| Malaysia | ||||||
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| Motto: "Bersekutu Bertambah Mutu" "Unity Is Strength"1 |
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| Anthem: Negaraku "My Country"1 |
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| Capital (and largest city) |
Kuala Lumpur |
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| Official languages | Malay2 | |||||
| Demonym | Malaysian | |||||
| Government | Federal constitutional monarchy and Parliamentary democracy | |||||
| - | Yang di-Pertuan Agong | Mizan Zainal Abidin | ||||
| - | Prime Minister | Abdullah Ahmad Badawi | ||||
| Independence | ||||||
| - | from the United Kingdom (Malaya only) | 31 August 1957 |
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| - | Federation (with Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore4) | 16 September 1963 |
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| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 329,847 km² (67th) 127,355 sq mi |
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| - | Water (%) | 0. The flag of Malaysia, also known as the Jalur Gemilang ("Stripes of Glory" comprises a field of 14 alternating red and white stripes along The National Emblem of Malaysia ( Jata Negara in Malay) or the Coat of Arms of Malaysia, comprises five major elements A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's "Negaraku" ( English: My Country is the National anthem of Malaysia. Ethnicity Malays See also Malays (ethnic group Malays are an ethnic group of Austronesian peoples predominantly inhabiting the Malay Peninsula Kuala Lumpur (ˈkwɑːləlʊmˈpʊər Malay /kwɑlɑlʊmpʊ/ and locally /kwɑləlʊmpɔ/ or even /kɔlɔmpɔ/ or often abbreviated as K An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory The Malay language ( ISO 639-1 code MS is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people and people of other ethnic groups who reside in the A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a People or the inhabitants of a place For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in American English) is a System of government in which The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is the highest ranking office created by the constitution of the federation of Malaysia The Prime Minister of Malaysia (in Malay Perdana Menteri) is the indirectly elected Head of government of Malaysia. Dato' Seri Abdullah Hj Ahmad Badawi (born 26 November 1939 is a Malaysian politician who has served as Prime Minister since 2003 Independence is the Self-government of a Nation, Country, or State by its residents and population or some portion thereof generally exercising The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Federation of Malaya (Persekutuan Tanah Melayu was a federation of 11 states formed on January 31 1948 from the nine Malay states and the British Events 1056 - Byzantine Empress Theodora becomes ill dying suddenly a few days later without children to succeed the Throne Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) Sabah is a Malaysian state located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo. Sarawak is one of two Malaysian states on the Island of Borneo. Singapore Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. To help compare different Orders of magnitude and geographical regions we list here areas between 100 km² and 1000 km² This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by total area. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. In Mathematics, a percentage is a way of expressing a number as a Fraction of 100 ( per cent meaning "per hundred" 3 | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | Feb 2008 estimate | 27,496,000 (43rd) | ||||
| - | 2000 census | 24,821,286 | ||||
| - | Density | 83/km² (110th) 216/sq mi |
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| GDP (PPP) | 2007 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $357. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology List of countries by population in 2005|List of countries by population in 1907This is a list of countries ordered according to Population. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume List of countries and dependencies by Population density in inhabitants/km² The purchasing power parity ( PPP) theory uses the long-term equilibrium Exchange rate of two currencies to equalize their Purchasing power. 9 billion (29th) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $14,400 (57th) | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2007 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $165 billion (41st) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $6,648 (63rd) | ||||
| Gini (2002) | 46. There are three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head with Per meaning 'through' or 'by' This article includes three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP at Purchasing power parity (PPP Per capita PLEASE NO RANDOM FIGURES THERE ARE NO FIGURES BASED ON NATIONAL STATISTICS IN THIS ARTICLE Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head with Per meaning 'through' or 'by' This article includes three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product Per capita at Nominal values, the The Gini coefficient is a measure of statistical dispersion most prominently used as a measure of inequality of income distribution or inequality of wealth 1 | |||||
| HDI (2007) | ▲ 0. The Human Development Index ( HDI) is an index combining normalized measures of Life expectancy, Literacy, Educational attainment, and GDP 811 (high) (63rd) | |||||
| Currency | Ringgit (RM) (MYR) |
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| Time zone | MST (UTC+8) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | not observed (UTC+8) | ||||
| Internet TLD | .my | |||||
| Calling code | +60 | |||||
| 1 | Malaysian Flag and Crest from www. This is a list of countries by Human Development Index as included in the United Nations Development Program 's Human Development Report 2007 A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is The ringgit (formerly and now unofficially known as the Malaysian dollar) is the Currency of Malaysia. ISO 4217 is the International standard describing three-letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established Malaysian Standard Time (MST Malay: Waktu Piawai Malaysia is a Standard time used in Malaysia. Daylight saving time ( DST A country This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E gov. my. | |||||
| 2 | The current terminology as per government policy is Bahasa Malaysia (literally Malaysian language) ref but legislation continues to refer to the official language as Bahasa Melayu (literally Malay language). | |||||
| 3 | Putrajaya is the primary seat of government. Putrajaya, a Planned city located just south of Kuala Lumpur, is the new federal administrative centre of Malaysia. | |||||
| 4 | Singapore became an independent country on 9 August 1965. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. | |||||
Malaysia (pronounced /məˈleɪʒə/ or /məˈleɪziə/) is a country that consists of thirteen states and three federal territories in Southeast Asia with a total landmass of 329,847 square kilometres (127,355 sq mi). Malaysia is a Federation which consists of thirteen '''states''' ( Negeri) and three '''federal territories''' ( Wilayah Persekutuan [1][2] The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. Kuala Lumpur (ˈkwɑːləlʊmˈpʊər Malay /kwɑlɑlʊmpʊ/ and locally /kwɑləlʊmpɔ/ or even /kɔlɔmpɔ/ or often abbreviated as K Putrajaya, a Planned city located just south of Kuala Lumpur, is the new federal administrative centre of Malaysia. The population stands at over 25 million. [2] The country is separated into two regions — Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo — by the South China Sea. Peninsular Malaysia ( Semenanjung Malaysia) also known as Malaya or West Malaysia, is the part of Malaysia which lies on East Malaysia consists of the Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak, located on the island of Borneo to the east across the South The South China Sea is a Marginal sea south of China. It is a part of the Pacific Ocean, encompassing an area from Singapore to the [2] Malaysia borders Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei and the Philippines. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Singapore Brunei Darussalam, (bruːˈnaɪ in English officially the State of Brunei Abode of Peace (Negara Brunei Darussalam Jawi: برني دارالسلام The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP [2] Located near the equator, the weather is characterized by tropical climate. The Tropics are centered on the Equator and limited in Latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere at approximately 23°26' (23 [2] Malaysia is headed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and politically led by a Prime Minister. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is the highest ranking office created by the constitution of the federation of Malaysia The Prime Minister of Malaysia (in Malay Perdana Menteri) is the indirectly elected Head of government of Malaysia. [3][4] The government is closely modeled after the Westminster parliamentary system. Westminster is an area of Central London, within the City of Westminster. A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in American English) is a System of government in which [5]
Malaysia as a unified state did not exist until 1963. Previously, a set of colonies were established by the United Kingdom from the late eighteenth century, and the western half of modern Malaysia was composed of several separate kingdoms. This article is about a type of political territory For other uses see Colony (disambiguation. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Peninsular Malaysia ( Semenanjung Malaysia) also known as Malaya or West Malaysia, is the part of Malaysia which lies on This group of colonies was known as British Malaya until its dissolution in 1946, when it was reorganized as the Federation of Malaya and later recognized as an independent nation in 1957. British Malaya loosely described a set of states on the Malay Peninsula that were colonized by the British from the 18th and the 19th until the 20th century The Federation of Malaya (Persekutuan Tanah Melayu was a federation of 11 states formed on January 31 1948 from the nine Malay states and the British [6] Singapore, Sarawak, British North Borneo and the Federation of Malaya joined to form Malaysia on 16 September 1963. Singapore Sarawak is one of two Malaysian states on the Island of Borneo. North Borneo was an independent state and British Protectorate under the sovereign British North Borneo Company from 1882-1946 and subsequently a Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [7] The early years of the new union were marred by an armed conflict with Indonesia and the expulsion of Singapore. On 16 September 1963, Singapore joined the Federation of Malaya together with Sabah and Sarawak to form Malaysia [8][9] The Southeast Asian nation experienced an economic boom and underwent rapid development during the late 20th century. With a GDP per capita standing at USD13,000, it has, from time to time, been considered a newly industrialized country. The category of newly industrialized country ( NIC) is a socioeconomic classification applied to several countries around the world by Political scientists [10][11] As one of three countries that control the Strait of Malacca, international trade plays a large role in its economy. The Strait of Malacca is a narrow 805 km (500 mile stretch of water between Peninsular Malaysia (West Malaysia) and the Indonesian island of Sumatra [12] At one time, it was the largest producer of tin, rubber and palm oil in the world. Tin is a Chemical element with the symbol Sn (stannum and Atomic number 50 Palm oil is an edible plant oil derived from the Fruit of the Arecaceae Elaeis Oil palm. [13][14] Manufacturing has a large influence in the country's economy. [15]
The Malays form the majority of the population. Malays (Melayu are an Ethnic group of Austronesian peoples predominantly inhabiting the Malay Peninsula, the east coast of Sumatra, the coast Some Malays are of Arab descent and there are sizable Chinese and Indian communities. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Malaysian Chinese is a Malaysian of Chinese origin Most are descendants of Chinese who arrived between the fifteenth and the mid-twentieth centuries Malaysian Indians are a group of Malaysians largely descended from those who migrated from southern India during the British colonization Islam is the largest as well as the official religion of the federation. [2][16] The Malay language is the official language, the original script was Jawi and it was based on Arabic script . The Malay language ( ISO 639-1 code MS is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people and people of other ethnic groups who reside in the Jawi (جوي Jăwi (or Yawi in Pattani) is an adapted Arabic alphabet for writing the Malay language. The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. [17]
Malaysia is the founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and participates in many international organizations such as the United Nations. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, commonly referred to as ASEAN, ˈɑːsiːɑːn AH-see-ahn in English (the Official language The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security [18][19] As a former British colony, it is also a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. [20] It is also a member of the Developing 8 Countries. Preferential trade agreement Representatives of each of the eight developing countries except Bangladesh signed a Preferential Trade Agreement on May 14 [21]
Contents |
Etymology
The name "Malaysia" was adopted in 1963 when the Federation of Malaya, Singapore, North Borneo and Sarawak formed a 14-state federation. The Federation of Malaya (Persekutuan Tanah Melayu was a federation of 11 states formed on January 31 1948 from the nine Malay states and the British [7] However the name itself had been vaguely used to refer to areas in Southeast Asia prior to that. A map published in 1914 in Chicago has the word Malaysia printed on it referring to certain territories within the Malay Archipelago. The Malay Archipelago is a name given to the Archipelago located between mainland Southeastern Asia ( Indochina) and Australia. [22] The Philippines once contemplated naming their state "Malaysia", but Malaysia adopted the name first in 1963 before the Philippines could act further on the matter. [23] Other names were contemplated for the 1963 federation. Among them was Langkasuka (Langkasuka was an old kingdom located at the upper section of the Malay Peninsula in the first millennium of the common era). Langkasuka (- langkha Sanskrit for "resplendent land" - sukkha of "bliss" was an ancient Hindu Malay kingdom located [24]
Even farther back into history, the English ethnologist George Samuel Windsor Earl in volume IV of Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia in 1850 proposed to name the islands of Indonesia as Melayunesia or Indunesia though he favored the former. [25]
History
Prehistory
Archaeological remains have been found throughout Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak. South East Asia whose strategic sea-lane position brought trade and foreign influences that fundamentally influenced its history Prehistoric Malaysia may be traced back as far as 60000 years ago from stone tools found at Kota Tampan, an archaeological site in Lenggong Perak The Semang have a deep ancestry within the Malay Peninsula, dating to the initial settlement from Africa over 50,000 years ago. The Semang are a Negrito ethnic group of the Malay Peninsula. The Senoi appear to be a composite group, with approximately half of the maternal lineages tracing back to the ancestors of the Semang and about half to Indochina. The Senoi (also spelled Sengoi and Sng'oi are a Malaysian Hunting and gathering people who were reported to make extensive use of Lucid dreaming to ensure This is in agreement with the suggestion that they represent the descendants of early Austronesian speaking agriculturalists, who brought both their language and their technology to the southern part of the peninsula approximately 5,000 years ago and coalesced with the indigenous population. The Aboriginal Malays are more diverse, and although they show some connections with island Southeast Asia, some also have an ancestry in Indochina around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, followed by an early-Holocene dispersal through the Malay Peninsula into island Southeast Asia. Proto Malay, also known as Melayu Asli or Melayu Purba in the Malay language, is an ethnic group in Malaysia.
Early history
Ptolemy showed the Malay Peninsula on his early map with a label that translates as "Golden Chersonese", the Straits of Malacca were referred to as "Sinus Sabaricus". Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca [26] From the mid to the late first millennium, much of the Peninsula as well as the Malay Archipelago were under the influence of Srivijaya. The Malay Archipelago is a name given to the Archipelago located between mainland Southeastern Asia ( Indochina) and Australia. Srivijaya or Sriwijaya was an ancient Malay kingdom on the island of Sumatra, Southeast Asia which influenced much of the Malay Archipelago.
There were numerous Malay kingdoms in the 2nd and 3rd century CE—as many as 30 according to Chinese sources. Kedah—known as Kedaram, Cheh-Cha (according to I-Ching) or Kataha, in ancient Pallava or Sanskrit—was in the direct route of invasions of Indian traders and kings. Origins See also Origin of Pallava The exact origin of the Pallavas is shrouded in mystery Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Rajendra Chola, Tamil Emperor who is now thought to have laid Kota Gelanggi to waste, put Kedah to heel in 1025 but his successor, Vir Rajendra Chola, had to put down a Kedah rebellion to overthrow the invaders. "Rajendra Chola" redirects here For Rajendra Chola II see Rajendra Chola II. The ancient Tamil country, also known as Tamilakam, refers to an ancient independent region in the areas of modern South India, corresponding roughly An emperor (from the Latin " Imperator " is a (male Monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an Empire or another type of Kota Gelanggi is a potential archaeological site believed to be the first capital of the ancient Malay Empire of Srivijaya ca The coming of the Chola reduced the majesty of Srivijaya which had exerted influence over Kedah and Pattani and even as far as Ligor.
The Buddhist kingdom of Ligor took control of Kedah shortly after, and its King Chandrabhanu used it as a base to attack Sri Lanka in the 11th century, an event noted in a stone inscription in Nagapattinum in Tamil Nadu and in the Sri Lankan chronicles, Mahavamsa. Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom (or Kingdom of Ligor) was one of the major constituent city states ( Mueang) of the Siamese kingdoms of Sukhothai Chandrabhanu (died 1262 or Chandrabhanu Sridhamaraja ascended the throne Tambralinga in 1230 Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island Tamil Nadu ( Tamil:, Country of the Tamils, t̪ɐmɨɻ n̪aːɽɯ is one of the 28 states of India. The Mahavamsa, ("Great Chronicle " is a historical poem written in the Pali language of the kings of Sri Lanka. During the first millennium, the people of the Malay Peninsula adopted Hinduism and Buddhism and the use of the Sanskrit language until they eventually converted to Islam. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation.
There are reports of other areas older than Kedah—the ancient kingdom of Gangga Negara, around Beruas in Perak, for instance, pushes Malaysian history even further into antiquity. Gangga Negara is believed to be a lost Hindu kingdom mentioned in the Malay Annals that covered present day Beruas, Dinding and Manjung Beruas (alternate spelling Bruas) is a small town in Perak, Malaysia. If that is not enough, a Tamil poem, Pattinapillai, of the second century CE, describes goods from Kadaram heaped in the broad streets of the Chola capital. A seventh century Sanskrit drama, Kaumudhimahotsva, refers to Kedah as Kataha-nagari. The Agnipurana also mentions a territory known as Anda-Kataha with one of its boundaries delineated by a peak, which scholars believe is Gunung Jerai. Stories from the Katasaritasagaram describe the elegance of life in Kataha.
In the early 15th century, the Malacca Sultanate was established under a dynasty founded by Parameswara or Sultan Iskandar Shah, a prince from Palembang with bloodline related to the royal house of Srivijaya, who fled from Temasek (now Singapore). The Sultanate of Malacca was founded by Parameswara in 1402 and later married the princess of Pasai in 1409. Parameswara (1344 &ndash 1414 (also called Iskandar Shah) was a Malay Hindu prince (from Palembang district of Srivijaya Empire) who Palembang is a city of 1286000 in the south of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. Parameswara decided to establish his kingdom in Malacca after witnessing an astonishing incident where a white mouse deer kicked one of his hunting dogs into a nearby river. "Kancil" redirects here For the car see Perodua Kancil Not to be confused with Kanchil (Lesser Mouse Deer Not to be confused He took this show of bravery by the mouse deer as a good sign and named his kingdom "Melaka" after the tree under which he was resting at the time. At its height, the sultanate controlled the areas which are now Peninsular Malaysia, southern Thailand (Patani), and the eastern coast of Sumatra. Peninsular Malaysia ( Semenanjung Malaysia) also known as Malaya or West Malaysia, is the part of Malaysia which lies on The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj Pattani ( Thai ปัตตานี is one of the southern provinces ( changwat) of Thailand. Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two It existed for more than a century, and within that time period Islam spread to most of the Malay Archipelago. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The Malay Archipelago is a name given to the Archipelago located between mainland Southeastern Asia ( Indochina) and Australia. Malacca was the foremost trading port at the time in Southeast Asia. [27]
The first evidence of Islam in the Malay Peninsula dates from the 14th century in Terengganu, but according to the Kedah Annals, the 9th sultan of Kedah, Maharaja Derbar Raja, converted to Islam and changed his name to Sultan Muzaffar Shah. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Terengganu ( Jawi: ترڠڬانو, formerly spelled Trengganu or Tringganu) is a sultanate and constitutive state of federal Malaysia Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa or The Kedah Annals is an ancient Malay literature that chronicles the bloodline of Merong Mahawangsa and the foundation of the In 1511, Malacca was conquered by Portugal, which established a colony there. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The sons of the last Sultan of Malacca established two sultanates elsewhere in the peninsula—the Sultanate of Perak to the north, and the Sultanate of Johor (originally a continuation of the old Malacca sultanate) to the south. After the fall of Malacca, three nations struggled for the control of Malacca Strait: the Portuguese (in Malacca), the Sultanate of Johor, and the Sultanate of Aceh. The Strait of Malacca is a narrow 805 km (500 mile stretch of water between Peninsular Malaysia (West Malaysia) and the Indonesian island of Sumatra See also Sultanate of Aceh Aceh (ʔaˈtɕɛh generally anglicized as ˈɑːtʃeɪ is a special territory ( daerah istimewa) of Indonesia This conflict went on until 1641, when the Dutch (allied to the Sultanate of Johor) gained control of Malacca. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands
British arrival
Britain established its first colony in the Malay peninsula in 1786, with the lease of the island of Penang to the British East India Company by the Sultan of Kedah. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Penang (pəˈnæŋ Malay: Pulau Pinang) is a state in Malaysia, located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia The Honourable East India Company ( HEIC) referred to most commonly as the East India Company, also historically and colloquially as John Company, or In 1824, the British took control of Malacca following the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 which divided the Malay Archipelago between Britain and the Netherlands, with Malaya in the British zone. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located History The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 designed to solve many of the issues that had arisen due to the British occupation of Dutch properties during the Napoleonic Wars, as The Malay Archipelago is a name given to the Archipelago located between mainland Southeastern Asia ( Indochina) and Australia. In 1826, Britain established the crown colony of the Straits Settlements, uniting its three possessions in Malaya: Penang, Malacca and Singapore. The British Overseas Territories are fourteen territories that are under the Sovereignty of the United Kingdom, but which do not form part of the United Kingdom The Straits Settlements were a collection of territories of the British East India Company in Southeast Asia, which were given collective administration in 1826 The Straits Settlements were administered under the East India Company in Kolkata until 1867, when they were transferred to the Colonial Office in London. The Secretary of State for the Colonies or Colonial Secretary was the British Cabinet official in charge of managing the various British Colonies.
During the late 19th century, many Malay states decided to obtain British help in settling their internal conflicts. The commercial importance of tin mining in the Malay states to merchants in the Straits Settlements led to British government intervention in the tin-producing states in the Malay Peninsula. Tin is a Chemical element with the symbol Sn (stannum and Atomic number 50 British gunboat diplomacy was employed to bring about a peaceful resolution to civil disturbances caused by Chinese gangsters and Malay gangsters, and the Pangkor Treaty of 1874 paved the way for the expansion of British influence in Malaya. In International politics, gunboat diplomacy refers to the pursuit of Foreign policy objectives with the aid of conspicuous displays of Military power&mdashimplying The Pangkor Treaty of 1874 was a treaty signed between the British and the Sultan of Perak. By the turn of the 20th century, the states of Pahang, Selangor, Perak, and Negeri Sembilan, known together as the Federated Malay States (not to be confused with the Federation of Malaya), were under the de facto control of British Residents appointed to advise the Malay rulers. Pahang ( Jawi: ڨهڠ is the third largest state on Malaysia, after Sarawak and Sabah, occupying the huge Pahang River River Selangor ( Jawi script: سلاڠور population 72 million is one of the 13 states of Malaysia. Perak is one of the 13 states of Malaysia. It is the second largest state in Peninsular Malaysia bordering Kedah and Yala Province of Negeri Sembilan (also Negri Sembilan, Jawi: نڬري سمبيلن meaning "state of nine" in Malay, is a state of Malaysia. This article is not to be confused with the Unfederated Malay States. The Federation of Malaya (Persekutuan Tanah Melayu was a federation of 11 states formed on January 31 1948 from the nine Malay states and the British A Resident, or in full Resident Minister, is a state official of certain representative -diplomatic and/or colonial- types required to take up permanent residency abroad officially The British were "advisers" in name, but in reality they exercised substantial influence over the Malay rulers.
The remaining five states in the peninsula, known as the Unfederated Malay States, while not directly under rule from London, also accepted British advisers around the turn of the 20th century. This article should not be confused with the Federated Malay States. Of these, the four northern states of Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan and Terengganu had previously been under Siamese control. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj The other unfederated state, Johor, was the only state which managed to preserve its independence throughout most of the 19th century. Johor (alt English spelling Johore, Jawi scriptجوهر is a state of Malaysia between 1°20"N and 2°35"N Sultan Abu Bakar of Johor and Queen Victoria were personal acquaintances, and recognized each other as equals. Almarhum Paduka Sri Sultan Sir Abu Bakar Ibn Almarhum Dato Temenggong Sri Maharaja Ibrahim, GCMG, KCSI, Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland It was not until 1914 that Sultan Abu Bakar's successor, Sultan Ibrahim accepted a British adviser. Major-General Paduka Sri Sultan Al- Hajj Sir Ibrahim Iskandar Al-Masyhur ( The Great) Ibn Almarhum Sultan Sir Abu
On the island of Borneo, Sabah was governed as the crown colony of British North Borneo, while Sarawak was acquired from Brunei as the personal kingdom of the Brooke family, who ruled as White Rajahs. Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. North Borneo was an independent state and British Protectorate under the sovereign British North Borneo Company from 1882-1946 and subsequently a Brunei Darussalam, (bruːˈnaɪ in English officially the State of Brunei Abode of Peace (Negara Brunei Darussalam Jawi: برني دارالسلام The White Rajahs refer to a dynasty that founded and ruled the Kingdom of Sarawak from 1841 to 1946 namely the Brookes who came originally from England
Following the Japanese Invasion of Malaya its occupation during World War II, popular support for independence grew. The Japanese Invasion of Malaya, or Battle of Kota Bahru, began just after midnight on 8 December 1941 before the Attack on Pearl Harbor. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including [28] Post-war British plans to unite the administration of Malaya under a single crown colony called the Malayan Union foundered on strong opposition from the Malays, who opposed the emasculation of the Malay rulers and the granting of citizenship to the ethnic Chinese. The Malayan Union was a federation of the Malay states and the Straits Settlements excluding Singapore. Malays (Melayu are an Ethnic group of Austronesian peoples predominantly inhabiting the Malay Peninsula, the east coast of Sumatra, the coast Malaysian Chinese is a Malaysian of Chinese origin Most are descendants of Chinese who arrived between the fifteenth and the mid-twentieth centuries [29] The Malayan Union, established in 1946 and consisting of all the British possessions in Malaya with the exception of Singapore, was dissolved in 1948 and replaced by the Federation of Malaya, which restored the autonomy of the rulers of the Malay states under British protection. The Federation of Malaya (Persekutuan Tanah Melayu was a federation of 11 states formed on January 31 1948 from the nine Malay states and the British
During this time, rebels under the leadership of the Malayan Communist Party launched guerrilla operations designed to force the British out of Malaya. The Malayan Communist Party ( MCP) was founded in 1930 Illegal from the outset it advocated an end to British colonial rule and was active in forming Trade The Malayan Emergency, as it was known, lasted from 1948 to 1960, and involved a long anti-insurgency campaign by Commonwealth troops in Malaya. The Malayan Emergency was a State of emergency declared by the British colonial government of Malaya in 1948 and lifted in 1960 as well as an insurrection and Although the insurgency quickly stopped there was still a presence of Commonwealth troops, with the backdrop of the Cold War. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the [30] Against this backdrop, independence for the Federation within the Commonwealth was granted on 31 August 1957. Hari Merdeka ( Independence Day) is a national day of Malaysia commemorating the independence of the Federation of Malaya from British colonial Events 1056 - Byzantine Empress Theodora becomes ill dying suddenly a few days later without children to succeed the Throne Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) [6]
Post independence
In 1963, Malaya along with the then-British crown colonies of Sabah (British North Borneo), Sarawak and Singapore, formed Malaysia. Sabah is a Malaysian state located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo. Sarawak is one of two Malaysian states on the Island of Borneo. Singapore The Sultanate of Brunei, though initially expressing interest in joining the Federation, withdrew from the planned merger due to opposition from certain segments of its population as well as arguments over the payment of oil royalties and the status of the Sultan in the planned merger. Brunei Darussalam, (bruːˈnaɪ in English officially the State of Brunei Abode of Peace (Negara Brunei Darussalam Jawi: برني دارالسلام [31][32]
The early years of independence were marred by conflict with Indonesia (Konfrontasi) over the formation of Malaysia, Singapore's eventual exit in 1965, and racial strife in the form of racial riots in 1969. Kuala Lumpur (ˈkwɑːləlʊmˈpʊər Malay /kwɑlɑlʊmpʊ/ and locally /kwɑləlʊmpɔ/ or even /kɔlɔmpɔ/ or often abbreviated as K The May 13 Incident is a term for the Sino - Malay Race riots in Kuala Lumpur (then part of the state of Selangor [33][8] The Philippines also made an active claim on Sabah in that period based upon the Sultanate of Brunei's cession of its north-east territories to the Sulu Sultanate in 1704. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP For the province see Sulu. The Sultanate of Sulu was a Muslim State that ruled over many of the islands of the The claim is still ongoing. [34] After the 13 May racial riots of 1969, the controversial New Economic Policy—intended to increase proportionately the share of the economic pie of the bumiputras ("indigenous people", which includes the majority Malays, but not always the indigenous population) as compared to other ethnic groups—was launched by Prime Minister Abdul Razak. The May 13 Incident is a term for the Sino - Malay Race riots in Kuala Lumpur (then part of the state of Selangor For the Soviet New Economic Policy see New Economic Policy. The Malaysian New Economic Policy ( NEP or DEB for Dasar For other individuals named Abdul Razak, or some variation thereof see Abdul Razak (disambiguation. Malaysia has since maintained a delicate ethno-political balance, with a system of government that has attempted to combine overall economic development with political and economic policies that promote equitable participation of all races. [35]
Between the 1980s and the mid 1990s, Malaysia experienced significant economic growth under the premiership of Mahathir bin Mohamad. Tun Dr Mahathir bin Mohamad (ma'ħɑðiɽ bin mʊħɑmmæd̚ (recorded as born on 20 December 1925 was the fourth Prime Minister of [36] The period saw a shift from an agriculture-based economy to one based on manufacturing and industry in areas such as computers and consumer electronics. It was during this period, too, that the physical landscape of Malaysia has changed with the emergence of numerous mega-projects. The most notable of these projects are the Petronas Twin Towers (at the time the tallest building in the world), KL International Airport (KLIA), North-South Expressway, the Sepang F1 Circuit, the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC), the Bakun hydroelectric dam and Putrajaya, a new federal administrative capital. The Petronas Twin Towers (also known as the Petronas Towers or Twin Towers) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia were the world's tallest buildings The North-South Expressway (NSE (Lebuhraya Utara-Selatan 南北大道 வடக்கு - தெற்கு நெடுஞ்சாலை is the longest expressway in Malaysia
In the late 1990s, Malaysia was shaken by the Asian financial crisis as well as political unrest caused by the sacking of the deputy prime minister Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim. The Asian Financial Crisis was a period of Financial crisis that gripped much of Asia beginning in July 1997 and raised fears of a worldwide economic meltdown ( Dato' Seri Anwar bin Ibrahim (born 10 August 1947) is a Malaysian politician who served as Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister from 1993 to 1998 [37] In 2003, Dr Mahathir, Malaysia's longest serving prime minister, retired in favour of his deputy, Abdullah Ahmad Badawi. Dato' Seri Abdullah Hj Ahmad Badawi (born 26 November 1939 is a Malaysian politician who has served as Prime Minister since 2003 On November 2007 Malaysia was rocked by two anti-government rallies. The 2007 Bersih Rally numbering 40,000 strong was held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, on November 10 campaigning for electoral reform. It was precipitated by allegations of corruption and discrepancies in the Malaysian election system that heavily favor the ruling political party, Barisan Nasional, which has been in power since Malaysia achieved its independence in 1957. [38] The 2007 HINDRAF rally was held in Kuala Lumpur on 25 November. HINDRAF or Hindu Rights Action Force ( Malay: Barisan Bertindak Hak-Hak Hindu; Tamil: (இந்து உரிமைகள் போராட்டக் Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the The rally organizer, the Hindu Rights Action Force, had called the protest over alleged discriminatory policies which favour ethnic Malays. The crowd was estimated to be between 5,000 to 30,000. [39] In both cases the government and police were heavy handed and tried to prevent the gatherings from taking place.
Government and politics
Malaysia is a federal constitutional elective monarchy. Putrajaya, a Planned city located just south of Kuala Lumpur, is the new federal administrative centre of Malaysia. A federation ( Latin: foedus, covenant is a union comprising a number of partially self-governing states or regions united by a central ("federal" A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is An elective monarchy is a Monarchy ruled by someone generally from a Royal house, who is elected by a group The federal head of state of Malaysia is the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, commonly referred to as the King of Malaysia. Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is the highest ranking office created by the constitution of the federation of Malaysia The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is elected to a five-year term among the nine hereditary Sultans of the Malay states; the other four states, which have titular Governors, do not participate in the selection. The Rulers of the Malay States in Malaysia are the seven Sultans of Kedah, Perak, Kelantan, Terengganu, Pahang Within Malaysia, the Malay states are the nine states of Peninsular Malaysia that have hereditary Rulers. [40]
The system of government in Malaysia is closely modeled on that of Westminster parliamentary system, a legacy of British colonial rule. The Westminster system is a democratic Parliamentary system of Government modelled after the British government (the Parliament of the United A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in American English) is a System of government in which The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. In practice however, more power is vested in the executive branch of government than in the legislative, and the judiciary has been weakened by sustained attacks by the government during the Mahathir era. Since independence in 1957, Malaysia has been governed by a multi-party coalition known as the Barisan Nasional (formerly known as the Alliance). Barisan Nasional ( National Front or BN) is a major political Coalition in Malaysia. [41]
Legislative power is divided between federal and state legislatures. A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation The bicameral parliament consists of the lower house, the House of Representatives or Dewan Rakyat (literally the "Chamber of the People") and the upper house, the Senate or Dewan Negara (literally the "Chamber of the Nation"). The Parliament of Malaysia (Parlimen Malaysia is the national Legislature of Malaysia, based on the Westminster system. A lower house is one of two chambers of a Bicameral Legislature, the other chamber being the Upper house. The Dewan Rakyat (literally "Hall of the People" or House of Representatives is the lower house of the Parliament of Malaysia. An upper house is one of two chambers of a Bicameral Legislature, the other chamber being the Lower house. The Dewan Negara (literally "National Hall" or Senate is the Upper house of the Parliament of Malaysia. [42][43][44] The 222-member House of Representatives are elected from single-member constituencies that are drawn based on population for a maximum term of five years. All 70 Senators sit for three-year terms; 26 are elected by the 13 state assemblies, two representing the federal territory of Kuala Lumpur, one each from federal territories of Labuan and Putrajaya, and 40 are appointed by the king. Kuala Lumpur (ˈkwɑːləlʊmˈpʊər Malay /kwɑlɑlʊmpʊ/ and locally /kwɑləlʊmpɔ/ or even /kɔlɔmpɔ/ or often abbreviated as K Labuan is the main island of the Malaysian Federal Territory of Labuan. Putrajaya, a Planned city located just south of Kuala Lumpur, is the new federal administrative centre of Malaysia. Besides the Parliament at the federal level, each state has a unicameral state legislative chamber (Malay: Dewan Undangan Negeri) whose members are elected from single-member constituencies. The Malay language ( ISO 639-1 code MS is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people and people of other ethnic groups who reside in the Parliamentary elections are held at least once every five years, with the last general election being in March 2008. Elections in Malaysia (and previously Malaya exist at two levels national level and state level [41] The cabinet is chosen from among members of both houses of Parliament and is responsible to that body. [45]
State governments are led by Chief Ministers (Menteri Besar in Malay states or Ketua Menteri in states without hereditary rulers), who is a state assembly member from the majority party in the Dewan Undangan Negeri. Literally "big minister" in Malay, a Menteri Besar is a Chief Executive of the state governments of Perlis, Johor, Kedah, Perak In each of the states with a hereditary ruler, the Chief Minister is required to be a Malay Muslim, although this rule is subject the rulers' discretions. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion
Citizenship
Most Malaysians are granted citizenship by lex soli. To become a Citizen of Malaysia, a person must meet the requirements of the Malaysia Citizenship Rules 1964. Jus soli ( Latin for "right of the soil" or somewhat figuratively "right of the territory" or birthright citizenship, is a Right [46] All Malaysians are Federal citizens with no formal citizenships within the individual states, except for the states of Sabah and Sarawak and the federal territory of Labuan in East Malaysia, where state citizenship is a privilege and distinguishable from the Peninsula. Sabah is a Malaysian state located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo. Sarawak is one of two Malaysian states on the Island of Borneo. Labuan is the main island of the Malaysian Federal Territory of Labuan. East Malaysia consists of the Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak, located on the island of Borneo to the east across the South Every citizen is issued a biometric smart chip identity card, known as MyKad, at the age of 12, and must carry the card at all times. An identity document, also called a piece of identification ( ID) is a document used to verify aspects of a person's Identity. MyKad, or Government Multipurpose Card, (GMPC is the official compulsory Identity card of Malaysia. [47] A citizen is required to present his or her identity card to the police, or in the case of an emergency, to any military personnel, to be identified. If the card cannot be produced immediately, the person technically has 24 hours under the law to produce it at the nearest police station.
Administrative divisions
Administratively, Malaysia consists of 13 states (11 in Peninsular Malaysia and 2 in Malaysian Borneo) and 3 federal territories. Malaysia is a Federation which consists of thirteen '''states''' ( Negeri) and three '''federal territories''' ( Wilayah Persekutuan
Geography
The two distinct parts of Malaysia, separated from each other by the South China Sea, share a largely similar landscape in that both West and East Malaysia feature coastal plains rising to often densely forested hills and mountains, the highest of which is Mount Kinabalu at 4,095. The geography of Malaysia deals with the physical and Human geography of Malaysia, a country located in Southeast Asia. The South China Sea is a Marginal sea south of China. It is a part of the Pacific Ocean, encompassing an area from Singapore to the Peninsular Malaysia ( Semenanjung Malaysia) also known as Malaya or West Malaysia, is the part of Malaysia which lies on East Malaysia consists of the Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak, located on the island of Borneo to the east across the South Mount Kinabalu ( Gunung Kinabalu) is a prominent Mountain in Southeast Asia. 2 metres (13,435. 7 ft) on the island of Borneo. A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. The local climate is equatorial and characterized by the annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons. Climate encompasses the temperatures humidity rainfall atmospheric particle count and numerous other meteorogical factors in a given region over long periods of A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind which lasts for several months
Tanjung Piai, located in the southern state of Johor, is the southernmost tip of continental Asia. Tanjung Piai is a cape in Johor which is the southernmost point of Peninsular Malaysia and thus the most southern point of mainland Asia. Johor (alt English spelling Johore, Jawi scriptجوهر is a state of Malaysia between 1°20"N and 2°35"N [48][49]
The Strait of Malacca, lying between Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, is arguably the most important shipping lane in the world. The Strait of Malacca is a narrow 805 km (500 mile stretch of water between Peninsular Malaysia (West Malaysia) and the Indonesian island of Sumatra Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two Peninsular Malaysia ( Semenanjung Malaysia) also known as Malaya or West Malaysia, is the part of Malaysia which lies on [50]
Putrajaya is the newly created administrative capital for the federal government of Malaysia, aimed in part to ease growing congestion within Malaysia's capital city, Kuala Lumpur. Putrajaya, a Planned city located just south of Kuala Lumpur, is the new federal administrative centre of Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur (ˈkwɑːləlʊmˈpʊər Malay /kwɑlɑlʊmpʊ/ and locally /kwɑləlʊmpɔ/ or even /kɔlɔmpɔ/ or often abbreviated as K Kuala Lumpur remains the seat of parliament, as well as the commercial and financial capital of the country. Other major cities include George Town, Ipoh, Johor Bahru, Kuching, Kota Kinabalu, Miri, Alor Star, Malacca Town, and Klang. George Town is the capital city of the state of Penang in Malaysia. Ipoh (ˈiːpoʊ ( is a city in Malaysia and is the capital of the state of Perak. Johor Bahru, also spelled Johor Baharu, Johor Baru, ( "Baru" means "new" in Malay) or Johore Bahru and abbreviated Kuching is the capital of the East Malaysian state of Sarawak. Kota Kinabalu (ˈkɔtɑ kɪnɑbɑlʊ formerly known as Jesselton, is the capital of Sabah, a state in Malaysia, as well as the capital of the West Miri is a city in northern Sarawak, Malaysia, on the island of Borneo. Alor Star, formerly known as Alor Setar is the state capital of Kedah, Malaysia, and Kota Setar District's Administrative Centre. Malacca Town ( Malay: Bandar Melaka) is the capital city of the Malaysian state of Malacca. Klang (ˈklæŋ ( Malay: Kelang ( is the royal capital of the state of Selangor, Malaysia within a district
Natural resources
Malaysia is well-endowed with natural resources in areas such as agriculture, forestry and minerals. In terms of agriculture, Malaysia is one of the top exporters of natural rubber and palm oil, which together with sawn logs and sawn timber, cocoa, pepper, pineapple and tobacco dominate the growth of the sector. Palm oil is an edible plant oil derived from the Fruit of the Arecaceae Elaeis Oil palm. Cocoa is the dried and fully fermented fatty seed of the cacao tree from which Chocolate is made Black pepper ( Piper nigrum) is a flowering Vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its Fruit, which is usually dried Pineapple ( Ananas comosus) is the common name for an edible Tropical Plant and also its Fruit It is native to the southern part of Brazil Tobacco is an Agricultural product recognized as an addictive drug processed from the fresh Leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. Palm oil is also a major generator of foreign exchange.
Regarding forestry resources, it is noted that logging only began to make a substantial contribution to the economy during the nineteenth century. Today, an estimated 59% of Malaysia remains forested. The rapid expansion of the timber industry, particularly after the 1960s, has brought about a serious erosion problem in the country's forest resources. However, in line with the Government's commitment to protect the environment and the ecological system, forestry resources are being managed on a sustainable basis and accordingly the rate of tree felling has been on the decline.
In addition, substantial areas are being silviculturally treated and reforestation of degraded forest land is also being carried out. Silviculture is the art and science of controlling the establishment growth composition health and quality of Forests to meet diverse needs and values of the many landowners The Malaysian government provide plans for the enrichment of some 312. 30 square kilometers (120. 5 sq mi) of land with rattan under natural forest conditions and in rubber plantations as an inter crop. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Rattan (from the Malay rotan) is the name for the roughly six hundred Species of palms in the tribe Calameae, native to tropical To further enrich forest resources, fast-growing timber species such as meranti tembaga, merawan and sesenduk are also being planted. At the same time, the cultivation of high-value trees like teak and other trees for pulp and paper are also encouraged. Teak ( Tectona) is a genus of tropical Hardwood Trees in the family Verbenaceae, native to the south and southeast of Asia Rubber, once the mainstay of the Malaysian economy, has been largely replaced by oil palm as Malaysia's leading agricultural export. The oil palms ( Elaeis) comprise two species of the Arecaceae, or palm family
Tin and petroleum are the two main mineral resources that are of major significance in the Malaysian economy. Tin is a Chemical element with the symbol Sn (stannum and Atomic number 50 Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Malaysia was once the world's largest producer of tin until the collapse of the tin market in the early 1980s. In the 19th and 20th century, tin played a predominant role in the Malaysian economy. It was only in 1972 that petroleum and natural gas took over from tin as the mainstay of the mineral extraction sector. Natural gas is a Gaseous Fossil fuel consisting primarily of Methane but including significant quantities of Ethane, Propane, Meanwhile, the contribution by tin has declined. Petroleum and natural gas discoveries in oil fields off Sabah, Sarawak and Terengganu have contributed much to the Malaysian economy. An oil field is a region with an abundance of Oil wells extracting Petroleum (crude oil from below ground Other minerals of some importance or significance include copper, bauxite, iron-ore and coal together with industrial minerals like clay, kaolin, silica, limestone, barite, phosphates and dimension stones such as granite as well as marble blocks and slabs. Small quantities of gold are produced. Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79
In 2004, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department, Mustapa Mohamed, revealed that Malaysia's oil reserves stood at 4. Dato' Mustapa Mohamed is a Malaysian politician who is currently the Agriculture and Agro-based Industry Minister. An oil is a substance that is in a viscous Liquid state ( "oily") at ambient temperatures or slightly warmer and is 84 billion barrels while natural gas reserves increased to 89 trillion cubic feet (2,500 km³). The cubic foot is an imperial and US customary (non- metric) unit of Volume, used in the United States Canada and the United Kingdom This was an increase of 7. 2%. As of January 1, 2007, Petronas reported that oil and gas reserve in Malaysia amounted to 20. Petronas, short for Petroliam Nasional Berhad, is a Malaysian owned oil and gas company that was founded on August 17 1974. 18 billion barrels equivalent. [51]
The government estimates that at current production rates Malaysia will be able to produce oil up to 18 years and gas for 35 years. In 2004, Malaysia is ranked 24th in terms of world oil reserves and 13th for gas. 56% of the oil reserves exist in the Peninsula while 19% exist in East Malaysia. The government collects oil royalties of which 5% are passed to the states and the rest retained by the federal government.
Demographics
Malaysia's population comprises many ethnic groups, with the Malays and other bumiputra groups in Sabah and Sarawak making up the majority, at 65%[52] of the population. Ethnicity Malays See also Malays (ethnic group Malays are an ethnic group of Austronesian peoples predominantly inhabiting the Malay Peninsula Malays (Melayu are an Ethnic group of Austronesian peoples predominantly inhabiting the Malay Peninsula, the east coast of Sumatra, the coast Sabah is a Malaysian state located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo. Sarawak is one of two Malaysian states on the Island of Borneo. By constitutional definition, Malays are Muslims who practice Malay customs (adat) and culture. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Therefore, technically, a Muslim of any race who practices Malay customs and culture can be considered a Malay and have equal rights when it comes to Malay rights as stated in the constitution. Non-Malay bumiputra groups make up more than half of the state of Sarawak's population (of which 30% are Ibans), and close to 60% of Sabah's population (of which 18% are Kadazan-Dusuns, and 17% are Bajaus)[53]. Iban could be The Iban people (or Sea Dayak) an ethnic group in Kalimantan ( Indonesian Borneo) and Sarawak Kadazan-Dusun is the term assigned to the unification of the classification of two indigenous tribes in Sabah, Malaysia &mdashthe ethnic groups Kadazan The Bajau, (also written as Badjao, Badjaw or Badjau) are an indigenous Ethnic group of Malaysia and the southern There also exist aboriginal groups in much smaller numbers on the Peninsula, where they are collectively known as Orang Asli. The term Indigenous Peoples or autochthonous peoples can be used to describe any Ethnic group who inhabit a geographic region with which they have the earliest historical Orang Asli ( lit, "original peoples" or " Aboriginal peoples " in Malay) is a general term used for any indigenous groups that are
26% of the population are Malaysians of Chinese descent, while Malaysians of Indian descent comprise 8% of the population[54]. Malaysian Chinese is a Malaysian of Chinese origin Most are descendants of Chinese who arrived between the fifteenth and the mid-twentieth centuries Malaysian Indians are a group of Malaysians largely descended from those who migrated from southern India during the British colonization The majority of the Indian community are Tamils but various other groups are also present, including Malayalis, Punjabis and Gujaratis. Tamil people (also called Tamils or Tamilians) ( are an Ethnic group native to Tamil Nadu, a state in India, and the north-eastern Kerala ( Malayalam: {{Kerala in Malayalam}}; Punjabi may refer to The Punjabi language of Pakistan and India Punjabi grammar List of Punjabi Gujarati people ( Gujarati: ગુજરાતી લોકો Gujǎrātī loko ? Other Malaysians also include those whose origin, inter alia, can be traced to the Middle East, Thailand and Indonesia. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Europeans and Eurasians include British who settled in Malaysia since colonial times, and a strong Portuguese community in Malacca. In the context of Ethnic origins, Eurasian is a term for people and ethnic groups of mixed European and Asian ancestry The Kristang are an Ethnic group of people of mixed Portuguese and Asian descent which arose in Malacca ( Malaysia) between A small number of Cambodians and Vietnamese also settled in Malaysia as Vietnam War refugees. The Khmer people are the predominant Ethnic group in Cambodia, accounting for approximately 90% of the 14 The Vietnamese people (người Việt or vi ''người Kinh'' are an Ethnic group originating from what is now northern Vietnam and southern China. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia
Population distribution is uneven, with some 20 million residents concentrated on the Malay Peninsula, while East Malaysia is relatively less populated. The Malay Peninsula or Thai-Malay Peninsula (Semenanjung Tanah Melayu (คาบสมุทรมลายู is a major Peninsula located in Southeast East Malaysia consists of the Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak, located on the island of Borneo to the east across the South Due to the rise in labour intensive industries, Malaysia has 10 to 20% foreign workers with the uncertainty due in part to the large number of illegal workers, mostly Indonesian. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. There are a million legal foreign workers and perhaps another million unauthorized foreigners. The state of Sabah alone has nearly 25% of its 2. 7 million population listed as illegal foreign workers in the last census. However, this figure of 25% is thought to be less than half the figure speculated by NGOs. [55]
Religion
- Further information: Islam in Malaysia
Malaysia is a multi-religious society and Islam is the official religion. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. According to the Population and Housing Census 2000 figures, approximately 60. 4 percent of the population practiced Islam; 19. 2 percent Buddhism; 9. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices 1 percent Christianity; 6. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings 3 percent Hinduism; and 2. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. 6 percent traditional Chinese religions. [56] The remaining 2 percent was accounted for by other faiths, including Animism and Sikhism. Animism (from Latin anima ( Soul, Life) commonly refers to a religious belief that Souls or Spirits exist in Animals Sikhism ( IPA: or; ਸਿੱਖੀ sikkhī, IPA:) founded on the teachings of Nanak and nine successive gurus in fifteenth century [57] Until the twentieth century, most practiced traditional beliefs, which arguably still linger on to a greater degree than Malaysian officialdom is prepared to acknowledge. Animism (from Latin anima ( Soul, Life) commonly refers to a religious belief that Souls or Spirits exist in Animals
Although the Malaysian constitution theoretically guarantees religious freedom, in practice the situation is restricted. All ethnic Malays are Muslim as defined in the Malaysian constitution. [58] Additionally, all non-Muslims who marry a Muslim must renounce their religion and convert to Islam. Meanwhile, non-Muslims experience restrictions in activities such as construction of religious buildings and the celebration of certain religious events in some states. [59][60] Muslims are obliged to follow the decisions of Sharia courts when it comes to matters concerning their religion. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. The jurisdiction of Sharia court is limited only to Muslims over matters of Faith and Obligations as a Muslim, which includes marriage, inheritance, apostasy, conversion, and custody among others. No other criminal or civil offences are under the jurisdiction of the Sharia Courts. As a rule, the Civil Courts cannot overrule any decision made by the Sharia Courts - not even the Federal Court. The Sharia Courts have a similar hierarchy to the Civil Courts.
Education
Education in Malaysia is monitored by the federal government Ministry of Education. [61]
Most Malaysian children start schooling between the ages of three to six, in kindergarten. ( German, literally means "children's garden" is a form of education for young children which serves as a transition from home to the commencement of more formal schooling Most kindergartens are run privately, but there are a few government-operated kindergartens.
Children begin primary schooling at the age of seven for a period of six years. There are two major types of government-operated or government-assisted primary schools. They are the national schools (Sekolah Kebangsaan) which use Malay as the medium of instruction, and the national-type schools (Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan) which use either Chinese or Tamil as the medium of instruction. Before progressing to the secondary level of education, students in Year 6 are required to sit for the Ujian Pencapaian Sekolah Rendah (UPSR), or Primary School Assessment Examination. Ujian Pencapaian Sekolah Rendah also known as Ujian Penilaian Sekolah Rendah (commonly abbreviated as UPSR, translation Primary School Evaluation Test) An exam called Penilaian Tahap Satu (PTS), First Level Assessment, was used to measure the ability of bright students, and to allow them to move from Year 3 to 5, skipping Year 4. [62] This exam was removed in 2001.
Secondary education in government secondary schools last for five years. Government secondary schools use Malay as the main medium of instruction. The only exceptions are the Maths and Science subjects as well as languages other than Malay. At the end of the third year or Form Three, students sit for the Penilaian Menengah Rendah (PMR), Lower Secondary Assessment. Penilaian Menengah Rendah (PMR is a Malaysian public examination taken by Form 3 students The combination of subjects available to Form 4 students vary from one school to another. In the last year (Form 5), students sit for Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM), Malaysian Certificate of Education, which is equivalent to the British Ordinary or 'O' Levels (now referred to as GCSE). The Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM or the Malaysian Certificate of Education is a national examination taken by all fifth form students in Malaysia. The oldest in Malaysia is Penang Free School. Penang Free School is also the oldest school in South East Asia.
Mathematics and Science subjects in government primary and secondary schools such as Biology, Physics, and Chemistry are taught in English. Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties The reasoning was that students would no longer be hindered by the language barrier during their tertiary education in fields such as medicine and engineering. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Engineering is the Discipline and Profession of applying technical and scientific Knowledge and
There are also 60 Chinese Independent High Schools in Malaysia, where most subjects are taught in Chinese. Chinese Independent High Schools ( Traditional Chinese: 華文獨立中學 Simplified Chinese: 华文独立中学 Chinese Independent High Schools are monitored and standardised by the United Chinese School Committees' Association of Malaysia (UCSCAM, more commonly referred to by its Chinese name, Dong Zong 董总), however, unlike government schools, every independent school is free to make its own decisions. Studying in independent schools takes 6 years to complete, divided into Junior Middle (3 years) and Senior Middle (3 years). Students sit for a standardised test by Dong Zong known as the Unified Examination Certificate (UEC) in Junior Middle 3 (equivalent to PMR) and Senior Middle 3 (equivalent to AO level). A number of independent schools conduct classes in Malay and English in addition to Chinese, enabling the students to sit for the PMR and SPM as well.
Malaysia's secondary schools are grouped into a few types, namely national schools which include daily schools and religious schools, Chinese independent schools, technical schools, residential schools, Mara Junior Science College and private-funding schools such as religious schools, international schools and private schools.
Students who wish to enter public universities must complete one and a half more years of secondary schooling in Form Six and sit for the Sijil Tinggi Persekolahan Malaysia (STPM), Malaysian Higher School Certificate; equivalent to the British Advanced or 'A' levels. The Sijil Tinggi Persekolahan Malaysia (STPM English: Malaysian Higher School Certificate is a pre-university examination taken by students in Malaysia.
As for tertiary education, there are public universities such as University of Malaya, Universiti Sains Malaysia and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. The University of Malaya ( Abbreviation: UM; Universiti Malaya is the oldest university in Malaysia. Universiti Sains Malaysia ( University of Science Malaysia, Acronym: USM; 马来西亚理科大学 acronym zh 理大 is a public University Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia ( National University of Malaysia) is a Public university located in Bangi, Selangor which is about 35 km In addition, five international reputable universities have set up their branch campuses in Malaysia since 1998. A branch campus can be seen as an ‘off-shore campus’ of the foreign university, which offers the same courses and awards as the main campus. Both local and international students can acquire these identical foreign qualifications in Malaysia for a cheaper price. The foreign university branch campuses in Malaysia are: Monash University Malaysia Campus, Curtin University of Technology Sarawak Campus, Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus and University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus. The Sunway Campus of Monash University opened in 1998 and is located within the Bandar Sunway township in Malaysia Curtin University of Technology Sarawak Campus is the first off-shore campus of Curtin University of Technology Swinburne University of Technology (Sarawak Campus is the only foreign branch campus of Swinburne University of Technology ( Melbourne, Australia) The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus (2945 N 101874 E was established in 2000 as the Malaysia campus of the University of Nottingham,
Students also have the option of enrolling in private colleges after secondary studies. Most colleges have educational links with overseas universities especially in the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia. Malaysian students abroad study mostly in the UK, United States, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Singapore, and Japan. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Singapore For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics.
In addition to the National Curriculum, Malaysia has many international schools. International schools offer students the opportunity to study the curriculum of another country. These schools mainly cater to the growing expatriate population in the country. International schools include: the Australian International School, Malaysia (Australian curriculum), The Alice Smith School (British Curriculum), elc International school (British Curriculum), The Garden International School (British Curriculum), Lodge International School (British Curriculum), The International School of Kuala Lumpur (International Baccalaureate and American Curriculum), The Japanese School of Kuala Lumpur (Japanese Curriculum), The International School of Penang (International Baccalaureate and British Curriculum), Lycée Français de Kuala Lumpur (French Curriculum) amongst others. The Australian International School Malaysia (AISM is the only 100% Australian curriculum school in the country The Alice Smith School is a co-educational International school in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia founded in 1946. History elc International School started life as elc Secondary School in 1987 with 5 students and 6 teachers including the Principal Garden International School (abbreviated GIS) is an International school based in Malaysia. The International School of Kuala Lumpur ( ISKL) is an independent and non-profit Private school in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, accredited by the
Healthcare
- Further information: List of hospitals in Malaysia and Healthcare in Malaysia
Malaysian society places importance on the expansion and development of health care, putting 5% of the government social sector development budget into public health care—an increase of more than 47% over the previous figure. This is a list of government and private Hospitals in Malaysia. Healthcare in Malaysia is mainly under the responsibility of the governmnent's Ministry of Health Health care is the prevention treatment and management of illness and the preservation of mental health through the services offered by the medical, Nursing This has meant an overall increase of more than RM 2 billion. With a rising and aging population, the Government wishes to improve in many areas including the refurbishment of existing hospitals, building and equipping new hospitals, expansion of the number of polyclinics, and improvements in training and expansion of telehealth. Telehealth is the delivery of health-related services and information via telecommunications technologies Over the last couple of years they have increased their efforts to overhaul the systems and attract more foreign investment.
The Malaysian health care system requires doctors to perform a compulsory three years service with public hospitals to ensure the manpower of these hospitals is maintained. A public hospital is a Hospital which is owned by a Government and receives government funding Recently foreign doctors have also been encouraged to take up employment here. There is still, however, a compound shortage of medical workforce, especially that of highly trained specialists resulting in certain medical care and treatment only available in large cities. A specialty in Medicine is a branch of medical science other than General practice. Recent efforts to bring many facilities to other towns have been hampered by lack of expertise to run the available equipment made ready by investments.
The majority of private hospitals are in urban areas and, unlike many of the public hospitals, are equipped with the latest diagnostic and imaging facilities. A private hospital is a Hospital owned by a for-profit company or a Non-profit organisation and privately funded through Payment for medical services Private hospitals have not generally been seen as an ideal investment—it has often taken up to ten years before companies have seen any profits. However, the situation has now changed and companies are now looking into this area again, particularly in view of the increasing interest by foreigners in coming to Malaysia for medical care and the recent government focus to develop the health tourism industry. Medical tourism (also called medical travel, health tourism or global healthcare is a term initially coined by travel agencies and the Mass media [63]
Currently, private Malaysia Hospitals are looking at international healthcare accreditation, which may be Australian, British or American sourced. Providing healthcare especially of an adequate standard is a complex and challenging process
Economy
See Also:Gas Subsidies
The Malay Peninsula and indeed Southeast Asia has been a centre of trade for centuries. Malaysia is a growing and relatively Open economy. In 2007 the economy of Malaysia was the 29th largest economy in the world by Purchasing power For information on the price of oil see Price of petroleum. The usage and pricing of Gasoline (petrol results The Malay Peninsula or Thai-Malay Peninsula (Semenanjung Tanah Melayu (คาบสมุทรมลายู is a major Peninsula located in Southeast Various items such as porcelain and spices were actively traded even before Malacca and Singapore rose to prominence. Porcelain is a Ceramic material made by heating raw materials generally including Clay in the form of Kaolin, in a Kiln to temperatures A spice is a dried Seed, Fruit, Root, Bark or vegetative substance used in Nutritionally insignificant quantities as a Food additive The Sultanate of Malacca was founded by Parameswara in 1402 and later married the princess of Pasai in 1409. Singapore
In the 17th century, they were found in several Malay states. Within Malaysia, the Malay states are the nine states of Peninsular Malaysia that have hereditary Rulers. Later, as the British started to take over as administrators of Malaya, rubber and palm oil trees were introduced for commercial purposes. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. British Malaya loosely described a set of states on the Malay Peninsula that were colonized by the British from the 18th and the 19th until the 20th century Palm oil is an edible plant oil derived from the Fruit of the Arecaceae Elaeis Oil palm. Over time, Malaya became the world's largest major producer of tin, rubber, and palm oil. [64] These three commodities, along with other raw materials, firmly set Malaysia's economic tempo well into the mid-20th century.
Instead of relying on the local Malays as a source of labour, the British brought in Chinese and Indians to work on the mines and plantations. Although many of them returned to their respective home countries after their agreed tenure ended, some remained in Malaysia and settled permanently.
As Malaya moved towards independence, the government began implementing economic five-year plans, beginning with the First Malayan Five Year Plan in 1955. The First Malayan Five Year Plan (1956 &ndash 1960 was the first economic development plan launched by the Malayan government just before independence in 1957 Upon the establishment of Malaysia, the plans were re-titled and renumbered, beginning with the First Malaysia Plan in 1965. The First Malaysia Plan (1966&ndash1970 was an economic development plan implemented by the government of Malaysia.
In 1970s, Malaysia began to imitate Asian Tigers and committed itself to a transition from being reliant on mining and agriculture to an economy that depends more on manufacturing. The term Four Asian Tigers or East Asian Tigers refers to the Economies of South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore With Japanese investment, heavy industries flourished and in a matter of years, Malaysian exports became the country's primary growth engine. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. In Economics, an export is any good or Commodity, Transported from one country to another country in a Legitimate fashion Malaysia consistently achieved more than 7% GDP growth along with low inflation in the 1980s and the 1990s. In economics inflation or price inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services over a period of time [65]
During the same period, the government tried to eradicate poverty with the controversial New Economic Policy (NEP), after the May 13 Incident of racial rioting in 1969. For the Soviet New Economic Policy see New Economic Policy. The Malaysian New Economic Policy ( NEP or DEB for Dasar The May 13 Incident is a term for the Sino - Malay Race riots in Kuala Lumpur (then part of the state of Selangor [35] Its main objective was the elimination of the association of race with economic function, and the first five-year plan to begin implementing the NEP was the Second Malaysia Plan. The Second Malaysia Plan was an economic development plan introduced by the government of Malaysia with the goal of implementing the Malaysian The success or failure of the NEP is the subject of much debate, although it was officially retired in 1990 and replaced by the National Development Policy (NDP). The National Development Policy replaced the Malaysian New Economic Policy in 1990 but continued to pursue most of NEP policies Recently much debate has surfaced once again with regards to the results and relevance of the NEP. Some have argued that the NEP has indeed successfully created a Middle/Upper Class of Malay businessmen and professionals. Despite some improvement in the economic power of Malays in general, the Malaysian government maintains a policy of discrimination that favors ethnic Malays over other races—including preferential treatment in employment, education, scholarships, business, access to cheaper housing and assisted savings. This special treatment has sparked envy and resentment between non-Malays and Malays.
The Chinese control of the country's economy meanwhile, has been ceded largely in favour of the Bumiputras/Malays in many essential or strategic industries such as petroleum retailing, transportation, agriculture and etc. The minority of Indian descent has by and large been the most adversely affected by this policy. Indicators point to a higher incidence of crime and gang related activities among the Indians in recent years.
The rapid economic boom led to a variety of supply problems, however. Labour shortages soon resulted in an influx of millions of foreign workers, many illegal. Cash-rich PLCs and consortia of banks eager to benefit from increased and rapid development began large infrastructure projects. A Public Limited Company ( PLC, plc or plc or p l c is a type of Limited company in the United Kingdom or the Republic of Ireland which is This all ended when the Asian Financial Crisis hit in the fall of 1997, delivering a massive shock to Malaysia's economy. The Asian Financial Crisis was a period of Financial crisis that gripped much of Asia beginning in July 1997 and raised fears of a worldwide economic meltdown (
As with other countries affected by the crisis, there was speculative short-selling of the Malaysian currency, the ringgit. Ringgit ( Malay for "jagged" mostly refers to the Malaysian ringgit, which is the local currency in Malaysia, but it can also refer Foreign direct investment fell at an alarming rate and, as capital flowed out of the country, the value of the ringgit dropped from MYR 2. Foreign direct investment ( FDI) in its classic definition is defined as a company from one country making a physical investment into building a factory in another country 50 per USD to, at one point, MYR 4. 80 per USD. The Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange's composite index plummeted from approximately 1300 points to around 400 points in a matter of weeks. The Bursa Malaysia ( or Malaysia Exchange, MYX previously known as Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange ( KLSE, Bursa Saham Kuala Lumpur After the controversial sacking of finance minister Anwar Ibrahim, a National Economic Action Council was formed to deal with the monetary crisis. Dato' Seri Anwar bin Ibrahim (born 10 August 1947) is a Malaysian politician who served as Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister from 1993 to 1998 Bank Negara imposed capital controls and pegged the Malaysian ringgit at 3. Bank Negara Malaysia or BNM is the Malaysian Central bank. Its headquarters is located in Kuala Lumpur, the capital of Malaysia and In Economics, capital control is the Monetary policy device that a country's government (i A fixed exchange rate, sometimes called a pegged exchange rate, is a type of Exchange rate regime wherein a Currency 's value is matched to the value of 80 to the US dollar. Malaysia refused economic aid packages from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, however, surprising many analysts. The International Monetary Fund ( IMF) is an International organization that oversees the Global financial system by following the Macroeconomic
In March 2005, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) published a paper on the sources and pace of Malaysia's recovery, written by Jomo K. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD) was established in 1964 as a permanent intergovernmental body S. of the applied economics department, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. The University of Malaya ( Abbreviation: UM; Universiti Malaya is the oldest university in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur (ˈkwɑːləlʊmˈpʊər Malay /kwɑlɑlʊmpʊ/ and locally /kwɑləlʊmpɔ/ or even /kɔlɔmpɔ/ or often abbreviated as K The paper concluded that the controls imposed by Malaysia's government neither hurt nor helped recovery. The chief factor was an increase in electronics components exports, which was caused by a large increase in the demand for components in the United States, which was caused, in turn, by a fear of the effects of the arrival of the year 2000 (Y2K) upon older computers and other digital devices. The Year 2000 problem (also known as the Y2K problem, the millennium bug, the Y2K bug, or simply Y2K) was a notable Computer bug resulting
However, the post Y2K slump of 2001 did not affect Malaysia as much as other countries. This may have been clearer evidence that there are other causes and effects that can be more properly attributable for recovery. One possibility is that the currency speculators had run out of finance after failing in their attack on the Hong Kong dollar in August 1998 and after the Russian ruble collapsed. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders The ruble or rouble (рубль rublʹ, plural ru рубли́ rubli; see note on English spelling and Russian plurals with numbers (See George Soros)
Regardless of cause/effect claims, rejuvenation of the economy also coincided with massive government spending and budget deficits in the years that followed the crisis. George Soros (ˈsɔroʊs or /ˈsɔrəs/ Hungarian ˈʃoroʃ (born August 12, 1930, in Budapest, Hungary, as György Schwartz) is Later, Malaysia enjoyed faster economic recovery compared to its neighbours. In many ways, however, the country has yet to recover to the levels of the pre-crisis era.
While the pace of development today is not as rapid, it is seen to be more sustainable. Although the controls and economic housekeeping may not have been the principal reason for recovery, there is no doubt that the banking sector has become more resilient to external shocks. The current account has also settled into a structural surplus, providing a cushion to capital flight. Asset prices are now a fraction of their pre-crisis heights.
The fixed exchange rate was abandoned in July 2005 in favour of a managed floating system within an hour of China's announcing of the same move. A fixed exchange rate, sometimes called a pegged exchange rate, is a type of Exchange rate regime wherein a Currency 's value is matched to the value of Floating rate may also refer to a Floating interest rate applied to a Loan or other lending product China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National [66] In the same week, the ringgit strengthened a percent against various major currencies and was expected to appreciate further. As of December 2005, however, expectations of further appreciation were muted as capital flight exceeded USD 10 billion. Capital flight, in Economics, occurs when Assets and/or Money rapidly flow out of a Country, due to an economic event that disturbs Investors [67]
In September 2005, Sir Howard J. Davies, director of the London School of Economics, at a meeting in Kuala Lumpur, cautioned Malaysian officials that if they want a flexible capital market, they will have to lift the ban on short-selling put into effect during the crisis. The London School of Economics and Political Science, more commonly referred to as The London School of Economics or LSE, is a specialist college of the Kuala Lumpur (ˈkwɑːləlʊmˈpʊər Malay /kwɑlɑlʊmpʊ/ and locally /kwɑləlʊmpɔ/ or even /kɔlɔmpɔ/ or often abbreviated as K In March 2006, Malaysia removed the ban on short selling. [68] Currently, Malaysia is considered a newly industrialized country. The category of newly industrialized country ( NIC) is a socioeconomic classification applied to several countries around the world by Political scientists [10][11][69]
Infrastructure
- See also: Buildings and structures in Kuala Lumpur and Buildings and structures in Putrajaya
Malaysia has extensive roads that connect all major cities and towns on the western coast of Peninsular Malaysia. As of 2006, the total length of the Malaysian expressway network is 1471. The Malaysian Expressway System (Sistem Lebuhraya Malaysia which begins with the NSE, is in the process of being substantially increased 6 kilometres (914. The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand 4 miles). A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States The network connects all major cities and conurbations such as Klang Valley, Johor Bahru and Penang to each other. Klang Valley (Lembah Klang is an area in Malaysia comprising Kuala Lumpur and its suburbs and adjoining cities and towns in the state of Selangor Johor Bahru, also spelled Johor Baharu, Johor Baru, ( "Baru" means "new" in Malay) or Johore Bahru and abbreviated Penang (pəˈnæŋ Malay: Pulau Pinang) is a state in Malaysia, located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia The major expressway, the North-South Expressway spans from the northern and the southern tips of Peninsular Malaysia at Bukit Kayu Hitam and Johor Bahru respectively. The North-South Expressway (NSE (Lebuhraya Utara-Selatan 南北大道 வடக்கு - தெற்கு நெடுஞ்சாலை is the longest expressway in Malaysia It is a part of the Asian Highway Network, which also connects into Thailand and Singapore. The Asian Highway (AH Project is a cooperative project among countries in Asia and Europe and the United Nations Economic and Social Commission
Roads in the East Malaysia and the eastern coast of Peninsular Malaysia are still relatively undeveloped. Those are highly curved roads passing through mountainous regions and many are still unsealed, gravel roads. This has resulted in the continued use of rivers and the necessary use of airplanes as the main or alternative mode of transportation for the interior residents. Overview Fixed-wing aircraft range from small training and recreational aircraft to Wide-body aircraft and military cargo aircraft.
Train service in West Malaysia is operated by the Keretapi Tanah Melayu (Malayan Railways) and has extensive railroads that connect all major cities and towns on the peninsular, including Singapore. Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad ( KTMB) or Malayan Railways Limited is the main rail operator in Peninsular Malaysia. Singapore There is also a short railway in Sabah operated by Sabah State Railway that mainly carries freight. Sabah State Railway (SSR is a railway system and operator in the state of Sabah in Malaysia.
There are seaports throughout the country. ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo The major ports are Port Klang and Port of Tanjung Pelepas in Johor. Port Klang ( Pelabuhan Klang) is the one of the main Ports of Malaysia, located in the district of Klang in the state of Selangor. The Port of Tanjung Pelepas ( Abbreviation: PTP, UN/LOCODE MYTPP) is a Port for Container ships located on the eastern mouth of the Pulai Other important ports can be found in Tanjung Kidurong, Kota Kinabalu, Kuching, Kuantan, Pasir Gudang, Penang, Miri, Sandakan and Tawau. Tanjung Kidurong is a small port town in Sarawak, Malaysia. Kota Kinabalu (ˈkɔtɑ kɪnɑbɑlʊ formerly known as Jesselton, is the capital of Sabah, a state in Malaysia, as well as the capital of the West Kuching is the capital of the East Malaysian state of Sarawak. Situated about 25 KM to the north of Kuantan city and facing South China Sea, Kuantan Port (Latitude 3°58'N Longitude 103° 26'E is a multipurpose port in Pasir Gudang is an Industrial town located 35 km east of Johor Bahru in Malaysia ( LAT) Penang (pəˈnæŋ Malay: Pulau Pinang) is a state in Malaysia, located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia Miri is a city in northern Sarawak, Malaysia, on the island of Borneo. Sandakan is the second-largest city in Sabah, East Malaysia, on the north-eastern coast of Borneo. Tawau is the administrative center of Tawau Division and the third largest town of Sabah after Kota Kinabalu and Sandakan.
Airports are also found throughout the country. An airport is a location where Aircraft such as airplanes, Helicopters and blimps take off and land Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) is the main airport of the country. Kuala Lumpur International Airport commonly known as KLIA is one of Asia 's major aviation hubs along with Bangkok's Suvarnabhumi Airport, Hong Other important airports include Kota Kinabalu International Airport, Penang International Airport, Kuching International Airport, Langkawi International Airport, and Senai International Airport. Kota Kinabalu International Airport (KKIA serves the city of Kota Kinabalu, the state capital of Sabah, Malaysia. Penang International Airport, previously known as Bayan Lepas International Airport, is situated in the Bayan Lepas area of Penang, Malaysia Kuching International Airport (KIA is Sarawak 's main international Airport and is situated 11 km (6NM south of the city of Kuching. Langkawi International Airport, is an Airport situated on the duty-free island of Langkawi in the state of Kedah in Malaysia. Senai International Airport, officially known as Sultan Ismail International Airport ( Malay: Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Sultan Ismail is an Airport There are also airports in smaller towns, as well as small domestic airstrips in rural Sabah and Sarawak. There are daily flight services between West and East Malaysia, which is the only convenient option for passengers travelling between the two parts of the country. Malaysia is the home of the first low-cost carrier in the region, AirAsia. AirAsia Berhad ( is a low-cost airline based in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It has Kuala Lumpur as its hub and maintains flights to Southeast Asia and China as well. In KL it operates out of the Low Cost Carrier Terminal (LCCT) in KLIA.
The intercity telecommunication service is provided on Peninsular Malaysia mainly by microwave radio relay. International telecommunications are provided through submarine cables and satellite. One of the largest and most significant telecommunication companies in Malaysia is Telekom Malaysia (TM), providing products and services from fixed line, mobile as well as dial-up and broadband Internet access service. Telekom Malaysia Berhad (TM) is the largest telecommunication company in Malaysia and also Southeast Asia 's second-largest telecommunication company It has the near-monopoly of fixed line phone service in the country.
In December 2004, Energy, Water and Communications Minister Datuk Seri Dr Lim Keng Yaik reported that only 0. Tun Dr Lim Keng Yaik ( is a former Malaysian politician and ex-Minister of Energy Water and Telecommunications in the Malaysian cabinet. 85% or 218,004 people in Malaysia used broadband services. However these values are based on subscriber number, whilst household percentage can reflect the situation more accurately. This represented an increase from 0. 45% in three quarters. He also stated that the government targeted usage of 5% by 2006 and doubling to 10% by 2008. Lim Keng Yaik had urged local telecommunication companies and service provider to open up the last mile and lower prices to benefit the users.
Culture
- See also: Tourism in Malaysia and Cuisine of Malaysia
Malaysia is a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural and multilingual society. Malaysian culture or Malaya culture is a mixture of Malay, Chinese, Indian and various indigenous tribes dating back to more than fifteen hundred Malaysia is a country in South-East Asia, located partly on a peninsula of the Asian mainland and partly on the northern third of the island of. Malaysian cuisine reflects the multi-racial aspects of Malaysia. The population as of February 2007 is 26. 6 million consisting of 62% Malays, 24% Chinese, 8% Indians, with other minorities and indigenous peoples (Dept of Stats. Malaysia). Ethnic tensions have been rising in recent months. [70]
The Malays, who form the largest community, are defined as Muslims in the Constitution of Malaysia. The Constitution of Malaysia, comprising 181 articles is the supreme Law of Malaysia. The Malays play a dominant role politically and are included in a grouping identified as bumiputra. Their native language is Malay (Bahasa Melayu). The Malay language ( ISO 639-1 code MS is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people and people of other ethnic groups who reside in the Malay is the national language of the country. [17]
In the past, Malays wrote in Sanskrit or using Sanskrit-based alphabets. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical After the 15th century, Jawi (a script based on Arabic) became popular. Jawi (جوي Jăwi (or Yawi in Pattani) is an adapted Arabic alphabet for writing the Malay language. Over time, romanized script overtook Sanskrit and Jawi as the dominant script. In Linguistics, romanization (or latinization, also spelled romanisation or latinisation) is the representation of a Word or This was largely due to the influence of the colonial education system, which taught children in romanised writing rather than in Arabic script.
The largest non-Malay indigenous tribe is the Iban of Sarawak, who number over 600,000. Iban History See also Iban history The origin of the name Iban is a mystery although many theories exist Some Iban still live in traditional jungle villages in long houses along the Rajang and Lupar rivers and their tributaries, although many have moved to the cities. In Archaeology and Anthropology, a long house or longhouse is a type of long narrow single-room building built by peoples in various parts of the world The Bidayuhs, numbering around 170,000, are concentrated in the southwestern part of Sarawak. Location Predominantly Bidayuh areas are Lundu, Bau, Penrissen Padawan, and Serian. The largest indigenous tribe in Sabah is the Kadazan. The Kadazans are an Ethnic group indigenous to the state of Sabah in Malaysia. They are largely Christian subsistence farmers. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings The 140,000 Orang Asli, or aboriginal peoples, comprise a number of different ethnic communities living in Peninsular Malaysia. Orang Asli ( lit, "original peoples" or " Aboriginal peoples " in Malay) is a general term used for any indigenous groups that are Traditionally nomadic hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists, many have been sedentarised and partially absorbed into modern Malaysia.
The Chinese population in Malaysia is mostly Buddhist (of Mahayana sect) or Taoist. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Mahayana ( Sanskrit: mahāyāna, Devanagari: महायान 'Great Vehicle' is one of the two main existing schools of Buddhism and a term for Taoism (pronounced /ˈdaʊɪzəm/ or /ˈtaʊɪzəm/ also spelled '''Daoism''') refers to a variety of related Philosophical and Religious traditions Chinese in Malaysia speak a variety of Chinese dialects including Mandarin Chinese, Hokkien, Cantonese, Hakka and Teochew. The Southern Min language or Min Nan ( POJ: Bân-lâm-gú or "Southern Fujian" language refers to a family of Chinese languages Dialects The Hakkas ( Hakka language: Hak-kâ; Mandarin Chinese: Kèjiā) are a subgroup of the Han Chinese people who live predominantly A large majority of Chinese in Malaysia, especially those from larger cities such as Kuala Lumpur, Petaling Jaya and Penang speak English as well. There has also been an increasing number of the present generation Chinese who consider English as their first language. Chinese have historically been dominant in the Malaysian business community.
The Indians in Malaysia are mainly Hindu Tamils from southern India who native language is Tamil, there are also other Indian communities which is Telugu, Malayalam and Hindi-speaking, living mainly in the larger towns on the west coast of the peninsula. Tamil people (also called Tamils or Tamilians) ( are an Ethnic group native to Tamil Nadu, a state in India, and the north-eastern Tamil (ta தமிழ்; t̪əmɨɻ is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. Telugu people refer to the group of peoples who natively speak the Telugu language. Not to be confused with the Malay language. Malayalam (മലയാളം malayāḷaṁ) is a Dravidian language used Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Many middle to upper-middle class Indians in Malaysia also speak English as a first language. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States A vigorous 200,000-strong Tamil Muslim community also thrives as an independent subcultural group. Tamil Muslim refers to Muslims of Tamil ethnicity found in South Asia and South East Asia. there are also prevalent Tamil christian communities in major cities and towns. There is also a sizable Sikh community in Malaysia of over 83,000. Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. Most Indians originally migrated from India as traders, teachers or other skilled workers. A larger number were also part of the forced migrations from India by the British during colonial times to work in the plantation industry. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country
Eurasians, Cambodians, Vietnamese, and indigenous tribes make up the remaining population. In the context of Ethnic origins, Eurasian is a term for people and ethnic groups of mixed European and Asian ancestry A small number of Eurasians, of mixed Portuguese and Malay descent, speak a Portuguese-based creole, called Papiá Kristang. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. A creole language, or simply a creole, is a stable Language that originates seemingly as a nativized Pidgin. Papiá Kristang ("Christian language" or just Kristang, is a Creole language. There are also Eurasians of mixed Filipino and Spanish descent, mostly in Sabah. Sabah is a Malaysian state located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo. Descended from immigrants from the Philippines, some speak Chavacano, the only Spanish-based creole language in Asia. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Chavacano (as a proper noun and a derivative of the Spanish adjective " chabacano " and as it is generally accepted in literature the broadcast media A number of Creole languages are based on the Spanish language. Cambodians and Vietnamese are mostly Buddhists (Cambodians of Theravada sect and Vietnamese, Mahayana sect). The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East History Origin of the school The Theravāda school is ultimately derived from the Vibhajjavāda (or 'doctrine of analysis' grouping which was a continuation
Malaysian traditional music is heavily influenced by Chinese and Islamic forms. The music is based largely around the gendang (drum), but includes other percussion instruments (some made of shells); the rebab, a bowed string instrument; the serunai, a double-reed oboe-like instrument; flutes, and trumpets. The country has a strong tradition of dance and dance dramas, some of Thai, Indian and Portuguese origin. Other artistic forms include wayang kulit (shadow puppet theatre), silat (a stylised martial art) and crafts such as batik, weaving, including the ceremonial cloth pua kumbu, and silver and brasswork. Wayang is an Indonesian and Malay word for Theatre. When the term is used to refer to kinds of puppet theater sometimes the puppet itself is referred Silat is an umbrella term used to describe the martial art forms practiced throughout the Malay Archipelago. Batik ( pronunciation:, but often in English is or) is a wax-resist Dyeing technique used on Textile.
Holidays
Malaysians observe a number of holidays and festivities throughout the year. There are two types of holidays in Malaysia, National and State levels Some holidays are federal gazetted public holidays and some are public holidays observed by individual states. Other festivals are observed by particular ethnic or religion groups, but are not public holidays.
The most celebrated holiday is the "Hari Merdeka" (Independence Day) on August 31 commemorating the independence of the Federation of Malaya in 1957, while Malaysia Day is only celebrated in the state of Sabah on September 16 to commemorate the formation of Malaysia in 1963. Hari Merdeka ( Independence Day) is a national day of Malaysia commemorating the independence of the Federation of Malaya from British colonial Events 1056 - Byzantine Empress Theodora becomes ill dying suddenly a few days later without children to succeed the Throne The Federation of Malaya (Persekutuan Tanah Melayu was a federation of 11 states formed on January 31 1948 from the nine Malay states and the British Malaysia Day is held on September 16 every year to commemorate the establishment of Malaysian federation on the same date in 1963 Sabah is a Malaysian state located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo. Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers Hari Merdeka, as well as Labour Day (May 1), the King's Birthday (first Saturday of June) and some other festivals are federal gazetted public holidays. Labour Day is an annual Holiday celebrated all over the world that resulted from efforts of Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor.
Muslims in Malaysia celebrate Muslim holidays. Muslim holidays are mostly based around the life of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, especially the events surrounding the first hearing of the Qur'an. The most celebrated festival, Hari Raya Puasa (also called Hari Raya Aidilfitri) is the Malay translation of Eid al-Fitr. Eid ul-Fitr or Id-ul-Fitr (عيد الفطر ‘Īdu l-Fiṭr) often abbreviated to Eid, is a Muslim Holiday that marks the end of Eid ul-Fitr or Id-ul-Fitr (عيد الفطر ‘Īdu l-Fiṭr) often abbreviated to Eid, is a Muslim Holiday that marks the end of It is generally a festival honoured by the Muslims worldwide marking the end of Ramadan, the fasting month. Ramadan or Ramazan ( Arabic: رمضان Ramaḍān) is a Muslim religious observance that takes place during the ninth month of the Islamic In addition to Hari Raya Puasa, they also celebrate Hari Raya Haji (also called Hari Raya Aidiladha, the translation of Eid ul-Adha), Awal Muharram (Islamic New Year) and Maulidul Rasul (Birthday of the Prophet). Eid al-Adha ( Arabic: عيد الأضحى ‘Īd ul-’Aḍḥā, Urdu: بقرعید or the Festival of Sacrifice is a religious festival celebrated Eid al-Adha ( Arabic: عيد الأضحى ‘Īd ul-’Aḍḥā, Urdu: بقرعید or the Festival of Sacrifice is a religious festival celebrated The Islamic New Year is a cultural event which Muslims observe on the first day of Muharram, the first month in the Islamic calendar. Mawlid ( Eid Milad an Nabi ( Turkish:Mevlid ( Qur'anic مَوْلِدُ آلنَبِيِّ mawlidu n-nabiyyi, “Birth of the Prophet”
Chinese in Malaysia typically celebrate festivals that are observed by Chinese around the world. The Culture of China (traditional Chinese 中國文化 simplified Chinese 中国文化 is home to one of the world's oldest and most complex Civilizations covering a history Chinese New Year is the most celebrated among the festivals which lasts for fifteen days and ends with Chap Goh Mei. Chinese New Year is the most important of the Traditional Chinese holidays. The Lantern Festival a Chinese festival celebrated on the fifteenth day of the first month in the Lunar year in the Chinese calendar. Other festivals celebrated by Chinese are the Qingming Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival and the Mid-Autumn Festival. The Qingming Festival ( Vietnamese language: Tết Thanh Minh meaning Clear and Bright Festival, is a traditional Chinese festival on the 104th day after The Mid-Autumn Festival, also known as the Moon Festival, or in Chinese Zhongqiu Jie ( is a popular harvest festival celebrated by Chinese In addition to traditional Chinese festivals, Buddhists Chinese also celebrate Vesak. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Vesak is an annual holiday observed by practicing Buddhists in many Asian countries like Thailand, Cambodia, Sri Lanka,
The majority of Indians in Malaysia are Hindus and they celebrate Diwali, the festival of light, while Thaipusam is a celebration which pilgrims from all over the country flock to Batu Caves. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Diwali, or Deepavali, (also called Tihar and Swanti in Nepal (Markiscarali is a major Indian and Nepalese festival and a significant Thaipusam (தைப்பூசம் (or Thai Poosam Kavady) is a Hindu festival celebrated mostly by the Tamil community on the full moon in the Pilgrims, or Pilgrim Fathers (or Pilgrim Mothers) is a name commonly applied to the early settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Plymouth Batu Caves is a Limestone hill which has a series of Caves and cave temples located in Gombak district 13 km north of Kuala Lumpur, Apart from the Hindus, Sikhs celebrate the Vaisakhi, the Sikh New Year. Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. Vaisakhi (ਵਸਾਖੀ vaisākhī, also known as Baisakhi) is an ancient Harvest festival in Punjab, which also marks beginning of
Other festivals such as Good Friday (East Malaysia only), Christmas, Hari Gawai of the Ibans (Dayaks), Pesta Menuai (Pesta Kaamatan) of the Kadazan-Dusuns are also celebrated in Malaysia. Good Friday, also called Holy Friday or Great Friday, is the Friday preceding Easter Sunday ("Pascha" Gawai Day or Gawai Dayak, a festival celebrated in Sarawak on 1 June every year is both a religious and social occasion Iban History See also Iban history The origin of the name Iban is a mystery although many theories exist The Dayak or Dyak (ˈdaɪək are the peoples indigenous to Borneo. The Kaamatan Festival is an annual event in the cultural life of the Kadazandusuns of Sabah since time immemorial Kadazan-Dusun is the term assigned to the unification of the classification of two indigenous tribes in Sabah, Malaysia &mdashthe ethnic groups Kadazan
Despite most of the festivals being identified with a particular ethnic or religious group, all Malaysians celebrate the festivities together, regardless of their background. For years, when Hari Raya Puasa and Chinese New Year coincided, a slogan, Kongsi Raya, a combination of Gong Xi Fa Cai (a greeting used on the Chinese New Year) and Hari Raya (which could also mean "celebrating together" in Malay language) was coined. For years when the Hari Raya Puasa and Deepavali coincide, a slogan, Deepa Raya, is similarly coined.
See also
References
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Sources
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- Zainal Abidin bin Abdul Wahid; Khoo, Kay Kim; Muhd Yusof bin Ibrahim; Singh, D. Tan Sri Dr Khoo Kay Kim (born March 28 1937) is a Malaysian Historian and currently is a Professor Emeritus at S. Ranjit (1994). Kurikulum Bersepadu Sekolah Menengah Sejarah Tingkatan 2. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (Malay for The Institute of Language and Literature) (abbreviated DBP) is the government body responsible for coordinating the use of the ISBN
- Adam, Ramlah binti, Samuri, Abdul Hakim bin & Fadzil, Muslimin bin (2004). Sejarah Tingkatan 3. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. ISBN.
- Osborne, Milton (2000). Milton Osborne is an Australian Historian, Author, and Consultant specializing in Southeast Asia. Southeast Asia: An Introductory History. Allen & Unwin. ISBN
External links
Government
- Malaysia Department of Statistics
- myGovernment Portal - Malaysia Government Portal
- Bernama - Malaysia national news agency
- Tourism Malaysia - Malaysia tourism portal
- Virtual Malaysia - The Official Portal of the Ministry of Tourism, Malaysia
- Office of the Prime Minister of Malaysia
- Radio Televisyen Malaysia - Government-owned television network
- Malaysia External Trade Development Corporation
- Small Medium Industries Development Corporation
Maps
Overviews and Data
Others
The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc The World Factbook ( ISSN; also known as the CIA World Factbook) is an annual publication of the Central Intelligence Agency of the Wikitravel is a Web -based project "to create a free, complete up-to-date and reliable worldwide travel guide. Lonely Planet Publications (usually known as Lonely Planet or LP) is one of the largest travel Guidebook publishers in the world
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