For Ozette in Tales of Symphonia see Tales of Symphonia

The Makah (pronounced /məˈkɑː/, from the Klallam name for the tribe, màq̓áʔa)^[1] are a Native American people from the northwestern corner of the Continental United States in Washington. is a Video game first released for the Nintendo GameCube and later for the PlayStation 2. Klallam or Clallam ( native name: Nəxʷsƛ̕ay̕əmúcən is a nearly extinct Straits Salishan language that was traditionally spoken by Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States The term continental United States refers to the 48 contiguous states located on the North American continent south of the border with Canada plus the District Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The Makah tribe lives in and around the town of Neah Bay, Washington, a small fishing village along the Strait of Juan de Fuca where it meets the Pacific Ocean. Neah Bay is a Census-designated place (CDP on the Makah Indian reservation in Clallam County, Washington, United States. The Strait of Juan de Fuca (also called Juan de Fuca Strait) is a large body of water about long forming the principal outlet for the Georgia Strait and Puget The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions Their reservation on the northwest tip of the Olympic Peninsula includes Tatoosh Island. Makah Reservation is an Indian reservation for the Makah located on the most northwestern tip of the Olympic Peninsula in Clallam County, Geography The Olympic Peninsula is home to some of the only Temperate rain forests in the world including the Hoh, Queets, and Quinault Tatoosh Island is an island about a half mile off Cape Flattery on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington. The Makah people refer to themselves as "Kwih-dich-chuh-ahtx" (Q^widiččaʔa·t) which translates as "the people who live by the rocks and seagulls". ^[2][1]

Contents 1 History 1.1 Pre-colonial 1.2 Ozette Dig 1.3 Treaty of Neah Bay 2 Whaling 3 Contemporary culture 4 Language 5 Popular culture 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links

History

Pre-colonial

Archaeological research suggests that the Makah people have inhabited the area now known as Neah Bay for more than 3,800 years. The ancient Makah lived in villages, inhabiting large long houses made from western red cedar. In Archaeology and Anthropology, a long house or longhouse is a type of long narrow single-room building built by peoples in various parts of the world Western redcedar ( Thuja plicata) is a species of Thuja, an Evergreen coniferous Tree in the cypress family These longhouses had cedar-plank walls. The planks could be tilted or removed to provide ventilation or light. The cedar tree was of great value to the Makah, who utilized its bark to make clothing and hats. Western redcedar ( Thuja plicata) is a species of Thuja, an Evergreen coniferous Tree in the cypress family Cedar roots were used in basket making, while canoes were carved from whole trees to hunt seals, gray whales and humpback whales. Pinnipeds ("fin-feet" lit "winged feet" or fin-footed mammals are a widely distributed and diverse group of semi-aquatic marine Mammals comprising The Gray Whale or Grey Whale ( Eschrichtius robustus) is a Whale that travels between feeding and breeding grounds yearly The humpback whale ( Megaptera novaeangliae) is a Baleen Whale. The Makah acquired much of their food from the ocean. Their diet consisted of whale, seal, fish, and a wide variety of shellfish. They would also hunt deer, elk, and bear from the surrounding forests. Much that is known about the way of life of the ancient Makah is derived from their oral tradition. Oral tradition, oral culture and oral lore is a way for a society to transmit history, literature, law and other Knowledges There is also an abundance of archeological evidence of how the Makah lived. Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos

In 1852, a smallpox epidemic decimated the Makah, causing the village of Biheda to be abandoned. Smallpox is an Infectious disease unique to humans caused by either of two virus variants named Variola major and Variola minor.

Ozette Dig

In the early 17th century, a mudslide completely engulfed part of a Makah village near Lake Ozette. Mudslide redirects here it is also the name of a cocktail. A mudflow or mudslide is the most rapid (up to 80 km/h / 50 mph Lake Ozette is the third largest natural lake in Washington state at 29 The mudslide preserved several houses and their contents in a collapsed state until the 1970s when they were excavated by Makahs and archaeologists from Washington State University. Washington State University ( WSU) is an American public Research university in Pullman, Washington. Over 55,000 artifacts were recovered, representing many activities of the Makahs, from whale and seal hunting to salmon and halibut fishing; from toys and games to bows and arrows. The oral history of the Makah mentions a "great slide" which engulfed a portion of Ozette long ago.

Archaeological test pits were excavated at the Ozette site in 1966 and 1967 by Richard Daugherty^[3]. However, it was not until 1970 that it became apparent what was buried there. After a storm in February 1970, tidal erosion exposed hundreds of well preserved wooden artifacts. The excavation of the Ozette site began shortly after. University students worked with the Makah under the direction of archaeologists using pressurized water to remove mud from six buried long houses. The excavation went on for 11 years and produced over 55,000 artifacts, many of which are on display in the Makah Cultural and Research Center. The museum opened in 1979 and displays replicas of cedar long houses as well as whaling, fishing, and sealing canoes.

Treaty of Neah Bay

On January 31, 1855, the select Makah tribe representatives signed the Treaty of Neah Bay with the U. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Year 1855 ( MDCCCLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year For Ozette in Tales of Symphonia see Tales of Symphonia The Makah (məˈkɑː from the Klallam name for the tribe màq̓áʔa) are a Native American S. federal government, reducing the size of their traditional lands to what it is now. The treaty allowed for the establishment of the Makah Reservation and preserved the right of the Makah people to hunt whales and seals. Makah Reservation is an Indian reservation for the Makah located on the most northwestern tip of the Olympic Peninsula in Clallam County, ^[4] The Makah language was not used during the negotiation of the treaty, and the government used the Salish name for the tribe. This article is about the Salish/Salishan language For the Tacoma Washington neighborhood see Salishan Tacoma Washington. Makah is actually an incorrect pronunciation of a Salish term meaning "generous with food". ^[5]

Whaling

Makah oral history relates that their tradition of whaling has been suspended and re-established several times throughout their history. Aboriginal whaling is the hunting of whales carried out by aboriginal groups who have a tradition of Whaling. The practice was suspended in the 1920s because of the depletion of humpback and gray whale stocks by the coastal whaling industry. After the gray whale was removed from the Endangered Species List, the Makah decided to exercise their right to hunt. This list contains only the bird and mammal species described as endangered by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. After receiving the support of the U. S. government and the International Whaling Commission, the Makah successfully hunted a gray whale on May 17, 1999. The International Whaling Commission ( IWC) is an international body set up by the terms of the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW, which Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) By federal law, the Makah are entitled to hunt and kill one baleen whale, typically a bowhead, each year

The Makah whaling technique is difficult and labor intensive. Baleen or whalebone is the means by which Baleen whales feed These whales do not have Teeth, but instead have rows of baleen plates in The Bowhead Whale ( Balaena mysticetus) also known as Greenland Right Whale or Arctic Whale, is a Baleen whale of the right whale family From cedar canoes, each seating six to nine people—and more recently, from small fishing vessels—they hunt in the Pacific Ocean adjacent to their territory. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions Various traditional criteria are used to determine the best whale to harvest. By counting the whale's exhalations, the hunters are able to determine when the whale is about to dive, and this is used to determine the best time to strike. Approaching the whale's left side, the hunter strikes when the whale is 3-4 feet deep, to avoid the force of the whale's tail. The harpoon is 16-18 feet long, composed of two pieces of yew wood spliced together. Historically, a mussel shell tip was used, in conjunction with barbs from elk horns. In recent times, a steel "yankee style" head is used, but the yew wood shaft is still employed because of its superior flexibility, water resistance, and strength. Held fast to the whale, the harpoon shaft comes loose, to be recovered later, and a line is thrown from the canoe with seal skin floats attached, to provide sufficient drag to weaken the whale. In the past, a series of smaller lances were used to repeatedly strike the whale, gradually weakening and killing it, often over a period of hours, and in some cases, days. Recently, this technique has been replaced with the use of a big game rifle, which is used following the harpoon strike to ensure a more efficient kill. The International Whaling Commission permits four cartridges in whaling: .458 Winchester Magnum, .460 Weatherby Magnum, .50 BMG, and the .577 Tyrannosaur, which the Makah fired in the 1999 hunt^[6]. Once the whale has been killed, a crew member called the "diver" jumps into the water and cuts a hole through the bottom and top of the whale's jaw, to which a tow line and float are attached. This holds the whale's mouth shut and prevents the carcass from filling with water and sinking.

The whale is towed to shore and received by members of the village. Traditional ceremonies and songs are performed to welcome the whale's spirit. Following this, the whale is divided in a precise and traditional fashion, with certain families having ownership of particular cuts. The "saddle piece" located midway between the center of the back and the tail is the property of the harpooner, and it is taken to his home where a special ceremony is performed. The meat and oil is distributed to community members, and a great deal of it is consumed during a potlatch. A potlatch is a festival ceremony practiced by Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast in North America along Pacific Northwest coast of the United

The Makah assert that their right to whale is guaranteed in the 1855 Treaty of Neah Bay, which states in part: "The right of taking fish and of whaling or sealing at usual and accustomed grounds and stations is further secured to said Indians in common with all citizens of the United States. " ^[7]

On September 8, 2007, five members of the Makah tribe shot a gray whale using a . Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. 460 caliber rifle, similar to that used in hunting elephants, in spite of court imposed regulations governing the Makah hunt. Elephants ( family: Elephantidae) are large land Mammals of the order Proboscidea. The whale died within 12 hours, sinking while heading out to sea after being confiscated and cut loose by the United States Coast Guard. ^[8] The tribal council denounced the killing and announced their intention to try the individuals in tribal court. [1]

Contemporary culture

In 1936, the Makah Tribe signed the Makah Constitution, accepting the Indian Reorganization Act and establishing an elected tribal government. The Indian Reorganization Act, 1934, also known as the Wheeler-Howard Act or informally the Indian New Deal, was a U The constitution provided for a five member Tribal Council. Each year the council elects a Tribal Chairperson. The Council develops and passes laws for the Makah Reservation.

Tribal census data from 1999 show that the Makah Tribe has 1,214 enrolled members, though only 1,079 live on the reservation. The unemployment rate on the reservation is approximately 51%.

The Makah tribe hosts its annual major public gathering, Makah Days, in late August. It features a grand parade and street fair as well as canoe races, traditional games, singing, dancing, feasting, and fireworks.

Currently, many Makah tribal members derive most of their income from fishing. Makah fish for salmon, halibut, Pacific whiting, and other marine fish. Salmon is the common name for several species of Fish of the family Salmonidae. A halibut is a type of Flatfish The North Pacific hake, Pacific hake, or Pacific whiting, Merluccius productus, is a Merluccid hake of the genus Merluccius

Language

Main article: Makah language

The Makah tribe linguistically belongs to the Southern Nootkan branch of the Wakashan family of languages among North American indigenous peoples. The Makah language is the Indigenous language spoken by the Makah people Wakashan is a family of languages spoken in British Columbia around and on Vancouver Island, and in the northwestern corner of the Olympic Peninsula of The Makah language, also known as q^wi·q^wi·diččaq (qwiqwidicciat) is the only Wakashan language in the United States, with the other members in British Columbia, Canada, immediately across the Strait of Juan de Fuca on the west coast of Vancouver Island and northwards as far as that province's Central Coast region. British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Strait of Juan de Fuca (also called Juan de Fuca Strait) is a large body of water about long forming the principal outlet for the Georgia Strait and Puget Vancouver Island is a large Island in British Columbia, Canada, one of several North American regions named after George Vancouver, the British The British Columbia Coast is Canada 's western continental coastlines

Popular culture

• The final scene of Jim Jarmusch's 1995 film Dead Man takes place in a reconstructed Makah village. Jim Jarmusch (born January 22 1953 in Akron Ohio; ˈdʒɑrməʃ is an American independent Film director. Dead Man is a 1995 film written and directed by Jim Jarmusch. Many of the actors featured in the scene are Makah tribal members and there is dialogue in the Makah language.
• The book Twilight by Stephenie Meyer contains references to the Makah people. Twilight is the time before Sunrise, called Dawn, and the time after Sunset, called Dusk. Stephenie Morgan Meyer (born December 24 1973 is an American Author.

See also

• Nuu-chah-nulth language
• Nitinat language
• Wakashan languages
• Hoh

Notes

References

• Swan, James Gilchrist (1870). James Gilchrist Swan ( January 11, 1818 - May 18, 1900) was an Indian Agent in what is now Washington state, U The Indians of Cape Flattery : at the entrance to the Strait of Fuca, Washington Territory. Smithsonian Institution.  Available online through the Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection

External links

• Official Makah Indian Nation website
• Makah photos and other items from the Library of Congress
• 1937 Corporate Charter of the Makah from a University of Oklahoma website
• Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board - Makah Tribe Profile
• Makah Whaling Misunderstood, from a University of Oregon archaeologist's website
• University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – The Pacific Northwest Olympic Peninsula Community Museum A web-based museum showcasing aspects of the rich history and culture of Washington State's Olympic Peninsula communities. The Library of Congress is the De facto National library of the United States and the research arm of the United States Congress University of Oklahoma, abbreviated OU, is a Coeducational public Research university located in the U The University of Oregon (UO is a public, Coeducational Research university in Eugene Oregon, United States. Features cultural exhibits, curriculum packets and a searchable archive of over 12,000 items that includes historical photographs, audio recordings, videos, maps, diaries, reports and other documents.
  • Makah Cultural and Research Center Online Museum Exhibit History and culture of the Makah tribe.
• Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic