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Not to be confused with the Malayalam language, spoken in India. Not to be confused with the Malay language. Malayalam (മലയാളം malayāḷaṁ) is a Dravidian language used
Malay
Bahasa Malaysia / Bahasa Melayu, بهاس ملايو
Spoken in: Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, southern Thailand, southern Philippines
Total speakers: 20–30 million 
Ranking: 54
Language family: Austronesian
 Malayo-Polynesian (MP)
  Nuclear MP
   Sunda-Sulawesi
    Malayic
     Malayan
      Local Malay
       Malay 
Writing system: Rumi (Latin alphabet) (official in Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia; co-official in Brunei) and Jawi (Arabic script) (co-official in Brunei). Brunei Darussalam, (bruːˈnaɪ in English officially the State of Brunei Abode of Peace (Negara Brunei Darussalam Jawi: برني دارالسلام The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Singapore The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP This is a list of languages, ordered by the number of native-language speakers, with some data for second-language use List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Malayo-Polynesian languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages, with approximately 351 million speakers The Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages are a branch of the Austronesian family that are thought to have dispersed from a possible homeland in Sulawesi. The Sunda-Sulawesi languages (or Inner Hesperonesian or Inner Western Malayo-Polynesian languages) are a branch of the Austronesian family posited The Malayic languages are a branch of the Sunda-Sulawesi languages of the Austronesian family. The Malay language ( ISO 639-1 code MS is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people and people of other ethnic groups who reside in the A writing system is a type of Symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in Language. Jawi (جوي Jăwi (or Yawi in Pattani) is an adapted Arabic alphabet for writing the Malay language. Historically written in Pallava, Kawi and Rencong 
Official status
Official language in: Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, East Timor (working language)
Regulated by: Majlis Bahasa Brunei Darussalam - Indonesia - Malaysia (Brunei Darussalam - Indonesia - Malaysia Language Council), Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (Institute of Language and Literature) Pusat Bahasa, Indonesia
Language codes
ISO 639-1: ms
ISO 639-2: may (B)  msa (T)
ISO 639-3: variously:
msa – Malay (generic)
mly – Malay (specific)
btj – Bacanese Malay
bve – Berau Malay
bvu – Bukit Malay
coa – Cocos Islands Malay
jax – Jambi Malay
meo – Kedah Malay
mqg – Kota Bangun Kutai Malay
xmm – Manado Malay
max – North Moluccan Malay
mfa – Pattani Malay
msi – Sabah Malay
vkt – Tenggarong Kutai Malay
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Grantha ( Tamil: கிரந்த ௭ழுத்து Bengali: গ্রন্থলিপি Malayalam: ml ഗ്രന്ഥലിപി Sanskrit Kawi (from Sanskrit: kavi, "poet" is a literary and prose language from the islands of Java, Bali, and Lombok Rencong script is a writing system used to write Malay in Sumatra ( Bengkulu and Palembang) and maybe Minangkabau. Brunei Darussalam, (bruːˈnaɪ in English officially the State of Brunei Abode of Peace (Negara Brunei Darussalam Jawi: برني دارالسلام For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Singapore The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste (officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste) is a country in Southeast Asia. This is a list of bodies that regulate Standard languages Natural languages Auxiliary languages Interlingua The auxiliary language MABBIM (shortform for Majlis Bahasa Brunei-Indonesia-Malaysia - "Language Council of Brunei-Indonesia-Malaysia" is a regional language organisation which is formed Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (Malay for The Institute of Language and Literature) (abbreviated DBP) is the government body responsible for coordinating the use of the The Pusat Bahasa ( Indonesian for "Language Center" is the institution responsible for designing and regulating the growth of the Indonesian language in ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages The Berau language, also known as Berau Malay, is an Austronesian Language which is spoken by the Berau people in Berau regency, Jambi Malay is a variant of the Malay language spoken in the Jambi province of Indonesia. Kedah-Malay language is the language spoke by Kedahan Malay that reside in the state of Perlis, Kedah, Penang and Perak Utara of Malaysia Manado Malay is a language spoken in Manado and the surrounding area Yawi or Pattani Malay is a Dialect of the Malay language spoken in the southernmost provinces of Thailand along the border with Malaysia In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

The Malay language (ISO 639-1 code: MS)[1][2] (Malay: Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesia) | Bahasa Malaysia (Malaysia) | Bahasa Melayu (Singapore and Brunei); Jawi script: بهاس ملايو) is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people and people of other races who reside in the Malay Peninsula, southern Thailand, the Philippines, Singapore, central eastern Sumatra, the Riau islands and parts of the coast of Borneo. ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family Jawi (جوي Jăwi (or Yawi in Pattani) is an adapted Arabic alphabet for writing the Malay language. Malays (Melayu are an Ethnic group of Austronesian peoples predominantly inhabiting the Malay Peninsula, the east coast of Sumatra, the coast The Malay Peninsula or Thai-Malay Peninsula (Semenanjung Tanah Melayu (คาบสมุทรมลายู is a major Peninsula located in Southeast The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Singapore Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two Riau Islands ( Indonesian: Kepulauan Riau ( Kepri or Riau Kepulauan) is a province of Indonesia, consisting of Riau Archipelago Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. [3].

Malay is an official language of Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore, Indonesia, and East Timor. An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Brunei Darussalam, (bruːˈnaɪ in English officially the State of Brunei Abode of Peace (Negara Brunei Darussalam Jawi: برني دارالسلام Singapore The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste (officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste) is a country in Southeast Asia. In Indonesia and East Timor, the language is formally referred to as Bahasa Indonesia, which literally translates as "Indonesian language. Indonesian or Bahasa Indonesia, based on the Riau version of Malay language, was declared the official language with the declaration of " It is also called Bahasa Kebangsaan (National Language) and Bahasa Persatuan/Pemersatu (Unifying Language) in Indonesia. In Malaysia, the language was once officially known as Bahasa Malaysia, ("Malaysian language". )

The term, which was introduced by the National Language Act of 1967, was in use until the 1990s, when most academics and government officials reverted to "Bahasa Melayu," used in the Malay version of the Federal Constitution. The Constitution of Malaysia, comprising 181 articles is the supreme Law of Malaysia. According to Article 152 of the Federal Constitution, Bahasa Malaysia is the official language of Malaysia. The Constitution of Malaysia, comprising 181 articles is the supreme Law of Malaysia. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and "Bahasa Kebangsaan" (National Language) was also used at one point during the 1970s.

Indonesia announced Malay as its official language when it gained independence, calling it Bahasa Indonesia. Independence is the Self-government of a Nation, Country, or State by its residents and population or some portion thereof generally exercising However, the language had been used as the "lingua franca" throughout the archipelago since the 15th century. Since 1928, nationalists and young people throughout the Indonesian archipelagos have declared it to be Indonesia's only official language, as proclaimed in the Sumpah Pemuda "Youth Vow. "

Indonesian and Malay are separated by some centuries of different vocabulary development. Indonesian is distinct by its vocabulary from Malay as spoken in Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, where the language is known simply as Bahasa Malaysia. 'Bahasa Malaysia' is defined as Brunei's official language in the country's 1959 Constitution.

Many Malay dialects, however, are mutually unintelligible; for example, Kelantanese pronunciation is difficult even for some Malaysians to understand, while Indonesian has a lot of words unique to it that are unfamiliar to other speakers of Malay who are not from Indonesia. A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of Kelantan is a state of Malaysia. The capital and royal seat is Kota Bharu. Indonesian or Bahasa Indonesia, based on the Riau version of Malay language, was declared the official language with the declaration of

The language spoken by the Peranakan (Straits Chinese, a hybrid of Chinese settlers from the Ming Dynasty and local Malays) is a unique patois of Malay and the Chinese dialect of Hokkien, which is mostly spoken in the former Straits Settlements of Penang and Malacca. Peranakan, Baba-Nyonya ( Hokkien: Bā-bā Niû-liá) and Straits Chinese (zh-Hant 土生華人 named after the Straits Settlements The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led Patois is any language that is considered nonstandard, although the term is not formally defined in Linguistics. The Southern Min language or Min Nan ( POJ: Bân-lâm-gú or "Southern Fujian" language refers to a family of Chinese languages Dialects The Straits Settlements were a collection of territories of the British East India Company in Southeast Asia, which were given collective administration in 1826 Penang (pəˈnæŋ Malay: Pulau Pinang) is a state in Malaysia, located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia

Contents

Classification and related languages

See also: Austronesian languages#Cross-linguistic Comparison Chart

Malay is a member of the Austronesian family of languages which includes languages from Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean, with a smaller number in continental Asia. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions Malagasy, a geographic outlier spoken on the island of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean, is also a member of this linguistic family. Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic) is an Island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface

Malay belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the family, which includes the Languages of the Philippines and Malagasy, which is further subdivided into Outer Hesperonesian languages and Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian of which Malay is a member. The Malayo-Polynesian languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages, with approximately 351 million speakers In Philippines there are over 170 languages almost all of them belong to the Austronesian language family. The Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages are a branch of the Austronesian family that are thought to have dispersed from a possible homeland in Sulawesi. Malay's closest relatives therefore include Javanese, Acehnese, Chamorro and Palauan. Javanese is the language of the people in the central and eastern parts of the island of Java, in Indonesia. Acehnese (also Achinese, Achehnese) or Aceh (formerly Atjeh) is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken in Aceh, Chamorro ( Chamoru) is the native language of the Chamorro or Chamoru of the Northern Mariana Islands and Guam. Palauan (also spelled Belauan) is one of the two nationally recognized official languages spoken in the Republic of Palau (the second being English

Although each language of the family is mutually unintelligible, their similarities are rather striking. Many roots have come virtually unchanged from their common Austronesian ancestor. There are many cognates found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Cognates in Linguistics are words that have a common origin They may occur within a language such as shirt and skirt as two English words descended from Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities.

Writing system

Main article: Malay alphabet

Malay is normally written using Latin alphabet called Rumi, although a modified Arabic script called Jawi also exists. The modern Malay alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet. It is used to write Malay. Jawi (جوي Jăwi (or Yawi in Pattani) is an adapted Arabic alphabet for writing the Malay language. Rumi is official in Malaysia and Singapore, and Indonesian has a different official orthography also using the Latin script. Rumi and Jawi are co-official in Brunei. Efforts are currently being undertaken to preserve Jawi script and to revive its use amongst Malays in Malaysia, and students taking Malay language examination in Malaysia have the option of answering questions using Jawi script. Latin alphabet, however, is still the most commonly used script in Malaysia, both for official and informal purposes.

Historically, Malay language has been written using various types of script. Before the introduction of Arabic script in the Malay region, Malay was written using Pallava, Kawi and Rencong script. Vatteluttu () or "rounded writing" is an Abugida Writing system originating from the Dravidian peoples of Southern India and Kawi (from Sanskrit: kavi, "poet" is a literary and prose language from the islands of Java, Bali, and Lombok Rencong script is a writing system used to write Malay in Sumatra ( Bengkulu and Palembang) and maybe Minangkabau. Old Malay was written using Pallava and Kawi script, as evident from several inscription stones in the Malay region. The Old Malay is possibly the ancestor of Malay language, including Indonesian. Starting from the era of kingdom of Pasai and throughout the golden age of Sultanate of Malacca, Jawi has gradually replaced these scripts as the most commonly used script in the Malay region. The Sultanate of Malacca was founded by Parameswara in 1402 and later married the princess of Pasai in 1409.

Extent of use and dialects

The extent to which Malay is used in these countries varies depending on historical and cultural circumstances. Bahasa Melayu is the national language in Malaysia by Article 152 of the Constitution of Malaysia, and became the sole official language in West Malaysia in 1968, and in East Malaysia gradually from 1974. The Constitution of Malaysia, comprising 181 articles is the supreme Law of Malaysia. The Constitution of Malaysia, comprising 181 articles is the supreme Law of Malaysia. Peninsular Malaysia ( Semenanjung Malaysia) also known as Malaya or West Malaysia, is the part of Malaysia which lies on Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. East Malaysia consists of the Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak, located on the island of Borneo to the east across the South Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. English continues, however, to be widely used in professional and commercial fields and in the superior courts. Other minority languages are also commonly used by the country's large ethnic minorities. The situation in Brunei is similar to that of Malaysia.

In Singapore, Malay was historically the lingua franca among people of different races and nationalities. A lingua franca (from Italian, literally meaning Frankish language, see etymology under Sabir and Italian below is any Language widely Although this has largely given way to English, Malay still retains the status of national language and the national anthem, Majulah Singapura, is entirely in Malay. A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's " Majulah Singapura " ("Onward Singapore" is the National anthem of Singapore. In addition, parade commands in the military, police and civil defence are given only in Malay.

Most residents of the five southernmost provinces of Thailand — a region that, for the most part, used to be part of an ancient Malay kingdom called Pattani — speak a dialect of Malay called Yawi (not to be confused with Jawi), which is similar to Kelantanese Malay, but the language has no official status or recognition. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj Patani (Pattani is known to have been part of the ancient Srivijayan kingdom Yawi or Pattani Malay is a Dialect of the Malay language spoken in the southernmost provinces of Thailand along the border with Malaysia

Due to earlier contact with the Philippines, Malay words — such as dalam hati (sympathy), luwalhati (glory), tengah hari (midday), sedap (delicious) — have evolved and been integrated into Tagalog and other Philippine languages. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Tagalog is one of the major languages used in the Philippines. In Philippines there are over 170 languages almost all of them belong to the Austronesian language family.

By contrast, Indonesian has successfully become the lingua franca for its disparate islands and ethnic groups, in part because the colonial language, Dutch, is no longer commonly spoken. (In East Timor, which was governed as a province of Indonesia from 1976 to 1999, Indonesian is widely spoken and recognized under its Constitution as a 'working language'. East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste (officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste) is a country in Southeast Asia. Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) A constitution is a system for government often Codified as a written document that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity )

Besides Bahasa Indonesia that is developed from Riau dialect, there are many Malay dialects spoken in Indonesia [1], divided into : western and eastern group. Indonesian or Bahasa Indonesia, based on the Riau version of Malay language, was declared the official language with the declaration of Riau is a province of Indonesia, located in the center of Sumatra Island along the Strait of Malacca. Western Malay is predominantly spoken in Sumatra, known as Sumatran dialects, such as: Riau, Langkat, Palembang and Jambi. Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two Palembang is a city of 1286000 in the south of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. Jambi is a province of Indonesia located on the east coast of central Sumatra. Minangkabau and Bengkulu language are believed to be Sumatran Malay language descendants. The Minangkabau ethnic group (also known as Minang or Padang) is indigenous to the highlands of West Sumatra, in Indonesia. Bengkulu is a province of Indonesia. It is on the southwest coast of the island of Sumatra, and borders the provinces of West Sumatra, Meanwhile Jakarta dialect (known as Betawi) also belongs to western Malay group. Jakarta (also DKI Jakarta) is the Capital and largest city of Indonesia. The Betawi ( Orang Betawi, or "people of Batavia" are the descendants of the people living around Batavia (the colonial name for Jakarta) from around

The eastern dialects are spoken in easternmost part of Indonesian archipelago such as: Manado dialect [2](in north Celebes) and Maluku dialect (known as Ambon dialect that also spoken as lingua franca in West Papua). Manado is the capital of the North Sulawesi province of Indonesia. Sulawesi (formerly known as Celebes, ˈsɛlɛbiz is one of the four larger Sunda Islands of Indonesia and is situated between Borneo and the The Maluku Islands (also known as the Moluccas, Moluccan Islands, the Spice Islands or simply Maluku) are an Archipelago

The differences among both groups are quite observable. For example the word 'kita' means "we, us" in western, but means "I, me" in Manado, meanwhile "we, us" in Manado is 'torang' and Ambon 'katong' (originally abbreviated from Malay 'kita orang' (means "we people"). Another difference is the lack of possessive pronouns (and suffixes) in eastern dialects. Manado use verb 'pe' and Ambon 'pu' (from Malay 'punya' means "to have") to mark possession. So "my name" and "our house" are translated in western Malay as 'namaku' and 'rumah kita' but 'kita pe nama' and 'torang pe rumah' in Manado and 'beta pu nama', 'katong pu rumah' in Ambon dialect.

The pronunciation may vary in western dialects, especially the pronunciation of words ended vowel 'a'. For example Malaysian pronounce 'kita' as /kitə/, Riau /kita/, Palembang /kito/ and Betawi as /kitɛ/.

Betawi and eastern dialects are sometimes regarded as Malay creole, because the speakers don't belong to Malay ethnics

Phonology

Note: this article uses the orthography of Malaysian Malay. For Indonesian orthography, see Indonesian language. Indonesian or Bahasa Indonesia, based on the Riau version of Malay language, was declared the official language with the declaration of

Table of consonant phonemes of Malay
Bilabial Labio-
Dental		 Dental Alveolar Post-
Alveolar		 Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ ny /ɲ/ ng /ŋ/
Plosive p /p/ b /b/ t /t/ d /d/ k /k/ g /g/
Affricate c /tʃ/ j /dʒ/
Fricative f /f/ v /v, ʋ/ s /s/ z /z/ sy /ʃ, ʂ, sj/ h /h/
Approximant r /r/ y /j/ w /w/
Lateral l /l/

Orthographic Note:


Table of vowel phonemes of Malay
Height Front Central Back
Close i /i/ u /u/
Mid e /e, ɛ/ e /ə/ o /o, ɔ/
Open a /a/ a /ɑ/
Table diphthongs of Malay
Orthography IPA
ai /aɪ̯, ai/
au /aʊ̯, au/
ua /ua/

There are two vowels represented by the letter "e", i. In Phonetics, a vowel is a Sound in spoken Language, such as English ah! or oh!, pronounced with an open Vocal tract e. /e, ɛ/ and /ə/. Learners of Malay are expected to distinguish between the two sounds while learning each new word.

In some parts of Peninsular Malaysia, especially in the central and southern region, most words which end with the letter a tends to be pronounced as /ə/.

Grammar

Word Formation

Malay is an agglutinative language, and new words are formed via three methods. New words can be created by attaching affixes onto a root word (affixation), formation of a compound word (composition), or repetition of words or portions of words (reduplication). An affix is a Morpheme that is attached to a stem to form a word In Linguistics, a compound is a Lexeme (less precisely a Word) that consists of more than one stem. Reduplication, in Linguistics, is a morphological Process by which the root or stem of a Word, or part of it is repeated

Affixes

Root words are either nouns or verbs, which can be affixed to derive new words, e. g. masak (to cook) yields memasak (cooks, is cooking, etc. ), memasakkan (cooks, is cooking for etc. ), dimasak (cooked - passive) as well as pemasak (cook - person), masakan (cooking, cookery). Many initial consonants undergo mutation when prefixes are added: e. g. sapu (sweep) becomes penyapu (broom); panggil (to call) becomes memanggil (calls, is calling, etc. ), tapis (sieve) becomes menapis (sieves, is sieving, etc. )

Other examples of the use of affixes to change the meaning of a word can be seen with the word ajar (teach):

There are four types of affixes, namely prefixes (awalan), suffixes (akhiran), circumfixes (apitan) and infixes (sisipan). An affix is a Morpheme that is attached to a stem to form a word A prefix is a type of Affix attached to a stem which modifies the meaning of that stem In Grammar, a suffix (also postfix, ending) is an Affix which is placed at the end of a word A circumfix is an Affix, a Morpheme that is placed around another morpheme An infix is an Affix inserted inside a stem (an existing word These affixes are categorised into noun affixes, verb affixes, and adjective affixes.

Noun affixes are affixes that form nouns upon addition to root words. The following are examples of noun affixes:

Type of noun affixes Affix Example of root word Example of derived word
Prefix pe(N)- duduk (sit) penduduk (population)
ke- hendak (want) kehendak (desire)
juru- acara (event) juruacara (event host)
Infix -el- tunjuk (point) telunjuk (index finger, command)
-em- kelut (dishevelled) kemelut (chaos, crisis)
-er- gigi (teeth) gerigi (toothed blade)
Suffix -an bangun (wake up, raise) bangunan (building)
Circumfix ke-. . . -an raja (king) kerajaan (government)
pe(N)-. . . -an kerja (work) pekerjaan (occupation)

(N) and (R) indicate that if a word begins with certain letters (most often vowels or consonants k, p, s, t), the letter will either be omitted or will undergo nasal mutation or be replaced by the letter l. The morphology of the Welsh language shows many characteristics perhaps unfamiliar to speakers of English or continental European languages like French

Similarly, verb affixes are attached to root words to form verbs. In Malay, there are:

Type of verb affixes Affix Example of root word Example of derived word
Prefix be(R)- ajar (teach) belajar (to study) - Intransitive
me(N)- tolong (help) menolong (to help) - Active transitive
di- ambil (take) diambil (is being taken) - Passive transitive
mempe(R)- kemas (tidy up, orderly) memperkemas (to arrange further)
dipe(R)- dalam (deep) diperdalam (is being further deepen)
te(R)- makan (eat) termakan (to have accidentally eaten)
Suffix -kan letak (place, keep) letakkan (keep) - Imperative transitive
-i jauh (far) jauhi (avoid) - Imperative transitive
Circumfix be(R)-. In Grammar, an intransitive Verb does not take an object. In more technical terms an intransitive verb has only one argument (its subject ACTIVE - sobriety friendship and peace (formerly EGTYF European Good Templar Youth Federation) is a non-governmental Umbrella organisation gathering European Grammatical mood is one of a set of distinctive Verb forms that are used to signal modality. . . -an pasang (pair) berpasangan (in pairs)
be(R)-. . . -kan tajuk (title) bertajukkan (to be titled, to entitle)
me(N)-. . . -kan pasti (sure) memastikan (to make sure)
me(N)-. . . -i teman (company) menemani (to accompany)
mempe(R)-. . . -kan guna (use) mempergunakan (to utilise, to exploit)
mempe(R)-. . . -i ajar (teach) mempelajari (to study)
ke-. . . -an hilang (disappear) kehilangan (to lose)
di-. . . -i sakit (pain) disakiti (to be hurt by)
di-. . . -kan benar (right) dibenarkan (is allowed to)
dipe(R)-. . . -kan kenal (know, recognise) diperkenalkan (is being introduced)

Adjective affixes are attached to root words to form adjectives:

Type of adjective affixes Affix Example of root word Example of derived word
Prefix te(R)- kenal (know) terkenal (famous)
se- lari (run) selari (parallel)
Infix -el- serak (disperse) selerak (messy)
-em- cerlang (radiant bright) cemerlang (bright, excellent)
-er- sabut (husk) serabut (dishevelled)
Circumfix ke-. . . -an barat (west) kebaratan (westernized)

In addition to these affixes, Malay language also has a lot of borrowed affixes from other languages such as Sanskrit, Arabic and English. For example maha-, pasca-, eka-, bi-, anti-, pro- etc.

Compound word

In Malay, new words can be formed by joining two or more root words. Compound words, when exist freely in a sentence, are often written separately. Compound words are only attached to each other when they are bound by circumfix or when they are already considered as stable words.

For example, the word kereta which means car and api which means fire, are compounded to form a new word kereta api (train). Similarly, ambil alih (take over) is formed using the root words ambil (take) and alih (move), but will link together when a circumfix is attached to it, i. e. pengambilalihan (takeover). Certain stable words, such as kakitangan (personel), and kerjasama (corporation), are spelled as one word even when they exist freely in sentences.

Reduplication

There are four types of words reduplication in Malay, namely

Measure words

Another distinguishing feature of Malay is its use of measure words (penjodoh bilangan). In Linguistics, measure words, known more formally as numeral classifiers and also called counters, count words, counter words, or In this way, it is similar to many other languages of Asia, including Chinese, Vietnamese, Burmese, and Bengali. Vietnamese ( tiếng Việt, or less commonly Việt ngữ) formerly known under French colonization as Annamese ( see Annam) The Burmese language (မြန်မာဘာသာ myà̃mà bàθà MLCTS: myanma bhasa) is the official Language of Burma.

Measure words can not be translated into English. Examples are :

measure word used for measuring literary translation example
buah thing (in general) 'fruit' dua buah meja (two tables), lima buah rumah (five houses)
orang person, human 'person' seorang lelaki (a man), enam orang petani (six farmers), seratus orang murid (a hundred students)
butir rounded object 'grain' sebutir telur (an egg)

Part of Speech

In Malay, there are 4 parts of speech:

Function words

There are 16 types of function words in Malay which performs a grammatical function in a sentence. [4] Amongst these are conjunctions, interjections, prepositions, negations and determiners.

Negations

There are two negation words in Malay, that is bukan and tidak. Bukan is used to negate noun phrases and preposition in a predicate, whereas tidak is used to negate verbs and adjectives phrases in a predicate.

Subject Negation Predicate
Lelaki yang berjalan dengan Fazila itu
(That boy who is walking with Fazila)		 bukan
(is not)		 teman lelakinya
(her boyfriend)
Surat itu
(The letter)		 bukan
(is not)		 daripada teman penanya di Perancis
(from his penpal in France)
Pelajar-pelajar itu
(Those students)		 tidak
(do not)		 mengikuti peraturan sekolah
(obey school regulations)
Penguasaan Bahasa Melayunya
(His command of Malay language)		 tidak
(is not)		 sempurna
(perfect)

The negative word bukan however, can be used before verb phrases and adjective phrases if the sentence shows contradictions.

Subject Negation Predicate Contradiction
Karangannya
(His composition)		 bukan
(is not)		 baik sangat,
(very good,)		 tetapi dia mendapat markah yang baik
(but he received good marks)
Kilang itu
(The factory)		 bukan
(is not)		 menghasilkan kereta Kancil,
(producing Kancil cars)		 sebaliknya menghasilkan Proton Wira
(instead is producing Proton Wira)

Grammatical gender

Malay does not make use of grammatical gender, and there are only a few words that use natural gender; the same word is used for he and she or for his and her. In Linguistics, grammatical genders, sometimes also called Noun classes are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words every noun must belong Most of the words that refer to people (family terms, professions, etc. ) have a form that does not distinguish between the sexes. For example, adik can both refer to a younger sibling of either gender. In order to specify the natural gender of a noun, an adjective has to be added: adik laki-laki corresponds to "brother" but really means "male younger sibling". There are some words that are gendered, for instance puteri means "princess", and putera means "prince"; words like these are usually absorbed from other languages (in these cases, from Sanskrit). Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical

Pluralization

Plurals are often expressed by means of reduplication, but only when the plural is not implied in the context. Reduplication, in Linguistics, is a morphological Process by which the root or stem of a Word, or part of it is repeated For example, "cup", which is 'cawan', would be 'cawan-cawan'. This can be shortened to 'cecawan', but this only applies to a limited number of words. Reduplication to mark pluralization is often in complementary distribution with numeral markers, for example "one thousand cups" would be 'seribu cawan' and not 'seribu cawan-cawan'.

Verbs

Verbs are not inflected for person or number, and they are not marked for tense; tense is instead denoted by time adverbs (such as "yesterday") or by other tense indicators, such as sudah, "already". For fusion in Word formation, see Compound (linguistics. A fusional language (also called inflecting language) is a On the other hand, there is a complex system of verb affixes to render nuances of meaning and denote active and passive voices. Some of these affixes are ignored in daily conversations.

Word order

The basic word order is Subject Verb Object. In Linguistic typology, subject-verb-object ( SVO) is a sentence structure where the subject comes first the Verb second and the object Adjectives, demonstrative pronouns and possessive pronouns follow the noun they describe. Demonstratives are deictic words (they depend on an external frame of reference that indicate which entities a speaker refers to and distinguishes those entities from others A possessive pronoun is a Part of speech that attributes ownership to someone or something

Borrowed words

The Malay language has many words borrowed from Arabic (mainly religious terms), Hindustani, Sanskrit, Tamil, Persian, Portuguese, Dutch, certain Chinese dialects and more recently, English (in particular many scientific and technological terms). Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Hindustani ( Hindi: हिन्दुस्तानी is an adjectival form of Hindustan which originally meant people from the whole geographical region of Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Tamil (ta தமிழ்; t̪əmɨɻ is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Some examples follow:


There are some Malay words which are spelled exactly the same as the English word e. Javanese is the language of the people in the central and eastern parts of the island of Java, in Indonesia. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical The Southern Min language or Min Nan ( POJ: Bân-lâm-gú or "Southern Fujian" language refers to a family of Chinese languages Dialects Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical "Snowfall" redirects here For other uses see Snow (disambiguation or Snowfall (disambiguation. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Reduplication, in Linguistics, is a morphological Process by which the root or stem of a Word, or part of it is repeated Filipino is the national and an Official language of the Philippines as designated in the 1987 Philippine Constitution. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Tamil (ta தமிழ்; t̪əmɨɻ is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. The Southern Min language or Min Nan ( POJ: Bân-lâm-gú or "Southern Fujian" language refers to a family of Chinese languages Dialects Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language The Southern Min language or Min Nan ( POJ: Bân-lâm-gú or "Southern Fujian" language refers to a family of Chinese languages Dialects English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The Southern Min language or Min Nan ( POJ: Bân-lâm-gú or "Southern Fujian" language refers to a family of Chinese languages Dialects English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Hindustani ( Hindi: हिन्दुस्तानी is an adjectival form of Hindustan which originally meant people from the whole geographical region of Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Javanese is the language of the people in the central and eastern parts of the island of Java, in Indonesia. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language g hospital.

Some Malay words have been borrowed into English. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States See the list of words of Malay origin at Wiktionary, the free dictionary and Wikipedia's sister project. Wiktionary (a Portmanteau of Wiki and Dictionary) is a multilingual, Web -based project to create a Free

Malay language has also heavily influenced the forms of colloquial English spoken in Malaysia (Manglish). Manglish (or sometimes Malglish or Mangled English) is the colloquial version of the English language as spoken in Malaysia and it is a

Some simple phrases in Malay

In Malaysia, to greet somebody with "Selamat pagi" or "Selamat sejahtera" would be considered very formal, and the borrowed word "Hi" would be more usually among friends; similarly "Bye-bye" is often used when taking one's leave.

Malay Phrase IPA English Translation
Selamat datang /səlamat dataŋ/ Welcome (Used as a greeting)
Selamat jalan /səlamat dʒalan/ Have a safe journey (equivalent to "goodbye", used by the party staying)
Selamat tinggal /səlamat tiŋgal/ Goodbye (Lit translation: "Good stay", used by the party going)
Terima kasih /tərima kasih/ Thank you
Sama-sama /sama sama/ You are welcome (as in a response to Thank You)
Selamat pagi /səlamat pagi/ Good morning
Selamat petang /səlamat pətaŋ/ Good afternoon/evening (note that 'Selamat petang' must not be used at night as in English. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA is a system of phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic For a general greeting, use 'Selamat sejahtera')
Selamat sejahtera /səlamat sədʒahtəra/ Greetings (formal)
Selamat malam /səlamat malam/ Good night
Jumpa lagi See you again
Siapakah nama awak?/Nama awak apa? What is your name?
Nama saya . . . My name is . . . (The relevant name is placed in front. For example, if your name was Mawar, then you would introduce yourself by saying "Nama saya Mawar", which translates to "My name is Mawar")
Apa khabar? How are you? / What's up? (literally, "What news?")
Khabar baik Fine, good news
Saya sakit I'm sick
Ya /ja/ Yes
Tidak ("tak" colloquially) No
Saya sayang awak I love you (In a more of a family or affectionate sort of love, e. g. : mother to daughter)
Saya cinta awak I love you (romantic love)
Saya tidak faham (or simply "tak faham" colloquially) I do not understand
Saya tidak tahu (or "tak tau" colloquially or "sik tau" in Sarawak) I do not know
(Minta) maaf I apologise ('minta' is to request)
Tumpang tanya "May I ask. . . ?" (used when trying to ask something)
(Minta) tolong Please help (me) ('Tolong!' on its own just means "help")
Apa What
Tiada Nothing

Colloquial and contemporary usage

Contemporary usage of Malay includes a set of slang words, formed by innovations of standard Malay words or incorporated from other languages, spoken by the urban speech community, which may not be familiar to the older generation, e. g. awek (girl); balak (guy); usha (survey); skodeng (peep); cun (pretty); poyo/slenge (horrible, low-quality) etc. The Malay-speaking community, especially in Kuala Lumpur, also code-switch between English and Malay in their speech, forming Bahasa Rojak. Rojak Language or Bahasa Rojak is a Malaysian term literally meaning " mixed-up language " in Malay, to define the practice of Examples of the borrowings are: Bestlah tempat ni (This place is cool);kau ni terror lah (How daring you are; you're fabulous). Consequently, this phenomenon has raised the displeasure of language purists in Malaysia, in their effort to uphold the proper use of the national language. A purist is one who desires that a particular item remain true to its essence and free from adulterating or diluting influences A national language is a Language (or language variant, ie Dialect) which has some connection - de facto or de jure - with

The following are some contractions used by Malay-speaking youths:

Non-formal
Word		 Formal
Word		 English
Translation
tak tidak no, not
bleh boleh can, able to
ko engkau you
nape kenapa why
gi pergi go
kat dekat/di at
ne mana where
tau tahu know
je sahaja only
awek gadis girl/grilfriend
balak pemuda boy/boyfriend
skodeng mengintai peep
cun cantik pretty
poyo/selenge buruk horrible
blah beredar go away
meh mari come
apsal apa pasal why
tak yah tidak payah not necessary
pastu selepas itu after that
amik ambil take
sudey sudah enough

Dictionary

There are many, different Malay dictionaries. In Malaysia, the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP) dictionary is the chief arbiter for the language, and is considered the authority in defining Malay usage. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (Malay for The Institute of Language and Literature) (abbreviated DBP) is the government body responsible for coordinating the use of the Some other dictionaries are:

See also

References

  1. ^ "Alpha-3 Codes Arranged Alphabetically by the English Name of Language. Rojak Language or Bahasa Rojak is a Malaysian term literally meaning " mixed-up language " in Malay, to define the practice of Hamzah Fansuri (also spelled Hamzah Pansuri, d c 1590 was a famous Sumatran Sufi writer the first to Pen mystical Panentheistic Language politics is a term used to describe political (and sometimes social consequences of linguistic differences between people or on occasion the political consequences of the way Loan words from Malay in English; Agar (also 'agar-agar' a gelatinous substance obtained from various kinds of red seaweed and used in biological culture media " _The Library of Congress_. 7-11-2006. Accessed 13-11-2007.
  2. ^ "Codes for the Representation of Names of Languages Part 2: Alpha-3 Code. " _The Library of Congress_. 14-11-2006. Accessed 13-11-2007. Note: "ISO 639 provides two sets of language codes, one as a two-letter code set (639-1) and another as a three-letter code set (this part of ISO 639) for the representation of names of languages. "
  3. ^ Ethnologue report for Netherlands
  4. ^ http://faculty.unitarklj1.edu.my/ALD0063/week/week6/MORFOLOGI/GOLONGAN%20KATA.doc

External links

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