honour is a British and Commonwealth Order. Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council is a body of advisors to the British Sovereign. The Prime Minister of Australia is the Head of government of the Commonwealth of Australia, holding office on commission from the Governor-General. Federal elections were held in Australia on 13 December 1975 All 127 seats in the House of Representatives, and all 64 seats in the Senate were up for Background and Issues The election is remembered for the "fistful of dollars" advertisements run by the government offering tax cuts to voters Issues The mood in the electorate was moving against the Fraser Government by 1980 Background The coalition government led by Malcolm Fraser had to contend with a parlous economic situation with high inflation and high unemployment Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) John Douglas Anthony, AC, CH (born 31 December 1929 was an Australian politician Edward Gough Whitlam, AC, QC (born 11 July 1916 known as Gough Whitlam (ˈɡɒf goff is an Australian former politician and 21st Robert James Lee (Bob Hawke, AC (born 9 December 1929 was the 23rd Prime Minister of Australia and longest serving Australian Labor Party Prime Minister The Division of Wannon is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Melbourne ( is the second most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 3 The Liberal Party of Australia is an Australian political party. Order of Australia is an order of chivalry established by Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia on 14 February 1975 "for the purpose of according recognition The Order of the Companions of Honour is a British and Commonwealth Order. Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council is a body of advisors to the British Sovereign. Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The Prime Minister of Australia is the Head of government of the Commonwealth of Australia, holding office on commission from the Governor-General. He came to power in the 1975 election following the dismissal of the Whitlam Labor government, in which he played a key role and, like its immediate predecessor, the term of the Fraser Coalition government was one of the most controversial periods in Australian political history. Federal elections were held in Australia on 13 December 1975 All 127 seats in the House of Representatives, and all 64 seats in the Senate were up for Edward Gough Whitlam, AC, QC (born 11 July 1916 known as Gough Whitlam (ˈɡɒf goff is an Australian former politician and 21st After three election victories, he was defeated by Bob Hawke in 1983, and ended his career alienated from his own party. Robert James Lee (Bob Hawke, AC (born 9 December 1929 was the 23rd Prime Minister of Australia and longest serving Australian Labor Party Prime Minister

Contents 1 Early life 2 Rise to Leadership 3 Role in "the dismissal" 4 Prime Minister 5 Decline and fall 6 Retirement 6.1 Memphis trousers affair 6.2 Estrangement from the Liberal Party 7 The Malcolm Fraser Collection at the University of Melbourne 8 Honours 9 References 10 See also 11 Further reading 12 External links

Early life

Born in Toorak, he had a Jewish maternal grandfather, of whose ethnicity Fraser claims never to have been mindful. Toorak is a Suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is in the Local Government Area of the City of Stonnington PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ ^[1] The Frasers have had a long history in politics. His grandfather, Simon Fraser, had served in the Victorian parliament and later in the Australian Senate. Sir Simon Fraser ( 21 August 1832 - 30 July 1919) Australian politician was a member of the Australian Senate and the The Senate is the upper of the two houses of the Parliament of Australia. The Fraser family lived at Balpool-Nyang near Wakool until 1943 when Neville Fraser, Malcolm Fraser's father, sold the property and bought Nareen in western Victoria. Malcolm Fraser retained a strong attachment to Balpool-Nyang, later writing: "Droughts made us sell out but forever will the memory of Nyang be strong within me. Nareen will never quite take its place".

Fraser was educated at Glamorgan (now part of Geelong Grammar School), Melbourne Grammar School, and completed a degree in politics and economics at the University of Oxford in 1952. Geelong Church of England Grammar School is a independent, Anglican, Co-educational, boarding and Day school. Melbourne Grammar School is an independent, Anglican, day and Boarding school predominantly for boys located in South Yarra The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the

Fraser contested the seat of Wannon, in Victoria's Western District, in 1954 for the Liberal Party, losing by 17 votes. The Division of Wannon is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. The Western District is a region of Australia located in the south-west corner of the state of Victoria (Australia, extending to History In 1949 Sir Robert Menzies founded the Liberal Party of Australia (descended from the United Australia Party) and was led by Menzies for 16 years through The Liberal Party of Australia is an Australian political party. The following year, however, he won the seat with a majority of more than five thousand, becoming the youngest member of the House of Representatives, and continued to represent Wannon until his retirement. History In 1949 Sir Robert Menzies founded the Liberal Party of Australia (descended from the United Australia Party) and was led by Menzies for 16 years through The House of Representatives is one of the two houses (chambers of the Parliament of Australia; it is the Lower house, the Upper house being the Senate In 1956 he married Tamara "Tamie" Beggs (born 28 February 1936), a grazier's daughter. Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The couple have four children. Tamie Fraser professed to have no interest in politics.

Rise to Leadership

Fraser developed an early reputation as a right-winger, and he had a long wait for ministerial preferment. He was finally appointed Minister for the Army by Harold Holt in 1966, in which he presided over the controversial Vietnam war conscription. The current Minister for Defence of Australia is Joel Fitzgibbon. Harold Edward Holt, CH (5 August 1908 17 December 1967 was an Australian politician who became the 17th Prime Minister of Australia in 1966 Conscription in Australia, or mandatory Military service also known as National Service, has a controversial history dating back to the first years of nationhood Under John Gorton he became Minister for Education and Science, and in 1968 he was made Minister for Defence: a challenging post at the height of Australia's involvement in the Vietnam War and the protests against it. Sir John Grey Gorton, GCMG, AC, CH (9 September 191119 May 2002 Australian politician was the 19th Prime Minister of Australia. The Australian Minister for Education has responsibilities which include the following areas Education policy and programs including schools vocational higher education The current Minister for Defence of Australia is Joel Fitzgibbon. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia

In March 1971 Fraser resigned abruptly in protest at what he said was Gorton's interference in his ministerial responsibilities. This led to the downfall of Gorton and his replacement by William McMahon. Sir William "Billy" McMahon, GCMG, CH (23 February 1908 31 March 1988 was an Australian Liberal politician and the 20th Prime Minister of Under McMahon, Fraser once again became Minister for Education and Science. When the Liberals were defeated at the 1972 election by the Labor Party under Gough Whitlam, he became a member of the opposition front bench under Billy Snedden's leadership. Issues The 1972 Election was largely focused on domestic policy issues and the role of the federal government in resolving these issues Edward Gough Whitlam, AC, QC (born 11 July 1916 known as Gough Whitlam (ˈɡɒf goff is an Australian former politician and 21st Sir Billy Mackie Snedden KCMG QC (31 December 1926 27 June 1987 was an Australian politician representing the Liberal Party.

Role in "the dismissal"

Fraser responded to Snedden's defeat at the 1974 election by successfully challenging for the opposition leadership. Edward Gough Whitlam, AC, QC (born 11 July 1916 known as Gough Whitlam (ˈɡɒf goff is an Australian former politician and 21st Federal elections were held in Australia on 18 May 1974. All 127 seats in the House of Representatives, and all 60 seats in the Senate In 1975, in the context of a series of ministerial scandals that were rocking the Whitlam government, Fraser opted to use the Coalition opposition Senate numbers to delay the government's budget bills with the objective of achieving an early election (see Australian constitutional crisis of 1975). After several months of deadlock, during which the government secretly explored methods of obtaining supply funding outside the Parliament^[2] Governor-General Sir John Kerr intervened and revoked Whitlam’s commission on 11 November 1975. John Kerr may refer to one of the following Government and politics John Kerr (Governor-General (1914&ndash1991 Australian Governor-General Fraser was immediately sworn in as caretaker prime minister under a strict stipulation to give the Governor-General immediate advice to issue writs for an election of both Houses. In Politics, a caretaker government rules temporarily A caretaker government is often set up following a War until stable Democratic rule can be restored

Malcolm Fraser's role in "the dismissal" remains one of the most passionately-debated subjects in Australian political history.

Prime Minister

The Liberal-Country Party coalition won a landslide victory with the support of media, notably the Murdoch press, which had previously supported the ALP. is gay Bold text' Keith Rupert Murdoch', AC, KCSG (born Melbourne, March 11 1931 usually known as Rupert Murdoch, is an Australian-American The Coalition won a second term nearly as easily in 1977. The Liberal Party won a majority in their own right in both elections; there being no need to have a formal coalition with the Country Party, there was considerable speculation that the Liberals would govern alone, however the coalition was retained.

Fraser quickly dismantled some of the programs of the Labor government, such as the Ministry for the Media, and he made major changes to the universal health insurance system Medibank. Medibank was the name given to Australia 's system of universal health insurance when it was first created by Gough Whitlam 's Australian Labor Party government He initially maintained Whitlam's real level of tax and spending, but real per-person tax and spending soon began to increase. He did manage to rein-in inflation which had soared under Whitlam. In economics inflation or price inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services over a period of time

Although his so-called "Razor Gang"^[3] implemented stringent budget cuts across many areas of the Commonwealth Public Sector, including the ABC, the Fraser government did not carry out the radically conservative program that his political enemies had predicted, and that some of his followers wanted. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation, commonly abbreviated to the 'ABC' is Australia's national public broadcaster. He in fact proved surprisingly moderate in office, to the frustration of his Treasurer, John Howard and other pro-Thatcherite ministers, who were strong adherents of monetarism. See also Howard Government John Winston Howard AC (born 26 July 1939 was the 25th Prime Minister of Australia from 11 March Thatcherism is the system of political thought attributed to the governments of Margaret Thatcher, British Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990 Monetarism is a school of economic thought concerning the determination of national income and monetary Economics. Fraser's economic record was marred by rising unemployment, which reached record levels under his administration, caused in part by the ongoing effects of the global oil crisis that had begun in 1973. Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work.

Fraser was active in foreign policy. He supported the Commonwealth in campaigning to abolish apartheid in South Africa, and refused permission for the aircraft carrying the Springbok rugby team to refuel on Australian territory en route to their controversial 1981 tour of New Zealand. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa The South Africa national Rugby union team (commonly referred to as the Springboks in English Springbokke in Afrikaans and Amabokoboko ^[4] Earlier, the South African Ski Boat Angling Team was allowed to pass through Australia on the way to New Zealand in 1977, and the transit records were suppressed by Cabinet order. ^[5]

Fraser opposed white minority rule in Rhodesia. Rhodesia was the name adopted when the formerly British colony of Southern Rhodesia declared itself independent ( Unilateral Declaration of Independence During the 1979 Commonwealth Conference, Fraser, together with his Nigerian counterpart, convinced newly-elected British PM Margaret Thatcher to withhold recognition of the internal settlement Zimbabwe Rhodesia government (Thatcher had earlier promised to recognise it). Margaret Hilda Thatcher Baroness Thatcher LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925 Zimbabwe Rhodesia (zɪmˈbɑːbweɪ rəʊˈdiːʒə officially the Republic of Zimbabwe Rhodesia, was an unrecognized state that existed from June 1, Subsequently, the Lancaster House talks were held and Robert Mugabe was elected leader of an independent Zimbabwe in 1980. The Lancaster House Agreement ended biracial rule in Zimbabwe Rhodesia following negotiations between representatives of the Patriotic Front (PF consisting of ZAPU See also Great Zimbabwe National Monument. For information about the March and June 2008 presidential elections see Zimbabwean presidential election Under his government, Australia also recognised Indonesia's annexation of East Timor, although many East Timorese refugees were granted asylum in Australia. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste (officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste) is a country in Southeast Asia.

Fraser was a strong supporter of the United States and supported the boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The 1980 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad, were an International Multi-sport event held in Moscow in the Soviet Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of But, although he persuaded some sporting bodies not to compete, Fraser did not try to the prevent the Australian Olympic Committee sending a team to the Moscow games. The Australian Olympic Committee (AOC is the National Olympic Committee in Australia for the Olympic Games movement

In immigration policy Fraser also surprised his critics. According to 1977 cabinet documents, the Fraser government adopted a formal policy for "a humanitarian commitment to admit refugees for resettlement". ^[6] Fraser expanded immigration from Asian countries and allowed more refugees to enter Australia. He supported multiculturalism and established a government-funded multilingual radio and television network, the Special Broadcasting Service (SBS), a Whitlam initiative. The term multiculturalism generally refers to a state of racial, cultural and ethnic diversity within the Demographics of a specified The Special Broadcasting Service (SBS is one of two government-funded Australian Public broadcasting radio and television networks, the other being the

Despite his support for SBS, the Fraser government imposed stringent budget cuts on the national broadcaster, the ABC, which came under repeated attack from the Coalition for its supposed left-wing bias and for allegedly "unfair" or critical coverage on TV programs including This Day Tonight and Four Corners, and on the ABC's new youth-oriented radio station Double Jay (2JJ). The Australian Broadcasting Corporation, commonly abbreviated to the 'ABC' is Australia's national public broadcaster. This Day Tonight (commonly abbreviated as " TDT " was an Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC current affairs program of the late The Four Corners is a region of the United States consisting of southwest Colorado, northwest New Mexico, northeast Arizona and southeast Triple J is a nationally-networked government-funded Australian radio station (a division of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation) mainly aimed One of the results of the cuts was the plan to establish a national youth radio network—in which Double Jay was the first station—was delayed for many years, and did not come to fruition until the 1990s.

Fraser also legislated to give Indigenous Australians control of their traditional lands in the Northern Territory, but would not impose land rights laws on the conservative governments in the states. Indigenous Australians are descendants of the first known human inhabitants of the Australian continent and its nearby islands. The Northern Territory is a federal territory of Australia, occupying much of the center of the mainland continent as well as the central northern regions

Decline and fall

At the 1980 election, Fraser saw his majority sharply reduced and his coalition lost control of the Senate. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Issues The mood in the electorate was moving against the Fraser Government by 1980 Fraser was convinced, however, that he had the measure of the Labor leader, Bill Hayden. William George Hayden, AC (born 23 January 1933 was the 21st Governor-General of Australia. But in 1982 the economy experienced a sharp recession; and also a protracted scandal over tax-avoidance schemes run by prominent Liberals plagued the government. A popular minister, Andrew Peacock, resigned from Cabinet and challenged Fraser's leadership. Andrew Sharp Peacock AC (born 13 February 1939 is a former Australian Liberal politician Although Fraser won, these events left him politically weakened.

By the end of 1982 it was obvious that the popular former trade union leader Bob Hawke was going to replace Hayden as Labor leader. Robert James Lee (Bob Hawke, AC (born 9 December 1929 was the 23rd Prime Minister of Australia and longest serving Australian Labor Party Prime Minister Fraser wanted to call a snap election to defeat Hayden before Hawke could replace him, but he was prevented by the tax-evasion scandal and by an attack of ill-health. When Fraser acted, he had left his run too late. On the day Fraser called the election for 5 March, Hawke replaced Hayden as leader of the ALP and Leader of the Opposition. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a This is a List of Australian Leaders of the Opposition, who in Australian Federal Politics is a Member of Parliament in the Fraser was heavily defeated by Hawke in the 1983 election. Background The coalition government led by Malcolm Fraser had to contend with a parlous economic situation with high inflation and high unemployment He was the only Prime Minister whose term was marked by double dissolutions at both the beginning and the end. This article deals with elections to the Australian Parliament.

Fraser immediately resigned from Parliament. Over the 13 years that the Liberals then spent in opposition until 1996, they tended to blame the "wasted opportunities" of the Fraser years for their problems, and Fraser grew resentful of this and distanced himself from his old party. The Hawke Government supported his unsuccessful bid to become Secretary-General of the Commonwealth of Nations.

Retirement

In retirement Fraser served as Chairman of the United Nations Panel of Eminent Persons on the Role of Transnational Corporations in South Africa 1985, as Co-Chairman of the Commonwealth Group of Eminent Persons on South Africa in 1985-86, and as Chairman of the UN Secretary-General's Expert Group on African Commodity Issues in 1989-90. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Fraser became president of the foreign aid group Care International in 1991, and worked with a number of other charitable organisations. In 2006, he was appointed Professorial Fellow at the Asia Pacific Centre for Military Law, and in October 2007 he presented his inaugural professorial lecture, Finding Security in Terrorism’s Shadow: The importance of the rule of law. ^[7]

Memphis trousers affair

On 14 October 1986, Fraser, then the Chairman of the Commonwealth Eminent Persons Group, was found in the foyer of the Admiral Benbow Inn, a seedy Memphis hotel wearing nothing but a towel and confused as to where his trousers were. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Memphis is a City in the southwest corner of Tennessee, and the County seat of Shelby County. The hotel was an establishment popular with prostitutes and drug dealers. Though it was rumoured at the time that the former Prime Minister had been with a prostitute, his wife believes it more likely that he was the victim of a practical joke by his fellow delegates. Fraser himself refuses to comment on the matter. ^[8]

The mysterious loss of his trousers resulted in national amusement, the incident passed into Australian folklore, and is still exploited for humorous effect. Roy & HG are a noted Australian comedy duo with Greig Pickhaver taking the role of HG Nelson and John Doyle as "Rampaging" Roy

Estrangement from the Liberal Party

After 1996, Fraser was critical of the Howard Liberal government over foreign policy issues (particularly support for the foreign policy of the Bush administration, which Fraser saw as damaging Australian relationships in Asia). Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. He opposed Howard's policy on asylum-seekers, campaigned in support of an Australian Republic and attacked the political integrity of Australian politics alongside former Labor Prime Minister Gough Whitlam, finding much common ground with his predecessor. According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race Republicanism in Australia is a movement to change Australia 's status as a Constitutional monarchy to a Republican form of government The Prime Minister of Australia is the Head of government of the Commonwealth of Australia, holding office on commission from the Governor-General. Edward Gough Whitlam, AC, QC (born 11 July 1916 known as Gough Whitlam (ˈɡɒf goff is an Australian former politician and 21st ^[9][10]

The 2001 election completed Fraser's estrangement from the Liberal Party. Federal elections were held in Australia on 10 November, 2001. Many Liberals became unrestrained in their attacks on the Fraser years as "a decade of lost opportunity," on deregulation of the Australian economy and other issues. This was highlighted when in early 2004 a Young Liberal convention in Hobart called for Fraser's life-membership of the Liberal Party to be ended. The Young Liberal Movement, or the Young Liberals, is the youth-division of the Liberal Party of Australia, and membership is open to those between 16 and 30 As Fraser passed 70 he had lost none of his combativeness and generally gave as good as he got in these exchanges.

In 2006, Fraser launched a "scathing attack" on the current Howard Liberal government, attacking their policies on areas such as refugees, terrorism and civil liberties, and that "if Australia continues to follow United States policies it runs the risk of being embroiled in the conflict in Iraq for decades and a fear of Islam in the Australian community will take years to eradicate". Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. See also Howard Government John Winston Howard AC (born 26 July 1939 was the 25th Prime Minister of Australia from 11 March The Liberal Party of Australia is an Australian political party. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Mr Fraser also said the way the Government handled the David Hicks, Cornelia Rau and Vivian Alvarez Solon cases, was questionable. David Matthew Hicks (born 7 August 1975 is an Australian who undertook combat training in Al Qaeda -linked camps and served with the ruling Taliban Cornelia Rau is a German citizen and Australian Permanent resident who was unlawfully detained for a period of ten months in 2004 and 2005 as part of the Vivian Alvarez Solon is an Australian who was unlawfully removed to the Philippines by the Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs ^[11] On 20 July 2007, Fraser sent an open letter to the 187787 members of Australian independent community advocacy organisation GetUp! encouraging members to support GetUp's campaign for a change in policy on Iraq including a clearly defined exit strategy. Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. GetUp! is an Australian political organisation that aims to hold politicians accountable on important issues ^[12] Mr Fraser stated: "One of the things we should say to the Americans, quite simply, is that if the United States is not prepared to involve itself in high level diplomacy concerning Iraq and other Middle East questions, our forces will be withdrawn before Christmas. "

In December 2007 after defeat of the Howard government at the 2007 federal election, Mr Fraser claims Mr Howard approached him in a corridor following a cabinet meeting in May 1977 regarding Vietnamese refugees, and said: "We don't want too many of these people. Federal elections for the Parliament of Australia were held on Saturday 24 November 2007 after a 6-week campaign in which 13 The Vietnamese people (người Việt or vi ''người Kinh'' are an Ethnic group originating from what is now northern Vietnam and southern China. According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race We're doing this just for show, aren't we?" The claims were made by Mr Fraser in an interview to mark the release of the 1977 cabinet papers. Although Mr Howard, through a spokesman, says he did not recall any conversation with Mr Fraser on the issue, he at the same time denied making the comment. ^[13]

In January 2008, Liberal MP Sophie Mirabella launched an attack on Fraser, after a speech he gave at Melbourne University on "the Bush Administration (reversing) 60 years of progress in establishing a law-based international system", claiming errors and "either intellectual sloppiness or deliberate dishonesty", and that he tacitly supports Islamic fundamentalism, should have no influence on foreign policy, and that his stance on the war on terror has left him open to caricature as a "frothing-at-the-mouth leftie". Sophie Mirabella (née Panopoulos) (born 27 October 1968) is an Australian federal politician The War on Terrorism (also known as the War on Terror) is the common term for the military political and legal, and ideological conflict and specifically for U ^[14]

The Malcolm Fraser Collection at the University of Melbourne

In 2004, Malcolm Fraser designated the University of Melbourne in Australia the official custodian of his personal papers and library to create the Malcolm Fraser Collection at the University of Melbourne. ^[15]

Honours

Fraser was made a Privy Councillor in 1976, a Companion of Honour in 1977 and a Companion of the Order of Australia in 1988. Peter Nicholson (born 1946 is an Australian political cartoonist caricaturist and sculptor whose work has been published in The Age, The Australian The Prime Minister's Avenue is a collection of busts of the Prime Ministers of Australia, located at the Ballarat Botanical Gardens in Ballarat Victoria The Ballarat Botanical Gardens Reserve, located on the western shore of picturesque Lake Wendouree, in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia, covers Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council is a body of advisors to the British Sovereign. The Order of the Companions of Honour is a British and Commonwealth Order. Order of Australia is an order of chivalry established by Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia on 14 February 1975 "for the purpose of according recognition In 2000 he was awarded the Human Rights Medal. The Human Rights Medal is awarded by the Australian Human Rights Commission each year He received the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun from the Emperor of Japan in 2006. The Order of the Rising Sun (旭日章 Kyokujitsu shō ? The of Japan is the country's Monarch. He is the head of the Japanese Imperial Family. ^[16]

He has been awarded honorary doctorates from Deakin University, Murdoch University and the University of South Carolina, and is a Professorial Fellow at the Asia Pacific Centre for Military Law at the University of Melbourne. Deakin University is an Australian public University with around 33600 Higher education students studying as of 2007 Murdoch University is a public University based in Perth, Australia. This article is about the University of South Carolina in Columbia The University of Melbourne is a Public university located in Melbourne, Victoria.

References

See also

• First Fraser Ministry
• Second Fraser Ministry
• Third Fraser Ministry
• Fourth Fraser Ministry

Further reading

• Ayres, Phillip, Malcolm Fraser, a Biography, Heinemann, Melbourne, 1987. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila The First Fraser Ministry was the fifty-first Australian Commonwealth ministry, and held office from 11 November 1975 to 22 December 1975 The Second Fraser Ministry was the fifty-second Australian Commonwealth ministry, and ran from 22 December 1975 to 20 December 1977 The Third Fraser Ministry was the fifty-third Australian Commonwealth ministry, and ran from 20 December 1977 to 3 November 1980. The Fourth Fraser Ministry was the fifty-fourth Australian Commonwealth ministry, and ran from 3 November 1980 to 11 March 1983.

• Kelly, Paul, "Malcolm Fraser", in Michelle Grattan (ed. ), Australian Prime Ministers, New Holland, Sydney, 2000.

External links

• Malcolm Fraser – Australia's Prime Ministers / National Archives of Australia
• Australian Biography – Malcolm Fraser An extensive 1994 interview with Fraser
• Fraser demands global ban on execution
• The Malcolm Fraser Collection at the University of Melbourne
• Malcolm Fraser at the National Film and Sound Archive
• Video of Malcolm Fraser and Gough Whitlam in their pro-republic commercial
• How to revive a party that seems to be stuck in opposition: Malcolm Fraser – The Age 11/02/2008
• Balanced policy the only way to peace: Malcolm Fraser – The Age 10/05/2008

Political offices
Preceded by Jim Forbes	Minister for the Army 1966 – 1968	Succeeded by Phillip Lynch
Preceded by John Gorton	Minister for Education and Science 1968 – 1969	Succeeded by Nigel Bowen
Preceded by Allen Fairhall	Minister for Defence 1969 – 1971	Succeeded by John Gorton
Preceded by David Fairbairn	Minister for Education and Science 1972	Succeeded by Kim Beazley (Education) Bill Morrison (Science)
Preceded by Gough Whitlam	Prime Minister 1975 – 1983	Succeeded by Bob Hawke
Parliament of Australia
Preceded by Donald McLeod	Member for Wannon 1955 – 1983	Succeeded by David Hawker
Party political offices
Preceded by Billy Snedden	Leader of the Liberal Party 1975 – 1983	Succeeded by Andrew Peacock

Persondata
NAME	Fraser, Malcolm
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION	Australian politician and Prime Minister
DATE OF BIRTH	21 May 1930
PLACE OF BIRTH	Melbourne, Victoria
DATE OF DEATH
PLACE OF DEATH	Living

Alexander James "Jim" Forbes (born 16 December 1923) is a former Australian poilitician The current Minister for Defence of Australia is Joel Fitzgibbon. Sir Phillip Reginald Lynch KCMG ( 27 July, 1933 - June 19, 1984) was an Australian Liberal politician Sir John Grey Gorton, GCMG, AC, CH (9 September 191119 May 2002 Australian politician was the 19th Prime Minister of Australia. The Australian Minister for Education has responsibilities which include the following areas Education policy and programs including schools vocational higher education The current Minister for Innovation Industry Science and Research is Kim Carr, appointed on 3 December 2007. Sir Nigel Hubert Bowen AC KBE ( 26 May 1911 – 27 September 1994) was an Australian politician Sir Allen Fairhall KBE (24 November 1909 – 3 November 2006 was an Australian politician and Member of the Parliament of Australia for the Division The current Minister for Defence of Australia is Joel Fitzgibbon. Sir John Grey Gorton, GCMG, AC, CH (9 September 191119 May 2002 Australian politician was the 19th Prime Minister of Australia. Sir David Eric Fairbairn KBE DFC ( 3 March 1917 – 1 June 1994) was an Australian politician and cabinet minister The Australian Minister for Education has responsibilities which include the following areas Education policy and programs including schools vocational higher education The current Minister for Innovation Industry Science and Research is Kim Carr, appointed on 3 December 2007. Kim Edward Beazley, AO ( 30 September 1917 – 12 October 2007) known as simply Kim Beazley during his career Australian William Lawrence "Bill" Morrison (born 3 November 1928) Australian former politician was a member of the Australian House of Representatives Edward Gough Whitlam, AC, QC (born 11 July 1916 known as Gough Whitlam (ˈɡɒf goff is an Australian former politician and 21st The Prime Minister of Australia is the Head of government of the Commonwealth of Australia, holding office on commission from the Governor-General. Robert James Lee (Bob Hawke, AC (born 9 December 1929 was the 23rd Prime Minister of Australia and longest serving Australian Labor Party Prime Minister The Parliament of Australia or Commonwealth Parliament is the legislative branch of government of Australia. The Division of Wannon is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. (The Hon David Peter Maxwell Hawker (born 1 May 1949) Australian politician has been a Liberal member of Sir Billy Mackie Snedden KCMG QC (31 December 1926 27 June 1987 was an Australian politician representing the Liberal Party. The Liberal Party of Australia is an Australian political party. Andrew Sharp Peacock AC (born 13 February 1939 is a former Australian Liberal politician For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The Prime Minister of Australia is the Head of government of the Commonwealth of Australia, holding office on commission from the Governor-General. Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Melbourne ( is the second most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 3

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