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Archbishop Makarios III
Makarios III
In office
December 7, 1974 – August 3, 1977
Preceded by Glafkos Klerides (acting)
Succeeded by Spyros Kyprianou
In office
August 16, 1960 – July 15, 1974
Vice President Dr. Fazıl Küçük
Preceded by New office
Succeeded by Nikos Sampson (acting)
Born August 13, 1913(1913-08-13)
Panagia, Paphos, Cyprus
Died August 3, 1977 (aged 63)
Political party No party
Religion Eastern Orthodox

Makarios III (Greek: Μακάριος Γ), born Mihail Christodoulou Mouskos (Greek: Μιχαήλ Χριστοδούλου Μούσκος) on August 13, 1913, Paphos, Cyprus – August 3, 1977) was the archbishop and primate of the autocephalous Cypriot Orthodox Church (1950 - 1977) and first and fourth President of the Republic of Cyprus (1960 - 1974) and (1974 - 1977). The President of Cyprus is the Head of state and the Head of government of the Republic of Cyprus. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays Glafkos Ioannou Clerides (Γλαύκος Ιωάννου Κληρίδης (born in Nicosia, Cyprus on 24 April 1919) is a Greek-Cypriot Spyros Achilleos Kyprianou (or Cyprianou) ( October 28, 1932 &ndash March 12, 2002) was one of the most important modern The President of Cyprus is the Head of state and the Head of government of the Republic of Cyprus. Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement Fazıl Küçük ( 1906 - January 15, 1984) was the first Turkish Cypriot Vice President of the Republic of Cyprus. Nikos Sampson (Νίκος Σαμψών December 16, 1935 &ndash May 9 2001) was the de facto president of Cyprus Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Panayia (Greek Παναγιά is a mountain village in Cyprus, located at an altitude of 800m in the Paphos mountain range Paphos District is one of the six Districts of Cyprus and it is situated in the western part of Cyprus Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Paphos District is one of the six Districts of Cyprus and it is situated in the western part of Cyprus Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays In Christianity, an archbishop is an elevated Bishop. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion and others this means that they lead Primate (from the Latin Primus, "first" is a title or rank bestowed on some Bishops in certain Christian churches Autocephaly, in Hierarchical Christian churches and especially Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches is the status of a hierarchical church whose The ancient Greek Orthodox Church of Cyprus ( Greek: Ekklēsía tês Kýprou) is one of the fourteen or fifteen independent (' autocephalous The President of Cyprus is the Head of state and the Head of government of the Republic of Cyprus.

Contents

Early life, studies, and Church career (1913-1950)

Mouskos was born in Panayia village in the Paphos District. Panayia (Greek Παναγιά is a mountain village in Cyprus, located at an altitude of 800m in the Paphos mountain range Paphos District is one of the six Districts of Cyprus and it is situated in the western part of Cyprus His father was a farmer; his mother died soon after his birth. In 1926, aged 13, he was admitted to Kykkos Monastery as a novice. Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Kykkos Monastery (GreekΙερά Μονή Κύκκου which lies 20 km west of Pedoulas, one of the wealthiest and best-known monasteries in For the city in Texas, see Novice Texas. Buddhism See also Buddhist Novitiate In many Buddhist At age 20 he was sent to the Pancyprian Gymnasium in Nicosia, where he completed his secondary education in 1936. The Pancyprian Gymnasium (Παγκύπριο Γυμνάσιο was founded in 1812 by Archbishop Kyprianos at a time when Cyprus was still under Ottoman Nicosia, known locally as Lefkosia (Λευκωσία Lefkoşa is the Capital and largest city of Cyprus. Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He spent the difficult years of World War II studying theology and law at the University of Athens graduating in 1942. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (Εθνικόν και Καποδιστριακόν Πανεπιστήμιον Αθηνών usually referred to simply as the Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He took up the duties of a priest in the Cypriot Orthodox Church while sustaining an interest in academic theology, he received a World Council of Churches scholarship to undertake further study at Boston University in Massachusetts. A priest or priestess is a person having the authority or power to administer religious rites in particular rites of sacrifice to and propitiation of a deity or deities The ancient Greek Orthodox Church of Cyprus ( Greek: Ekklēsía tês Kýprou) is one of the fourteen or fifteen independent (' autocephalous The World Council of Churches ( WCC) is an international For similarly-named academic institutions see Education in Boston MA. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States.

In 1948, while still studying at Boston, he was elected Bishop of Kition. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight Larnaca, ( Greek: Λάρνακα, Turkish: Larnaka) is a City of the Republic of Cyprus situated on the southern coast Mouskos adopted the clerical name Makarios and returned to Cyprus. Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía Like many public figures in the Greek Cypriot community on Cyprus, in the 1940s and 1950s he was an active supporter of enosis, the union of Cyprus with Greece. For the Genus of Grass skipper Butterflies, see Enosis (butterfly. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία

Enosis and EOKA (1950–1955)

On September 18, 1950, Makarios was elected Archbishop of Cyprus. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This is a list of Archbishops of the Autocephalous Greek Cypriot Orthodox Church since its foundation with known dates of Enthronement: St In this role he was not only the official head of the Orthodox Church in Cyprus, but became the Ethnarch, de facto national leader of the Greek Cypriot community. Ethnarch (Εθνάρχης refers generally to political leadership over a common ethnic group or heterogeneous kingdom Greek Cypriots ( Greek: Ελληνοκύπριοι Turkish: Kıbrıslı Rumlar are the ethnic Greek population of Cyprus. This highly influential position put Makarios at the centre of Cypriot politics.

During the 1950s, Makarios embraced his dual role as Archbishop and Ethnarch with enthusiasm and became a very popular figure among Greek Cypriots. He soon became a leading advocate for enosis, and during the early part of the decade he maintained close links with the Greek government. For the Genus of Grass skipper Butterflies, see Enosis (butterfly. In August 1954, partly at Makarios' instigation, Greece began to raise the Cyprus dispute at the United Nations, arguing for the principle of self-determination to be applied to Cyprus. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) The Cyprus dispute is a territorial conflict between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots and also Republic of Cyprus and Turkey over Cyprus, an The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Self-determination is defined as free choice of one’s own acts without external compulsion and especially as the freedom of the people of a given Territory to determine their This was viewed by advocates of enosis as likely to result in the voluntary union of Cyprus with Greece following a public plebiscite. A referendum (plural referendums or referenda) ballot question, or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita

However, the British government were reluctant to decolonise the island which had become their new Headquarters for the Middle East. In 1955, a pro-enosis organisation was formed under the banner of Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston (in English 'National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters'), or EOKA. Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) For the Genus of Grass skipper Butterflies, see Enosis (butterfly. EOKA ( Εθνική Οργάνωσις Κυπρίων Αγωνιστών, Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston ( Greek for National Organisation This was a typical independence movement of the period, viewed by some as a legitimate resistance movement and by others as an intimidatory terrorist group. A resistance movement is a group or collection of individual groups dedicated to fighting an Invader in an occupied country or the government of a sovereign nation Many organizations that are accused of being a terrorist organization deny using Terrorism as a Military tactic to achieve their goals and there is no international The issue is still controversial. Makarios undoubtedly had common political ground with EOKA and was acquainted with its leader, the Greek soldier and politician George Grivas, but the extent of his involvement is unclear and disputed. Georgios Grivas ( George Grivas; Greek: Γεώργιος Γρίβας) (May 23 1898 - January 27 1974 also known by his nom de guerre In later life he categorically denied any involvement in the violent resistance undertaken by EOKA.

Exile, escalation and Taksim (1955–60)

On August 20, 1955, Greece submitted a petition to the United Nations requesting the application of the principle of self-determination to the people of Cyprus. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security After that, the colonial Government of Cyprus enforced the anti-sedition laws for the purpose of preventing or suppressing demonstrations for freedom; but the Archbishop defied them and continued demanding self-determination for Cyprus.

In October 1955, with the security situation deteriorating, the British governor, Sir John Harding, opened talks on the island’s future. Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Field Marshal Allan Francis John Harding 1st Baron Harding of Petherton, GCB, CBE, DSO, MC ( 10 February 1896 By this stage, Makarios had become closely identified with the insurgency, and talks broke up without any agreement in early 1956. Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Makarios, characterised in the British press as a crooked Greek priest and viewed with suspicion by the British authorities, was exiled to Mahe Island in the Seychelles on March 9. Mahé is the largest Island (155 km² of the Seychelles, lying in the north east of the nation Seychelles (seɪˈʃɛl or /seɪˈʃɛlz/ in English and seʃɛl in French) officially the Republic of Seychelles (République des Seychelles Creole Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. EOKA continued its campaign of protests and violence during this period.

In the latter years of the 1950s, the Turkish Cypriot community first began to float the idea of Taksim or partition, as a counterweight to the Greek ideal of enosis or union. Turkish Cypriots ( Turkish: Kıbrıs Türkleri or Kıbrıslı Türkler Greek: Τουρκοκύπριοι are the ethnically Turkish inhabitants of the Taksim ( Turkish for "division" was the objective of Turkish Cypriots who supported a partition of the island of Cyprus into Turkish and Greek Advocates of Taksim felt that the Turkish Cypriot community would be persecuted in a Greek Cyprus, and that only by keeping part of the island under either British or Turkish sovereignty could the safety of the Turkish Cypriots be guaranteed. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches In this way the Cyprus dispute became increasingly polarised between two communities with opposing visions of the future of the island. The Cyprus dispute is a territorial conflict between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots and also Republic of Cyprus and Turkey over Cyprus, an

Makarios was released from exile after a year, although he was still forbidden to return to Cyprus. He went instead to Athens, where he was rapturously received. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Basing himself in the Greek capital, he continued to work for enosis. During the following two years he attended the General Assembly of the United Nations where the Cyprus question was discussed and worked hard to achieve freedom for his people. Membership For two articles dealing with membership in the General Assembly see General Assembly members

Under the premiership of Constantine Karamanlis in Greece, the goal of enosis gradually was abandoned in favour of Cypriot independence. Negotiations in 1958 generated the Zurich Agreement as a basis for a deal on independence, and Makarios was invited to London in 1959 to fine-tune the plan. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Makarios at first refused to accept the plan. The reversal of his pro-enosis stance, and his eventual agreement to sign the conditions for the independence of Cyprus, have been attributed to moral suasion on behalf of the Greek and British governments. According to a more controversial account, the archbishop was blackmailed by MI6 with disclosure of material relating to his private life. The Secret Intelligence Service ( SIS) colloquially known as MI6 is the United Kingdom 's external Intelligence agency. [1]

On March 1, 1959 the archbishop returned to Cyprus to an unprecedented reception in Nicosia, where almost two-thirds of the adult Greek Cypriot population turned out to welcome him. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Nicosia, known locally as Lefkosia (Λευκωσία Lefkoşa is the Capital and largest city of Cyprus. Presidential elections were held on December 13, 1959. Elections in Cyprus gives information on Election and election results in Cyprus. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Makarios defeated his rival, lawyer John Klerides – father of future president and Makarios ally Glafkos Klerides – receiving two-thirds of the vote. Glafkos Ioannou Clerides (Γλαύκος Ιωάννου Κληρίδης (born in Nicosia, Cyprus on 24 April 1919) is a Greek-Cypriot Makarios was to become the political leader of all Cyprus as well as the communal leader of the Greek Cypriots.

Primacy and presidency (1960–1963)

After his election Makarios, together with the Vice-President-elect, Dr. Fazıl Küçük, continued to draw up plans for Cyprus’s future. Fazıl Küçük ( 1906 - January 15, 1984) was the first Turkish Cypriot Vice President of the Republic of Cyprus. By now, Makarios had accepted that enosis was not to be, and that the only outcome which could secure harmony in Cyprus was robust independence. Taking office on August 16, 1960, the day the Union Flag was finally lowered in Nicosia, Makarios moved towards the moderate centre of Cypriot politics and now pursued a policy of non-alignment, cultivating good relations with Turkey as well as Greece and becoming a high-profile member of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Union Flag, also known as the Union Jack, is the national flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Politics of the Republic of Cyprus takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic Republic, whereby the President of Cyprus The Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM) is an International organization of states considering themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc The Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM) is an International organization of states considering themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc

In March 1961, Cyprus was admitted as member of the Commonwealth of Nations and His Beatitude represented the island at the Commonwealth Prime Ministers΄ Conference. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He attended the Belgrade NAM conference in September 1961, and unnerved the governments in London and Washington, D.C. with his lukewarm policy towards the West. Belgrade (Београд Beograd is the Capital and largest city of Serbia. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D This was seen in the U. S. as demonstrating a tendency towards communism; Makarios was vilified as the "Castro of the Mediterranean"[2] although he had by now been rehabilitated in the British press and was affectionately nicknamed ‘Black Mak’ on account of his clerical garb. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13 1926 is a Cuban revolutionary leader who was prime minister of Cuba from December 1959 to December 1976 and then president until

But the idea of an independent path for Cyprus had not taken root among the general public at home. There was increasing acrimony between Turkish and Greek Cypriots about the workings of the constitution, and Makarios was forced to act to salvage the machinery of state from imminent collapse. In November 1963, Makarios proposed thirteen amendments to the Constitution, which would free many public offices from the ethnic restrictions agreed in London and Zurich. Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This, he argued, would allow the government to operate more efficiently, and bring together the communities by dissolving rigid inter-ethnic legal boundaries. However, the Amendments were seen by many Turkish Cypriots as threatening constitutional protections against domination by the majority Greek Cypriots.

In response to Makarios' proposals, most Turkish Cypriots in public office, including Vice-President Küçük, resigned; large numbers of Turkish Cypriots moved out of ethnically-mixed areas into villages and towns where the population was already largely Turkish Cypriot. There is still dispute over the motives for this, some arguing that it was made necessary by the intimidation of the Turkish Cypriots by the Greek Cypriots; others suggest that the Turkish community was sabotaging the Cypriot settlement and already preparing for partition by Turkey. By the end of 1963, intercommunal violence had broken out once again. Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Makarios and the Cyprus Problem (1964-1977)

The political landscape in Cyprus remained interminable. UN peacekeeping operations (UNFICYP) commenced in 1964 and helped to soothe, but not solve, the situation. The United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus ( UNFICYP) was established in 1964 to prevent a recurrence of fighting between the Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. Makarios continued his high-profile neutrality, but ultimately failed either to reassure the Turkish Cypriots that they were safe in an independent Cyprus, or to convince the Greek Cypriots that independence was a satisfactory alternative to assimilation within a Greater Greece.

President Makarios, seeking a fresh mandate from his constituency, announced in January 1968 that elections would be held during February. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Makarios received 220,911 votes (about 96 percent), and his opponent, Takis Evdokas, who ran on a platform for unification with Greece, received 8,577 votes. Even though there were 16,215 abstentions, Makarios' overwhelming victory was seen as a massive endorsement of his personal leadership and of an independent Cyprus. At his investiture, the president stated that the Cyprus problem could not be solved by force, but had to be worked out within the framework of the UN. He also said that he and his followers wanted to live peacefully in a unitary state where all citizens enjoyed equal rights. Some Cypriots opposed Makarios' conciliatory stance, and there would be an unsuccessful attempt to assassinate him in 1970. Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

In 1967, a military junta seized power in Athens, and the relationship between the regime and Makarios was tense. Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. Regime of the Colonels redirects here For the Polish regime of colonels see Colonels' group. Makarios held that the regime undermined his authority by supporting paramilitary organisations committed to enosis. For the Genus of Grass skipper Butterflies, see Enosis (butterfly.

In the summer of 1971, tension built up between the two Cypriot communities, and incidents became more numerous. Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Sometime in the late summer or early autumn, Grivas (who had attacked Makarios as a traitor in an Athens newspaper) returned secretly to the island and began to rebuild his guerrilla organisation, which became known as the National Organization of Cypriot Fighters (Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston B, aka EOKA B). EOKA-B was a Greek Cypriot paramilitary organisation formed in 1971 Three new newspapers advocating enosis were also established; all of these activities were funded by the military junta in Greece.

The junta probably would have agreed to some form of partition similar to the Acheson Plan to settle the Cyprus question; however it faced rejection by Makarios. The overthrow of Makarios became the primary objective, and the junta backed Grivas toward that end. From hiding, Grivas directed terrorist attacks and propaganda assaults that shook the Makarios government, but the president remained both a powerful and popular leader.

Relations between Nicosia and Athens were so bad that the colonels of the Greek junta, recognizing that they had Makarios in a perilous position, issued an ultimatum for him to reform his government and rid it of ministers who had been critical of the junta. Mass demonstrations proved that Makarios had the people behind him. In the end, however, Makarios bowed to Greek pressure and reshuffled the cabinet.

Another element working against Makarios was the fact that most officers of the Cypriot National Guard were Greek regulars who supported the junta, and they embraced its desire to remove him from office and achieve some degree of enosis. Military of Cyprus Grivas also continued to be a threat to the archbishop. He remained powerful and to some extent was independent of the junta that had permitted his return to Cyprus. While the Greek colonels were at times prepared to make a deal with Turkey about Cyprus, Grivas was ferociously opposed to any arrangement that did not lead to complete enosis.

In the spring of 1972, Makarios faced an attack from another quarter. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The three bishops of the Church of Cyprus demanded that he resign as president, stating that his temporal duties violated canon law. Makarios foiled the three bishops and had them defrocked in the summer of 1973. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Before choosing their replacements, he increased the number of bishops to five, thereby reducing the power of individual bishops (see ecclesiastical coup). The Ecclesiastical coup is the name given to the events staged by three Bishops of the Orthodox Church of Cyprus against the President of the Republic of

As time progressed Grivas' pursuit of enosis through guerilla tactics became an embarrassment to both Cyprus and Greece. However, his fame and popularity in both countries prevented his removal. Grivas died of a heart attack on January 27, 1974. Events 98 - Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Makarios granted his followers an amnesty, hoping that EOKA-B would disappear after the death of its leader. Intra-communal terror continued, however, and the 100,000 mourners who attended Grivas's funeral indicated the enduring popularity of his political aims.

On May 3, 1974, Makarios sent the Greek government a letter that identified certain Greek military officers stationed in Cyprus as undermining the Cypriot government. Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. The Greek regime responded that it would replace the officers in question. In a second letter on July 2, 1974 he demanded the withdrawal of all Greek officers in the island. Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Greek Foreign Minister Tetenes suggested, as a compromise, that Makarios personally select the replacement officers from a roster of Greek officers. On July 11, Glafkos Klerides visited Makarios in an unsuccessful attempt to promote a solution. Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. Glafkos Ioannou Clerides (Γλαύκος Ιωάννου Κληρίδης (born in Nicosia, Cyprus on 24 April 1919) is a Greek-Cypriot On July 15, 1974 the Greek regime sponsored a coup d'etat in Nicosia. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Makarios fled and was replaced by Nikos Sampson, a Cypriot newspaper editor and politician. Nikos Sampson (Νίκος Σαμψών December 16, 1935 &ndash May 9 2001) was the de facto president of Cyprus

While addressing the UN Security Council on July 19, 1974, Makarios accused Greece of having invaded Cyprus and of posing a threat to all Cypriots, whether Greek or Turkish Cypriot. Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Under the terms of the Treaty of Guarantee, Britain, Greece and Turkey were entitled to sanction one, or more of the trio, to intervene militarily with the purpose of restoring peace to the island. The Zürich and London Agreement was the agreement which took place on the 19 February 1959 between Turkey, Greece, the United Kingdom With Orthodox Bishop Viktor Busá, Makarios founded the International Parliament for Safety and Peace in 1975 to address the increasingly uncertain situation in Cyprus. The International Parliament for Safety and Peace (IPSP also known as International States Parliament, is an International organization based in Palermo

At this time the Greek Junta was imploding, and the British government was facing the constitutional uncertainty of a hung parliament; moreover, whilst in London, Makarios lobbied for the British military not intervene as a guarantor power. In Parliamentary systems a hung parliament is one in which no one Political party has an outright majority and means it is most commonly equally balanced [3] The invasion of Cyprus by Turkey on July 20, 1974, five days after the coup, remains highly controversial. The Turkish invasion of Cyprus, launched on July 20 1974, was a Turkish Military operation against a coup which had been staged by the Cypriot Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Northern Cyprus remains occupied by the Turkish Army, despite the constitution and presidency having been restored. The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus ( TRNC) (Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti KKTC) commonly called Northern Cyprus (Kuzey Kıbrıs though its The Turkish Army ( Turkish: Türk Kara Kuvvetleri) is a branch of the Turkish Armed Forces. To Turks and Turkish Cypriots it is known as a ‘peace operation’, designed to protect the Turkish Cypriot community. To Greeks and Greek Cypriots, it represents the execution of a long-standing ploy to re-establish Turkish control of a large portion of Cyprus. The international consensus, given subsequent resolutions of the United Nations and other international forums, is that Turkey illegally invaded and occupied an independent country. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security

Bronze statue of Makarios outside the Archepiscopal Palace in Nicosia.
Bronze statue of Makarios outside the Archepiscopal Palace in Nicosia. Nicosia, known locally as Lefkosia (Λευκωσία Lefkoşa is the Capital and largest city of Cyprus.

Nikos Sampson’s presidency was short-lived, as the regime in Athens collapsed only a few days after the Turkish invasion. Nikos Sampson (Νίκος Σαμψών December 16, 1935 &ndash May 9 2001) was the de facto president of Cyprus Regime of the Colonels redirects here For the Polish regime of colonels see Colonels' group. Unsupported, Sampson fled, and the former constitution was restored. In the continuing absence of a vice-president, the presidency passed to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, Glafkos Klerides. The term speaker is a title often given to the presiding officer of a legislative body Glafkos Ioannou Clerides (Γλαύκος Ιωάννου Κληρίδης (born in Nicosia, Cyprus on 24 April 1919) is a Greek-Cypriot Makarios remained in London for five months; then, having succeeded in securing international recognition that his administration was the rightful government of the whole island, he returned to Cyprus and focused solely on restoring Cypriot territorial integrity. He was not successful, and Turkey has remained as an occupying power ever since, with the situation continuing to be unresolved.

Death

Makarios III died unexpectedly, of a heart attack, on August 3, 1977. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays It has recently emerged that, in order to confirm the cause of death, Makarios' heart had been removed during an autopsy. The heart has since been preserved in his former bedroom in the Archbishopric[4]. He is buried in a tomb on the mountain of Throni, a site he personally chose. The tomb is near Kykkos Monastery, where he served as a novice in the 1920s and 1930s. The Kykkos Monastery (GreekΙερά Μονή Κύκκου which lies 20 km west of Pedoulas, one of the wealthiest and best-known monasteries in To commemorate his life, an imposing bronze statue of Makarios was erected outside the Archbishop's palace in Nicosia.

At his funeral, held at St John's Cathedral outside the Archbishopric in Nicosia, 182 dignitaries from 52 countries attended whilst an estimated 250,000 (or about half the Greek Cypriot population of the island) mourners filed past the coffin.

Acclaim

Orders and decorations[5]

Legacy

In international circles, Makarios is regarded as one of the most notorious politicians of his time. The Order of the Nile ( Kiladate El Nile) is Egypt 's highest state honor Bundesverdienstkreuz (Federal Cross of Merit officially Verdienstorden der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany is the only In the The Times editorial on the day following his death Makarios is described as "one of the most instantly recognisable figures of international politics". The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. [6] In his obituary The Times wrote of him as "a familiar and respected figure of the councils of the United Nations, the Commonwealth and of the Third World"[7] and of "a statesman too big for his small island". [8]

In his homeland, Makarios remains a controversial figure. The majority consider him to be a national hero and an Ethnarch, and there has even been discussion of his canonisation in the Orthodox Church of Cyprus. Ethnarch (Εθνάρχης refers generally to political leadership over a common ethnic group or heterogeneous kingdom The ancient Greek Orthodox Church of Cyprus ( Greek: Ekklēsía tês Kýprou) is one of the fourteen or fifteen independent (' autocephalous Ardent followers of Makarios, including former Cyprus President Tassos Papadopoulos and former forign minister Patroklos Stavrou have passionately defended his infallibility. Tassos Nikolaou Papadopoulos (in Greek, Τάσσος Νικολάου Παπαδόπουλος &ndash born January 7, 1934 in Nicosia [9]

Others criticise him for abandoning the goal of enosis in favor of independence, as well as for exercising a style of government reminiscent of caesaropapism. For the Genus of Grass skipper Butterflies, see Enosis (butterfly. Caesaropapism is the idea of combining the power of secular government with or making it superior to the spiritual authority of the Christian Church; especially Makarios has been criticised for having submitted the 13 amendments to the constitution in 1963 that resulted in inter-communal strife, for having turned down the Acheson Plan in 1964, and for having delivered a speech at the UN Security Council on July 19, 1974 seeking the intervention of the guarantor powers to restore the status quo, which Turkey used as a pretext for its military invasion of Cyprus. [3] [10]

The Spanish pop act Un Pingüino en mi Ascensor published a song (El Arzobispo Makarios (y su botella de Larios)[11], "Archbishop Makarios (and his bottle of Larios)") in 1999. Un Pingüino en mi Ascensor ( A Penguin in my Elevator in Spanish is a Spanish Music band

Quotes

“Έλληνες Κύπριοι, νενικήκαμεν!” (“Greek Cypriots, we have won!”) - Makarios, March 1, 1959 following the signing of the London agreement for the independence of Cyprus

“The coup of the Greek junta is an invasion, and from its consequences the whole people of Cyprus suffers, both Greeks and Turks. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ” - Makarios, July 19, 1974, UN Security Council

“Independence was not the aim of the EOKA struggle. Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Foreign factors have prevented the achievement of the national goal, but this should not be a cause for sorrow, New bastions have been conquered and from these bastions the Greek Cypriots will march on to complete the final victory. ” - Makarios, August 16, 1974

"Greek Cypriot people, you hear a well-known voice, I am Makarios, I am alive, I am not dead as the junta of Athens wanted to be" - Makarios, 1974 radio announcement following the destruction of the presidential palace by the coup forces. Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar.

Religious titles
Preceded by
Makarios II		 Archbishop of Cyprus
1950– 1977		 Succeeded by
Chrysostomos I
Political offices
Preceded by
New office		 President of Cyprus
1960– July 1974		 Succeeded by
Nikos Sampson
Preceded by
Glafkos Klerides (interim)		 President of Cyprus
December 1974 – 1977		 Succeeded by
Spyros Kyprianou

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ Nigel West (Rupert Allason), The Friends: Britain's Post-War Secret Intelligence Operations, Coronet 1990.
  2. ^ "War in the Balkans, 1991-2002" [1]
  3. ^ a b Ange S. Vlachos, Graduation 1974, Oceanis 2001 .
  4. ^ The Cyprus Mail (archive article - Thursday, November 16, 2006) [2]
  5. ^ Makarios' biography (Greek). Kykkos Monastery homepage. The Kykkos Monastery (GreekΙερά Μονή Κύκκου which lies 20 km west of Pedoulas, one of the wealthiest and best-known monasteries in Retrieved on 2008-04-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
  6. ^ "A Leader, Not A Statesman", Editorials, The Times, Thursday, Aug 04, 1977, pp. The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register.  pg. 13; Issue 60073; col A. Retrieved on 2008-05-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.  
  7. ^ "Archbishop Makarios - Central figure in the struggle for an independent Cyprus", Obituaries, The Times, Thursday, Aug 04, 1977, pp. The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register.  pg. 14; Issue 60073; col D. Retrieved on 2008-05-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.  
  8. ^ Lieutenant-General Sir Wilson, James. "Archbishop Makarios Obituary", Editorials, The Times, Tuesday, Aug 16, 1977, pp. The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register.  pg. 12; Issue 60083; col F. Retrieved on 2008-05-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.  
  9. ^ Alexis Papachelas, Wednesday May 21, 2008, Kathimerini English Edition, http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_columns_2_21/05/2008_96837
  10. ^ Alexis Papachelas, Wednesday May 21, 2008, Kathimerini English Edition, http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_columns_2_21/05/2008_96837
  11. ^ El Arzobispo Makarios (y su botella de Larios), Pingüimatic, Un Pingüino en mi Ascensor, Desobediencia, 1999

External links

Un Pingüino en mi Ascensor ( A Penguin in my Elevator in Spanish is a Spanish Music band See also 1999 in music (UK Musical groups established in 1999 Record Oriana Fallaci ( 29 June 1929 - 15 September 2006) was an Italian Journalist, Author, and political interviewer Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar.
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