The Sultanate of Malacca was founded by Parameswara in 1402 and later married the princess of Pasai in 1409. Parameswara (1344 &ndash 1414 (also called Iskandar Shah) was a Malay Hindu prince (from Palembang district of Srivijaya Empire) who Centered in the modern town of Malacca, the sultanate stretched from southern Thailand in the north to Sumatra in the southwest. Malacca Town ( Malay: Bandar Melaka) is the capital city of the Malaysian state of Malacca. The Portuguese invaded its capital in 1511 and in 1528, the Sultanate of Johor was established by a Malaccan prince to succeed Malacca. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. This article concerns the Sultanate of Johor For office of the sultan see Sultan of Johor.
Contents |
Establishment of Malacca
Parameswara founded Malacca around 1400. South East Asia whose strategic sea-lane position brought trade and foreign influences that fundamentally influenced its history Prehistoric Malaysia may be traced back as far as 60000 years ago from stone tools found at Kota Tampan, an archaeological site in Lenggong Perak Gangga Negara is believed to be a lost Hindu kingdom mentioned in the Malay Annals that covered present day Beruas, Dinding and Manjung Langkasuka (- langkha Sanskrit for "resplendent land" - sukkha of "bliss" was an ancient Hindu Malay kingdom located Pan Pan is a lost small Hindu Kingdom believed to have existed around 3rd-7th Century CE Srivijaya or Sriwijaya was an ancient Malay kingdom on the island of Sumatra, Southeast Asia which influenced much of the Malay Archipelago. The Sultanate of Kedah was the earliest Sultanate in the Malay Peninsula and arguably the earliest in Southeast Asia founded in year 1136 For the province see Sulu. The Sultanate of Sulu was a Muslim State that ruled over many of the islands of the This article concerns the Sultanate of Johor For office of the sultan see Sultan of Johor. Jementah Civil War happened in 1879 in Jementah, Sultanate of Johor when Tengku Alam the heir of Sultan Ali of Muar refused to give the Portuguese Malacca was the territory of Malacca that for more than a century was a Portuguese colony. Dutch Malacca (1641 - 1824 was the longest period of Malacca under foreign control The Kingdom of Sarawak was a state established by Sir James Brooke in 1842 by gaining independence from the Sultanate of Brunei. British Malaya loosely described a set of states on the Malay Peninsula that were colonized by the British from the 18th and the 19th until the 20th century History The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 designed to solve many of the issues that had arisen due to the British occupation of Dutch properties during the Napoleonic Wars, as The Burney Treaty was a treaty signed between Siam and the British in 1826 The Straits Settlements were a collection of territories of the British East India Company in Southeast Asia, which were given collective administration in 1826 Larut War was a series of four wars started in July 1861 and ended with the signing of the Pangkor Treaty of 1874. The Klang War or Selangor Civil War took place in the Malay state of Selangor and was fought between Raja Abdullah bin Raja Jaafar, the administrator The Pangkor Treaty of 1874 was a treaty signed between the British and the Sultan of Perak. This article is not to be confused with the Unfederated Malay States. This article should not be confused with the Federated Malay States. The Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 or Bangkok Treaty of 1909 was a Treaty between the United Kingdom and Thailand signed on March 10[[ The Battle of Penang occurred on 28 October 1914, during World War I. North Borneo was an independent state and British Protectorate under the sovereign British North Borneo Company from 1882-1946 and subsequently a Mat Salleh Rebellion was a series of major disturbances in North Borneo, now Malaysian state of Sabah, from 1894 to 1900 Throughout much of World War II, British Malaya, North Borneo and Sarawak were under Japanese occupation. The Battle of Malaya was a campaign fought by Allied and Japanese forces in Malaya, from December 8 1941 to January 31 On January 23, 1942, the Parit Sulong Massacre was committed against Allied soldiers by members of the Imperial Guards Division The Battle of Muar was the last major battle of the Malayan campaign. The Battle of Singapore was fought in the South-East Asian theatre of World War II when the Empire of Japan invaded the Allied stronghold Saiburi (SriBuri Thai: ไทรบุรี is the name for the Malay state of Kedah returned to Thailand when the Japanese occupied British The Battle of North Borneo was fought in June-August 1945 between Australian and Japanese forces in North Borneo (later known as Sabah) The Sandakan Death Marches were a series of forced marches from Sandakan to Ranau which resulted in the deaths of more than 3600 Indonesian The Malayan Union was a federation of the Malay states and the Straits Settlements excluding Singapore. The Federation of Malaya (Persekutuan Tanah Melayu was a federation of 11 states formed on January 31 1948 from the nine Malay states and the British The Malayan Emergency was a State of emergency declared by the British colonial government of Malaya in 1948 and lifted in 1960 as well as an insurrection and Bukit Kepong Incident was an armed encounter which took place on February 23, 1950 between the police and the Malayan Communists in pre-independence Hari Merdeka ( Independence Day) is a national day of Malaysia commemorating the independence of the Federation of Malaya from British colonial For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Operation Coldstore (sometimes spelled Operation Cold Store) was a security operation conducted by the Government of Singapore in February 1963 in which The Brunei Revolt broke out on December 8, 1962 and was led by Yassin Affandi and his armed rebels On 16 September 1963, Singapore joined the Federation of Malaya together with Sabah and Sarawak to form Malaysia The 1964 Race Riots were a series of Riots that took place in Singapore during two separate periods in July and September between Chinese and Malay The Communist Insurgency War, or Second Malayan Emergency was an Insurgency and guerrilla war, conducted by the Malayan Communist Party For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and The May 13 Incident is a term for the Sino - Malay Race riots in Kuala Lumpur (then part of the state of Selangor For the Soviet New Economic Policy see New Economic Policy. The Malaysian New Economic Policy ( NEP or DEB for Dasar Operation Lalang ( Weeding Operation; also referred to as Ops Lalang) was carried out on October 27, 1987 by the Malaysian The 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis was a series of events that began with United Malays National Organisation (UMNO general election in 1987 and ended with the suspension The Asian Financial Crisis was a period of Financial crisis that gripped much of Asia beginning in July 1997 and raised fears of a worldwide economic meltdown ( Parameswara (1344 &ndash 1414 (also called Iskandar Shah) was a Malay Hindu prince (from Palembang district of Srivijaya Empire) who He was a Buddhist Srivijayan prince and Sejarah Melayu mentioned that he laid claims of being descended from the Macedonian King Alexander the Great / Iskandar Zulkarnain. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Srivijaya or Sriwijaya was an ancient Malay kingdom on the island of Sumatra, Southeast Asia which influenced much of the Malay Archipelago. Sejarah Melayu or The Malay Annals is a historical Malay literary work that chronicles the establishment of the Malacca Sultanate and spans over 600 years Macedon or Macedonia ( Greek grc Μακεδονία grc-Latn Makedonía) was the name of a kingdom centered in the northern-most Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' When Parameswara became the ruler of Palembang, the Srivijaya Empire was already in decline. In 1390s, Majapahit sent thousands of ships to attack Palembang. Majapahit was an Indianized kingdom based in eastern Java from 1293 to around 1500. Palembang is a city of 1286000 in the south of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. Parameswara had fled his palace and eventually reached Temasek island which was headed by a Srivijayan descendent. Temasek ('Sea Town' in Javanese, spelt Tumasik;) was the name of an early city on the site of modern Singapore. However, Temasek had been a vassal of Majapahit since 1365. After several days, Parameswara was betrayed by his relative and he had to kill him. Parameswara then ruled Temasik for about 4 years, where he was finally attacked by the Majapahit armies when one of the ministers opened the gates for Majapahit armies to attack the palace. Parameswara fled north to Muar before founding Melaka in 1400. In 1409, Parameswara assumed the title Sultan Iskandar Shah due to his marriage to a princess from Pasai. Parameswara (1344 &ndash 1414 (also called Iskandar Shah) was a Malay Hindu prince (from Palembang district of Srivijaya Empire) who for the town in Burma see Pasai Burma Pasai, also known as Samudera and Samudera-Pasai sometimes called His marriage to the Muslim princess encouraged a number of his subjects to embrace Islam. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion According to the Sejarah Melayu, legend has it that the king saw a mouse deer outwit a dog when he was resting under the Melaka tree. Sejarah Melayu or The Malay Annals is a historical Malay literary work that chronicles the establishment of the Malacca Sultanate and spans over 600 years "Kancil" redirects here For the car see Perodua Kancil Not to be confused with Kanchil (Lesser Mouse Deer Not to be confused The dog ( Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated Subspecies of the gray wolf, a Mammal of the Canidae family of the order He took what he saw as a good omen and decided to establish a capital for his kingdom there. Today, the mouse deer is part of modern Malacca's coat of arms. A coat of arms or armorial bearings (often just arms for short in European tradition is a design belonging to a particular person (or group of people
Administration
- Further information: Malaysian legal history
| Sultan of Malacca | Reign |
|---|---|
| Parameswara (aka Iskandar Shah) |
1400 - 1414 |
| Megat Iskandar Shah | 1414 - 1424 |
| Muhammad Shah | 1424 - 1444 |
| Abu Syahid | 1444 - 1446 |
| Muzaffar Shah | 1446 - 1459 |
| Mansur Shah | 1459 - 1477 |
| Alauddin Riayat Shah | 1477 - 1488 |
| Mahmud Shah | 1488 - 1528 |
Malacca had a well-defined government with a set of laws. Malaysian legal history has been determined by events spanning a period of some six hundred years Parameswara (1344 &ndash 1414 (also called Iskandar Shah) was a Malay Hindu prince (from Palembang district of Srivijaya Empire) who Parameswara (1344 &ndash 1414 (also called Iskandar Shah) was a Malay Hindu prince (from Palembang district of Srivijaya Empire) who Megat Iskandar Shah is the second Sultan of Malacca and also the son of Parameswara. Sultan Muhammad Shah (1424 - 1444 was the third Sultan of Malacca. Sultan Abu Syahid Shah was the sultan of Malacca from 1444 to 1446. Sultan Muzaffar Shah was the fifth Sultan of Malacca. He ruled from 1445 to 1459 Sultan Mansur Shah was the fourth Sultan of Malacca. He ruled Malacca from 1459 to 1477. Alauddin Riayat Shah was a sultan of the Malacca Sultanate from 1477 to 1488 Sultan Mahmud Shah (died 1528 ruled Malacca from 1488 to 1528 On top of the sultanate's hierarchy sat the sultan and he was an absolute monarch. Sultan (سلطان is an Islamic title with several historical meanings Below him was a bendahara, a position similar to that of a prime minister. Bendahara is an administrative position within classical Malay kingdoms before the intervention of European powers during the 19th century This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. Most of all, a bendahara was an adviser to the sultan. A bendahara is a common person appointed by the sultan and it was the highest ranking officer that could be held by any common people. After bendahara, a laksamana's authority is paramount. The Laksamana is a position within the armed forces similar to the position of Admiral in Malay people sultanates and in present-day countries like Malaysia A laksamana is an admiral and was responsible for the state and the sultan's security. He commanded the army. Later comes the temenggung which more or less a chief of public police. Temenggung or Temenggong is an ancient Malay title of nobility usually given to the chief of public security At the bottom of this nobility structure are penghulu bendahari, who was the treasurer of the state and the shahbandars of whom were responsible to matters of trade and ports. Shahbandar ( Shahbunder, Shahbundar, Shāhbandar) ( Urdu: شاہ بندر) is located in Thatta District, Sindh, Pakistan
The most famous Malaccan bendahara is Tun Perak. Bendahara Paduka Raja Tun Perak (d 1498 was the fifth and most famous Bendahara, a Malay rank similar to a Prime minister, of the Under his advice, he managed to expand Malacca to its greatest extent. Hang Tuah is an example of Malaccan laksamana. Hang Tuah is a legendary Malay warrior/hero who lived during the reign of Sultan Mansur Shah of the Sultanate of Malacca in the 15th century
The sultanate was governed with several set of laws. The formal legal text of traditional Melaka consisted of the Undang-Undang Melaka (Laws of Malacca), variously called the Hukum Kanun Melaka and Risalat Hukum Kanun, and the Undang-Undang Laut Melaka (the Maritime Laws of Malacca). The laws as written in the legal digests went through an evolutionary process. The legal rules that eventually evolved were shaped by three main influences, namely the early non-indigenous Hindu/Buddhist tradition, Islam and the indigenous "adat".
Factors for growth
The Sultanate thrived on entrepot trade and became the most important port in Southeast Asia during the 15th and the early 16th century. Furthermore, Malacca was as a major player in the spice trade, serving as a gateway between the Spice Islands and high-paying Eurasian markets. This article covers the historical role of the Maluku Islands as a source of spices since early history when the islands where known as the Spice Islands This is reflected by the Portuguese Tomé Pires who claimed "Whoever is lord of Malacca has his hand on the throat of Venice". Tomé Pires (1465?&ndash1524 or 1540 was an Apothecary from Lisbon who spent 1512 to 1515 in Malacca immediately after the Portuguese conquest
One of the factors that contributed to the rise of Malacca was the monsoon winds that enabled Arab and Indian traders from the west to travel to China in the east and vice versa. A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind which lasts for several months The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National At the height of its power, the Sultanate encompassed most of modern day Peninsular Malaysia, the site of modern day Singapore and a great portion of eastern Sumatra. Peninsular Malaysia ( Semenanjung Malaysia) also known as Malaya or West Malaysia, is the part of Malaysia which lies on Singapore Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two It was also the center of Islam in the eastern sphere, where imams and ustazes came to discuss religion and the like. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. An imam (إمام plural ائمة A'immah, امام is an Islamic leader often the leader of a Mosque and/or community Muslim missionaries were also sent by the Sultan to spread Islam to other communities in the Malay Archipelago, such as in Java, Borneo, and the Philippines. Java (Jawa is an Island of Indonesia and the site of its Capital city Jakarta. Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Most of South East Asia at that time was Hindu. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical
The Sultanate's most important regional rivals were Siam in the north and the declining Majapahit Empire in the south. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj Majapahit was an Indianized kingdom based in eastern Java from 1293 to around 1500. Majapahit was not able to control or effectively compete with Malacca within the archipelago, and came to an end during the later 15th century. Siam on the other hand attacked Malacca three times, but all attacks were repelled.
At the same time, Malacca had a good relationship with Ming, resulting in Zheng He's visits. The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led Zheng He ( Birth name 馬三寶 / 马三宝; Arabic / Persian name حجّي محمود شمس Hajji Mahmud Shams) (1371&ndash1433 was a Hui Parameswara had met the Ming emperor to receive a Letter of Friendship, hence making Malacca the first foreign kingdom to attain such treatment. In 1409, the sultan paid tribute to the Ming emperor to ask for protection against Siam. The Yongle Emperor ( Wade-Giles: Yung-lo May 2, 1360 &ndash August 12, 1424) born Zhu Di ( Chu Ti Moreover, one of the sultans, Mansur Shah even married a Ming princess named Hang Li Po. Sultan Mansur Shah was the fourth Sultan of Malacca. He ruled Malacca from 1459 to 1477. Hang Li Po (汉丽宝 was the fifth wife of Malacca's Sultan Mansur Shah (reigning from 1456 to 1477 This Sino-Malacca relationship helped deter Siam from further threatening Malacca. (See Zheng He In Malacca. Zheng He ( Birth name 馬三寶 / 马三宝; Arabic / Persian name حجّي محمود شمس Hajji Mahmud Shams) (1371&ndash1433 was a Hui )
Portuguese invasion and its effects
| This article is part of the History of Indonesia series |
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| See also: |
| Prehistory |
| Early kingdoms |
| Srivijaya (3rd to 14th centuries) |
| Tarumanagara (358-723) |
| Sailendra (8th & 9th centuries) |
| Kingdom of Sunda (669-1579) |
| Kingdom of Mataram (752–1045) |
| Kediri (1045–1221) |
| Singhasari (1222–1292) |
| Majapahit (1293–1500) |
| The rise of Muslim states |
| The spread of Islam (1200–1600) |
| Malacca Sultanate (1400–1511) |
| Sultanate of Demak (1475–1518) |
| Aceh Sultanate (1496–1903) |
| The Sultanate of Banten (1526–1813) |
| Mataram Sultanate (1500s to 1700s) |
| European colonialism |
| The Portuguese (1512–1850) |
| Dutch East India Company (1602–1800) |
| Dutch East Indies (1800–1942) |
| The emergence of Indonesia |
| National Awakening (1899–1942) |
| Japanese Occupation (1942–45) |
| Declaration of Independence (1945) |
| National Revolution (1945–1950) |
| Independent Indonesia |
| Liberal Democracy (1950–1957) |
| Guided Democracy (1957–1965) |
| Start of the New Order (1965–1966) |
| The New Order (1966–1998) |
| Reformation Era (1998–present) |
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- Further information: Portuguese Malacca
Hearing of Malacca's great wealth coming from Asian traders, the Portuguese king sent Admiral Lopes de Sequeira to find Malacca, to make a friendly compact with its ruler and to stay on Portugal's representative east of India. See also Timeline of Indonesian history Indonesia is an archipelagic country of 17508 islands (6000 inhabited stretching along the Equator See also History of Indonesia This is a timeline of Indonesian history. See also Timeline of Indonesian history Indonesia is an archipelagic country of 17508 islands (6000 inhabited stretching along the Equator Srivijaya or Sriwijaya was an ancient Malay kingdom on the island of Sumatra, Southeast Asia which influenced much of the Malay Archipelago. Tarumanagara or Taruma Kingdom or just Taruma is an early Sundanese kingdom whose fifth-century ruler Sailendra (Sanskrit Lord of the Mountain) is the name of an influential Indonesian dynasty that emerged in 8th century Java. The Sunda Kingdom was according to primary historical records from the sixteenth century a kingdom covering areas of present-day Banten Province Jakarta, West Mataram was an Indianized kingdom based in Central Java between the 8th and 10th centuries AD and was established by king Sanjaya, he was also known as Kediri was an Indianized kingdom based in East Java from 1042 to around 1222. Singhasari was a kingdom located in east Java between 1222 and 1292 Majapahit was an Indianized kingdom based in eastern Java from 1293 to around 1500. Islam is thought to have first been adopted by peoples of the Indonesia n archipelago sometime during the Eleventh century, although Muslims had The Sultanate of Demak was Muslim state located on Java 's north coast in Indonesia, at the site of the present day city of Demak. The Sultanate of Aceh was a Sultanate centered in the modern area of Aceh Province, Sumatra, Indonesia, which was a major regional power in the The Sultanate of Banten was founded in the sixteenth century It is said to have been founded by Sunan Gunungjati, who later went on to found Cirebon. The Sultanate of Mataram (pronounced muh-TAR-uhm was the last major independent Javanese empire on Java before the island was colonized by the Dutch The Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach the islands of Indonesia. See also Dutch East India Company The Dutch East India Company (VOC had a presence in the Indonesian archipelago from 1603 when the first trading See http//enwikipediaorg/wiki/WikipediaFootnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the tags and the template below The Indonesian National Awakening is a term for the period in the first half of the twentieth century during which people from many parts of the archipelago first began to develop a national Imperial Japan occupied Indonesia during World War II from March 1942 until after the end of War in 1945 The Indonesian Declaration of Independence was officially proclaimed at 10 Timeline of the Indonesian National RevolutionThe Indonesian National Revolution or Indonesian War of Independence was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between An era of Liberal Democracy (Demokrasi Liberal in Indonesia began in 1950 following the securing of Indonesian independence in the Indonesian National Revolution Indonesia's transition to the " New Order " in the mid-1960s ousted the country's first president Sukarno after 22 years in the position The New Order ( Indonesian: Orde Baru) is the term coined by former Indonesian President Suharto to characterize his regime as he came to power in 1966 Portuguese Malacca was the territory of Malacca that for more than a century was a Portuguese colony. Admiral is the rank, or part of the name of the ranks of the highest Naval officers The first European to reach Malacca and Southeast Asia, Sequeira arrived in Malacca in 1509. Although he was initially well-received by Sultan Mahmud Shah trouble however quickly ensued. Sultan Mahmud Shah (died 1528 ruled Malacca from 1488 to 1528 [1] The general feeling of rivalry between Islam and Christianity was invoked by a group of Goa Muslims in the sultan's court after the Portuguese had captured Goa. [2] The international Muslim trading community convinced Mahmud that the Portuguese were a grave threat. Mahmud subsequently captured several of his men, killed others and attempted to attack the four Portuguese ships, although they escaped. As the Portuguese had found in India, conquest would be the only way they could establish themselves in Malacca. [1]
In April 1511, Afonso de Albuquerque set sail from Goa to Malacca with a force of some 1200 men and seventeen or eighteen ships. Dom Afonso de Albuquerque (or Afonso d'Albuquerque - disused (ɐˈfõsu dɨ aɫbuˈkɛɾk(ɨ (1453 Alhandra - Goa, December 16 1515 was a Portuguese [1] The Viceroy made a number of demands - one of which was for permission to build a fortress as a Portuguese trading post near the city. [2]. All the demands were refused by the Sultan. Conflict was unavoidable, and after 40 days of fighting, Malacca fell to the Portuguese on August 24. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River Although Malacca seems to have been well supplied with artillery, but the combination of Portuguese firepower, determination and fanatical courage prevailed. A bitter dispute between Sultan Mahmud and his son Sultan Ahmad also weighed down the Malaccan side. [1] The Portuguese was helped by Guy Arojo, Chinese Capitans who supplied small ships to enter the Port of Malacca and the southern Indian and Javanese group who were in dispute with the Sultanate of Malacca.
Albuquerque remained in Malacca until November 1511 preparing its defences against any Malay counterattack. [1] Sultan Mahmud Shah was forced to flee Malacca. The sultan made several attempts to retake the capital but his efforts were fruitless. The Portuguese retaliated and forced the sultan to flee to Pahang. Pahang ( Jawi: ڨهڠ is the third largest state on Malaysia, after Sarawak and Sabah, occupying the huge Pahang River River Later, the sultan sailed to Bintan and established a new capital there. Bintan Island or Negeri Segantang Lada is an island of 1866 square kilometers and is part of the Riau Islands province of Indonesia. With a base established, the sultan rallied the disarrayed Malay forces and organized several attacks and blockades against the Portuguese's position. Frequent raids on Malacca caused the Portuguese severe hardship. The raids helped convince the Portuguese that the exiled sultan's forces must be silenced. A number of attempts were made to suppress the Malay forces, but it wasn't until 1526 that the Portuguese finally razed Bintan to the ground. The sultan then retreated to Kampar in Sumatra where he died two years later. Kampar may refer to Kampar Perak, Malaysia Kampar Regency, a regency of Riau Indonesia Kampar Kampar, a subdistrict He left behind two sons named Muzaffar Shah and Alauddin Riayat Shah II. Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah II was the first Sultan of Johor.
Muzaffar Shah was invited by the people in the north of the peninsula to become their ruler, establishing the Sultanate of Perak. Meanwhile, Mahmud's other son, Alauddin succeeded his father and made a new capital in the south. His realm was the Sultanate of Johor, the successor of Malacca. This article concerns the Sultanate of Johor For office of the sultan see Sultan of Johor.
It soon became clear that Portuguese control of Malacca did not mean they now controlled Asian trade that centred around it. Their Malaccan rule was marred with difficulties: they could not become self-supporting and remained reliant on Asian suppliers (as had their Malay predecessors); they were short of both funds and manpower; and administration was hampered by organisational confusion and command overlap, corruption and inefficiency. Competition from other ports such as Johor saw Asian traders bypass Malacca and the city began to decline as a trading port. Johor (alt English spelling Johore, Jawi scriptجوهر is a state of Malaysia between 1°20"N and 2°35"N [3] Rather than achieving their ambition of dominating it, the Portuguese had fundamentally disrupted the organisation of the Asian trade network. Rather than a centralised port of exchange of Asian wealth exchange, or a Malay state to police the Straits of Malacca that made it safe for commercial traffic, trade was now scattered over a number of ports amongst bitter warfare in the Straits. The Strait of Malacca is a narrow 805 km (500 mile stretch of water between Peninsular Malaysia (West Malaysia) and the Indonesian island of Sumatra [3]
Malacca was later conquered by the Dutch in 1641. Through the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, Malacca became a colony of the United Kingdom. History The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 designed to solve many of the issues that had arisen due to the British occupation of Dutch properties during the Napoleonic Wars, as In 1957, Malacca joined other Malay states to form Malaya and in 1963, together with Sarawak, Sabah and Singapore formed Malaysia. Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) Within Malaysia, the Malay states are the nine states of Peninsular Malaysia that have hereditary Rulers. The Federation of Malaya (Persekutuan Tanah Melayu was a federation of 11 states formed on January 31 1948 from the nine Malay states and the British Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Sarawak is one of two Malaysian states on the Island of Borneo. Sabah is a Malaysian state located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo. Singapore For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and
Fei Xin's description of Malacca
Fei Xin (Chinese: 费信) was a translator for the Ming Dynasty admiral Zheng He during his expeditions abroad. Fei Xin (Chinese 费信 was the Ming dynasty admiral Zheng He 's translator The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led Zheng He ( Birth name 馬三寶 / 马三宝; Arabic / Persian name حجّي محمود شمس Hajji Mahmud Shams) (1371&ndash1433 was a Hui In his Description of the Starry Raft (1436) there were descriptions of early 15th century Malacca. Description of the Starry Raft (Chinese 星槎勝覽 Xin Cha Shen Lan) is written in year 1436 by the translator/interpreter of admiral Zheng He, the description
He noted that Malacca people which was the Malays had "their skin resembled black lacquer, but there were some white-skinned people among them who are of ethnic Tang. The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by Men and women appeared in mallet-like chignon hair style, simple and kind lifestyle, they fish at rivers and at sea. The coastal village was inhabited by very few peoples and was not ruled by any neighboring kingdoms. The only produce of Malacca was tin, from a river. Tins obtained from river were fired into tin block (konwn as Tin ingot) where each weigh 1. 4 jin. Malacca paid annual 40 golds to Siam as tax. . . . "[4]
Malacca's Tin ingot
Tin ingots were a trading currency unique to Malacca. Tin ingots (Chinese 斗锡 were a trading currency unique to Malacca. Cast in the shape of a peck, each block weighs just over one pound. Ten blocks made up one unit called a 'small bundle', and 40 blocks made up one 'large bundle'.
References
General
- ^ a b c d e Ricklefs, M. C. (1991). A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300, 2nd Edition. London: MacMillan, p. 23. ISBN 0-333-57689-6.
- ^ a b Mohd. Fawzi bin Mohd. Basri; Mohd Fo'ad bin Sakdan; Azami bin Man (2002). Kurikulum Bersepadu Sekolah Menengah Sejarah Tingkatan 1. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, p. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (Malay for The Institute of Language and Literature) (abbreviated DBP) is the government body responsible for coordinating the use of the 95. ISBN 983-62-7410-3.
- ^ a b Ricklefs, M. C. (1991). A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300, 2nd Edition. London: MacMillan, p. 23-24. ISBN 0-333-57689-6.
- ^ When China Ruled the Seas: The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne, 1405-1433 by Louise Levathes (ISBN 0-19-511207-5)
External links
See also
This article concerns the Sultanate of Johor For office of the sultan see Sultan of Johor. The Sultanate of Kedah was the earliest Sultanate in the Malay Peninsula and arguably the earliest in Southeast Asia founded in year 1136Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic