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| This article is part of the History of Indonesia series |
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| See also: |
| Prehistory |
| Early kingdoms |
| Srivijaya (3rd to 14th centuries) |
| Tarumanagara (358-723) |
| Sailendra (8th & 9th centuries) |
| Kingdom of Sunda (669-1579) |
| Kingdom of Mataram (752–1045) |
| Kediri (1045–1221) |
| Singhasari (1222–1292) |
| Majapahit (1293–1500) |
| The rise of Muslim states |
| The spread of Islam (1200–1600) |
| Malacca Sultanate (1400–1511) |
| Sultanate of Demak (1475–1518) |
| Aceh Sultanate (1496–1903) |
| The Sultanate of Banten (1526–1813) |
| Mataram Sultanate (1500s to 1700s) |
| European colonialism |
| The Portuguese (1512–1850) |
| Dutch East India Company (1602–1800) |
| Dutch East Indies (1800–1942) |
| The emergence of Indonesia |
| National Awakening (1899–1942) |
| Japanese Occupation (1942–45) |
| Declaration of Independence (1945) |
| National Revolution (1945–1950) |
| Independent Indonesia |
| Liberal Democracy (1950–1957) |
| Guided Democracy (1957–1965) |
| Start of the New Order (1965–1966) |
| The New Order (1966–1998) |
| Reformation Era (1998–present) |
| Edit this template |
Majapahit was an Indianized kingdom based in eastern Java from 1293 to around 1500. Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national Capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist the capital was moved or the capital Trowulan is a village in Mojokerto, in the Indonesian province of East Java. Old Javanese is the oldest phase of the Javanese language that was spoken in areas in what is now the eastern part of Central Java and the whole of East Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical A state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is a religious body or Creed officially Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or For other uses see Raja (disambiguation and Rajah (disambiguation. Raden Wijaya (also known as Kertarajasa Jayawardhana) (reigned 1293-1309 was the founder and first Raja of the Majapahit kingdom on Java A coronation is a ceremony marking the investiture of a Monarch with regal power specifically involving the placement of a crown upon his or her head and the Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is See also Timeline of Indonesian history Indonesia is an archipelagic country of 17508 islands (6000 inhabited stretching along the Equator See also History of Indonesia This is a timeline of Indonesian history. See also Timeline of Indonesian history Indonesia is an archipelagic country of 17508 islands (6000 inhabited stretching along the Equator Srivijaya or Sriwijaya was an ancient Malay kingdom on the island of Sumatra, Southeast Asia which influenced much of the Malay Archipelago. Tarumanagara or Taruma Kingdom or just Taruma is an early Sundanese kingdom whose fifth-century ruler Sailendra (Sanskrit Lord of the Mountain) is the name of an influential Indonesian dynasty that emerged in 8th century Java. The Sunda Kingdom was according to primary historical records from the sixteenth century a kingdom covering areas of present-day Banten Province Jakarta, West Mataram was an Indianized kingdom based in Central Java between the 8th and 10th centuries AD and was established by king Sanjaya, he was also known as Kediri was an Indianized kingdom based in East Java from 1042 to around 1222. Singhasari was a kingdom located in east Java between 1222 and 1292 Islam is thought to have first been adopted by peoples of the Indonesia n archipelago sometime during the Eleventh century, although Muslims had The Sultanate of Malacca was founded by Parameswara in 1402 and later married the princess of Pasai in 1409. The Sultanate of Demak was Muslim state located on Java 's north coast in Indonesia, at the site of the present day city of Demak. The Sultanate of Aceh was a Sultanate centered in the modern area of Aceh Province, Sumatra, Indonesia, which was a major regional power in the The Sultanate of Banten was founded in the sixteenth century It is said to have been founded by Sunan Gunungjati, who later went on to found Cirebon. The Sultanate of Mataram (pronounced muh-TAR-uhm was the last major independent Javanese empire on Java before the island was colonized by the Dutch The Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach the islands of Indonesia. See also Dutch East India Company The Dutch East India Company (VOC had a presence in the Indonesian archipelago from 1603 when the first trading See http//enwikipediaorg/wiki/WikipediaFootnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the tags and the template below The Indonesian National Awakening is a term for the period in the first half of the twentieth century during which people from many parts of the archipelago first began to develop a national Imperial Japan occupied Indonesia during World War II from March 1942 until after the end of War in 1945 The Indonesian Declaration of Independence was officially proclaimed at 10 Timeline of the Indonesian National RevolutionThe Indonesian National Revolution or Indonesian War of Independence was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between An era of Liberal Democracy (Demokrasi Liberal in Indonesia began in 1950 following the securing of Indonesian independence in the Indonesian National Revolution Indonesia's transition to the " New Order " in the mid-1960s ousted the country's first president Sukarno after 22 years in the position The New Order ( Indonesian: Orde Baru) is the term coined by former Indonesian President Suharto to characterize his regime as he came to power in 1966 The concept of the Indianized kingdom, first described by George Coedès, is based upon the Hindu and Buddhist cultural and economic influences in Java (Jawa is an Island of Indonesia and the site of its Capital city Jakarta. Its greatest ruler was Hayam Wuruk, whose reign from 1350 to 1389 marked the empire's peak when it dominated other kingdoms in the southern Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, Bali, and the Philippines. Hayam Wuruk, also called (after 1350 Rajasanagara, (1334 -1389 was the ruler of the Javanese Hindu state of Majapahit at the time of The Malay Peninsula or Thai-Malay Peninsula (Semenanjung Tanah Melayu (คาบสมุทรมลายู is a major Peninsula located in Southeast Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two Bali is an Indonesian Island located at, the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands, lying between Java to the west and Lombok to The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP
The Majapahit empire was the last of the major Hindu empires of the Malay archipelago and is considered one of the greatest states in Indonesian history. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical The Malay Archipelago is a name given to the Archipelago located between mainland Southeastern Asia ( Indochina) and Australia. [2] Its influence extended to states on Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and eastern Indonesia, though the extent of its influence is the subject of debate. Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two The Malay Peninsula or Thai-Malay Peninsula (Semenanjung Tanah Melayu (คาบสมุทรมลายู is a major Peninsula located in Southeast Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. [3]
Contents |
Historiography
Little physical evidence of Majapahit remains,[4] and its detailed history is not very clear. [5] The main sources that are used by historians are: the Pararaton ('Book of Kings') written in Kawi language and Nagarakertagama in Old Javanese. The Pararaton, also known as the Book of Kings, is a manuscript in the Kawi language. Kawi (from Sanskrit: kavi, "poet" is a literary and prose language from the islands of Java, Bali, and Lombok Nagarakretagama or Nagarakrtagama is an Old Javanese Eulogy to Hayam Wuruk, the ruler of the Majapahit Kingdom, written as a Old Javanese is the oldest phase of the Javanese language that was spoken in areas in what is now the eastern part of Central Java and the whole of East [6] Pararaton is mostly about Ken Arok (the founder of Singhasari) but includes a number of shorter narrative fragments about the formation of Majapahit. Ken Arok or Ken Angrok, (d around 1227 was the founder and first ruler of the Singhasari Kingdom an ancient Hindu - Budhist kingdom in the Singhasari was a kingdom located in east Java between 1222 and 1292 Nagarakertagama, on the other hand, is an old Javanese epic poem written during the Majapahit golden age under the reign of Hayam Wuruk after which events are not so clear. An epic is a lengthy Narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation Hayam Wuruk, also called (after 1350 Rajasanagara, (1334 -1389 was the ruler of the Javanese Hindu state of Majapahit at the time of [5] In addition, there are some inscriptions in Old Javanese and Chinese records.
The accuracy of all of the Javanese sources is in dispute. There is no doubt that they incorporate some non-historical, mythological elements, and some scholars such as C. C. Berg consider the entire corpus to be not a record of the past, but a supernatural means by which the future can be determined. [7] However, most scholars do not accept this view, as the basic outline corresponds with Chinese records that could not share this intention. The list of rulers and the nature of the state, in particular, seem rather certain. [5]
History
Formation
After defeating Srivijaya in Sumatra in 1290, Singhasari became the most powerful kingdom in the area. Srivijaya or Sriwijaya was an ancient Malay kingdom on the island of Sumatra, Southeast Asia which influenced much of the Malay Archipelago. Kublai Khan, the ruler of the Chinese Yuan Dynasty, challenged Singhasari by sending emissaries demanding tribute. Early years Kublai Khan studied Chinese culture and became enamoured of it The Yuan Dynasty ( Pinyin: Yuáncháo Dai Ön Ulus (Дай Юан Улс was a ruling Dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai Kertanegara, the last ruler of Singhasari, refused to pay the tribute. Kertanegara was the last and most important ruler of the Singhasari kingdom reigning between 1268 and 1292 in the eastern part of Java. In 1293, Kublai Khan sent a massive expedition of 1,000 ships to Java.
By that time, Jayakatwang, the Adipati (Duke) of Kediri, a vassal state of Singhasari, had usurped and killed Kertanagara. Kediri was an Indianized kingdom based in East Java from 1042 to around 1222. After being pardoned by Jayakatwang with the aid of Madura's regent, Arya Wiraraja; Raden Wijaya, Kertanegara's son-in-law, was given the land of Tarik timberland. Raden Wijaya (also known as Kertarajasa Jayawardhana) (reigned 1293-1309 was the founder and first Raja of the Majapahit kingdom on Java Tāriq is the Transliteration of an Arabic Given name (or Berber) written in script as He then opened that vast timberland and built a new village there. The village was named Majapahit, which was taken from a fruit name that had bitter taste in that timberland (maja is the fruit name and pahit means bitter). Bael ( Aegle marmelos) is a fruit-bearing Tree indigenous to dry forests on hills and plains of central and southern India, southern Nepal When Mongolian Yuan army sent by Kublai Khan arrived, Wijaya allied himself with the army to fight against Jayakatwang. Once Jayakatwang was destroyed, Raden Wijaya forced his allies to withdraw from Java by launching a surprise attack. [8] Yuan's army had to withdraw in confusion as they were in hostile territory. It was also their last chance to catch the monsoon winds home; otherwise, they would have had to wait for another six months on a hostile island. A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind which lasts for several months
In AD 1293, Raden Wijaya founded a stronghold with the capital Majapahit. Raden Wijaya (also known as Kertarajasa Jayawardhana) (reigned 1293-1309 was the founder and first Raja of the Majapahit kingdom on Java The exact date used as the birth of the Majapahit kingdom is the day of his coronation, the 15th of Kartika month in the year 1215 using the Javanese çaka calendar, which equates to November 10, 1293. Kartikay also know as Subhramanya Kartik or Kartikkeya is a central deity of the Hindu tradtion of India. During his coronation he was given formal name Kertarajasa Jayawardhana. Raden Wijaya (also known as Kertarajasa Jayawardhana) (reigned 1293-1309 was the founder and first Raja of the Majapahit kingdom on Java The new kingdom faced challenges. Some of Kertarajasa's most trusted men, including Ranggalawe, Sora, and Nambi rebelled against him, though unsuccessfully. It was suspected that the mahapati (equal with prime minister) Halayudha set the conspiracy to overthrow all of the king's opponents, to gain the highest position in the government. However, after following the death of the last rebel Kuti, Halayudha was captured and jailed for his tricks, and then sentenced to death. [9] Wijaya himself died in AD 1309.
Wijaya's son and successor, Jayanegara was notorious for immorality. One of his sinful acts was taking his own step-sisters as wives. He was entitled Kala Gemet, or "weak villain". In AD 1328, Jayanegara was murdered by his doctor, Tantja. His stepmother, Gayatri Rajapatni, was supposed to replace him, but Rajapatni retired from court to become a bhiksuni (a female Buddhist monk) in a monastery. A Bhikkhuni ( Bhikṣuṇī ( Sanskrit), Bhikkhuṇī ( Pāli) or 比丘尼 ( Chinese characters, ภิกษุณี Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices This article concerns the buildings occupied by monastics. For the life inside monasteries and its historical roots see Monasticism. Rajapatni appointed her daughter, Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi, or known in her formal name as Tribhuwannottungadewi Jayawishnuwardhani, as the queen of Majapahit under Rajapatni's auspices. or known in her formal name Tribhuwannottunggadewi Jayawishnuwardhani, the empress of Majapahit (Reign 1328-1350 AD During Tribhuwana’s rule, the Majapahit kingdom grew much larger and became famous in the area. Tribhuwana ruled Majapahit until the death of her mother in AD 1350. She was succeeded by her son, Hayam Wuruk. Hayam Wuruk, also called (after 1350 Rajasanagara, (1334 -1389 was the ruler of the Javanese Hindu state of Majapahit at the time of
Golden age
Hayam Wuruk, also known as Rajasanagara, ruled Majapahit in AD 1350–1389. During his period, Majapahit attained its peak with the help of his prime minister, Gajah Mada. Gajah Mada (d circa 1364 was according to Javanese old manuscripts poems and Mythology, a famous military leader and Prime minister Under Gajah Mada's command (AD 1313–1364), Majapahit conquered more territories. In 1377, a few years after Gajah Mada's death, Majapahit sent a punitive naval attack against Palembang,[2] contributing to the end of the Srivijayan kingdom. Palembang is a city of 1286000 in the south of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. Srivijaya or Sriwijaya was an ancient Malay kingdom on the island of Sumatra, Southeast Asia which influenced much of the Malay Archipelago. Gajah Mada's other renowned general was Adityawarman, known for his conquest in Minangkabau. Adityawarman (also Adityavarman) according to a 16th century Javanese text was the son of a Malay princess captured in 1263 and a Javanese prince The Minangkabau ethnic group (also known as Minang or Padang) is indigenous to the highlands of West Sumatra, in Indonesia.
According to the book of Nagarakertagama pupuh (canto) XIII and XIV mentioned several states in Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara islands, Maluku, New Guinea, and some parts of Philippines islands as under Majapahit realm of power. Nagarakretagama or Nagarakrtagama is an Old Javanese Eulogy to Hayam Wuruk, the ruler of the Majapahit Kingdom, written as a Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two The Malay Peninsula or Thai-Malay Peninsula (Semenanjung Tanah Melayu (คาบสมุทรมลายู is a major Peninsula located in Southeast Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. Sulawesi (formerly known as Celebes, ˈsɛlɛbiz is one of the four larger Sunda Islands of Indonesia and is situated between Borneo and the The Nusa Tenggara (lit Southeast Islands or Lesser Sunda Islands, are a group of Islands in the middle-south part of the Malay Archipelago. The Maluku Islands (also known as the Moluccas, Moluccan Islands, the Spice Islands or simply Maluku) are an Archipelago New Guinea, located just north of Australia, is the world's second largest island, having become separated from the Australian mainland when the area now known The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP This source mentioned of Majapahit expansions has marked the greatest extent of Majapahit empire.
The Nagarakertagama, written in 1365 depict a sophisticated court with refined taste in art and literature, and a complex system of religious rituals. Nagarakretagama or Nagarakrtagama is an Old Javanese Eulogy to Hayam Wuruk, the ruler of the Majapahit Kingdom, written as a The poet describes Majapahit as the centre of a huge mandala extending from New Guinea and Maluku to Sumatra and Malay Peninsula. Mandala ( Sanskrit maṇḍala मंड "essence" + ल "having" or "containing" New Guinea, located just north of Australia, is the world's second largest island, having become separated from the Australian mainland when the area now known The Maluku Islands (also known as the Moluccas, Moluccan Islands, the Spice Islands or simply Maluku) are an Archipelago Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two The Malay Peninsula or Thai-Malay Peninsula (Semenanjung Tanah Melayu (คาบสมุทรมลายู is a major Peninsula located in Southeast Local traditions in many parts of Indonesia retain accounts in more or less legendary from 14th century Majapahit's power. A legend ( Latin, legenda, "things to be read" is a Narrative of human actions that are perceived both by teller and listeners to Majapahit's direct administration did not extend beyond east Java and Bali, but challenges to Majapahit's claim to overlordship in outer islands drew forceful responses. East Java (Jawa Timur is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the eastern part of the island of Java and also includes neighboring Madura Bali is an Indonesian Island located at, the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands, lying between Java to the west and Lombok to [10]
The nature of the Majapahit empire and its extent is subject to debate. It may have had limited or entirely notional influence over some of the tributary states in included Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Kalimantan and eastern Indonesia over which of authority was claimed in the Nagarakertagama. A vassal (also called feodary or fedary) in the terminology that both preceded and accompanied the feudalism of Medieval Europe, The Malay Peninsula or Thai-Malay Peninsula (Semenanjung Tanah Melayu (คาบสมุทรมลายู is a major Peninsula located in Southeast In most languages in the world the term Kalimantan refers to the Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo, while for Indonesians the name "Kalimantan" [11] Geographical and economic constraints suggest that rather than a regular centralised authority, the outer states were most likely to have been connected mainly by trade connections, which was probably a royal monopoly. [2] It also claimed relationships with Champa, Cambodia, Siam, southern Burma, and Vietnam, and even sent missions to China. The kingdom of Champa ( Chăm Pa in Vietnamese or Chiêm Thành in Hán Việt records was an Indianized kingdom and controlled what The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National [2]
Although the Majapahit rulers extended their power over other islands and destroyed neighboring kingdoms, their focus seems to have been on controlling and gaining a larger share of the commercial trade that passed through the archipelago. About the time Majapahit was founded, Muslim traders and proselytizers began entering the area. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Proselytism is the practice of attempting to convert people to another opinion and particularly another religion
Decline
Following Hayam Wuruk's death AD 1389, Majapahit power entered a period of decline with conflict over succession. Hayam Wuruk was succeeded by the crown princess Kusumawardhani, who married a relative, Prince Wikramawardhana. Wikramawurdhana was the successor to Hayam Wuruk as the emperor of the Majapahit Hayam Wuruk also had a son from his previous marriage, crown prince Wirabhumi, who also claimed the throne. A civil war, called Paregreg, is thought to have occurred from 1405 to 1406,[5] of which Wikramawardhana was victorious and Wirabhumi was caught and decapitated. Wikramawardhana ruled to 1426 AD and was succeeded by his daughter Suhita, who ruled from 1426 to 1447 AD. Suhita was a queen of the Majapahit Empire, ruling from 1429 to 1447 She was the second child of Wikramawarddhana by a concubine who was the daughter of Wirabhumi.
In 1447, Suhita died and was succeeded by Kertawijaya, her brother. He ruled until 1451 AD. After Kertawijaya died, Bhre Pamotan became a king with formal name Rajasawardhana and ruled at Kahuripan. He died in 1453 AD. A three year kingless period was possibly the result of a succession crisis. Girisawardhana, son of Kertawijaya, came to power 1456. He died in 1466 AD and was succeeded by Singhawikramawardhana. In 1468 AD Prince Kertabhumi rebelled against Singhawikramawardhana promoting himself king of Majapahit.
Singhawikramawardhana moved the Kingdom’s capital to Daha and continued his rule until he was succeeded by his son Ranawijaya in 1474 AD. In 1478 AD he defeated Kertabhumi and reunited Majapahit as one Kingdom. Ranawijaya ruled from 1474 AD to 1519 AD with the formal name Girindrawardhana. Nevertheless, Majapahit's power had declined through these family conflicts and the growing power of the north-coastal kingdoms in Java.
Majapahit found itself unable to control the rising power of the Sultanate of Malacca. The Sultanate of Malacca was founded by Parameswara in 1402 and later married the princess of Pasai in 1409. Dates for the end of the Majapahit Empire range from 1478 (that is, 1400 Saka, the ends of centuries being considered a time when changes of dynasty or courts normally ended[12]) to 1527. The Shalivahana era, also known as the Saka era, is used with Hindu calendars the Indian national calendar, and the Cambodian Buddhist calendar The year is marked among Javanese today with candra sengkala "sirna ilang kertaning bumi" (the wealth of earth disappeared and diminished) (sirna = 0, ilang = 0, kerta = 4, bumi = 1). After series of battles with the Sultanate of Demak, the last remaining courtsmen of Majapahit were forced to withdraw eastward to Kediri; it is unclear whether they were still under the rule of the Majapahit dynasty. The Sultanate of Demak was Muslim state located on Java 's north coast in Indonesia, at the site of the present day city of Demak. Kediri is an Indonesian city located near the Brantas River in the province of East Java on the island of Java. This small state was finally extinguished at the hands of the Demak in 1527. [13] A large number of courtiers, artisans, priests, and members of the royalty moved east to the island of Bali; however, the crown and the seat of government moved to Demak under the leadership of Pengeran, later Sultan Fatah. Bali is an Indonesian Island located at, the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands, lying between Java to the west and Lombok to The Muslim emerging forces defeated the local Majapahit kingdom in the early 16th century.
Culture
"Of all the buildings, none lack pillars, bearing fine carvings and coloured" [Within the wall compounds] "there were elegant pavilions roofed with aren fibre, like the scene in a painting. . . The petals of the katangga were sprinkled over the roofs for they had fallen in the wind. The roofs were like maidens with flowers arranged in their hair, delighting those who saw them".
— Description of the Majapahit capital from the Old Javanese epic poem Nagarakertagama. Javanese is the language of the people in the central and eastern parts of the island of Java, in Indonesia. Nagarakretagama or Nagarakrtagama is an Old Javanese Eulogy to Hayam Wuruk, the ruler of the Majapahit Kingdom, written as a
The main event of the administrative calendar took place on the first day of the month of Caitra (March-April) when representatives from all territories paying tax or tribute to Majapahit came to the capital to pay court. Chaitra ( Hindi: चैत cait or चैत्र caitr) is a Month of the Hindu calendar. A tribute (from Latin tribulum, contribution is wealth one party gives to another as a sign of respect or as was often case in historical contexts of submission Majapahit's territories were roughly divided into three types: the palace and its vicinity; the areas of east Java and Bali which were directly administrated by officials appointed by the king; and the outer dependencies which enjoyed substantial internal autonomy. Autonomy ( Greek: Auto- Nomos - nomos meaning "law" one who gives oneself his/her own Law) is the right to Self-government [14]
The capital (Trowulan) was grand and known for its great annual festivities. Trowulan is a village in Mojokerto, in the Indonesian province of East Java. Buddhism, Shaivism, and Vaishnavism were all practiced, and the king was regarded as the incarnation of the three. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Shaivism, also spelled "Saivism" names the oldest of the four sects of Hinduism. Vaishnavism is a tradition of Hinduism, distinguished from other schools by its worship of Vishnu or its associated avatars principally as Rama and The Nagarakertagama does not mention Islam, but there were certainly Muslim courtiers by this time. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. [2]
Although brick had been used in the candi of Indonesia's classical age, it was Majapahit architects of the 14th and 15th centuries who mastered it. A brick is a block of Ceramic material used in Masonry construction laid using mortar. Candi (tʃændiː are Hindu and Buddhist temples or sanctuaries in Indonesia, most of which were built from the 8th to the 15th centuries [15] Making use of a vine sap and palm sugar mortar, their temples had a strong geometric quality. Palm sugar was originally made from the Sugary sap of the Palmyra palm or the Date palm.
Economy
Taxes and fines were paid in cash. The National Museum of Indonesia ( Indonesian: Museum Nasional, sometimes referred to as Museum Gajah) is an archeological, historical Jakarta (also DKI Jakarta) is the Capital and largest city of Indonesia. Javanese economy had been partly monetisided since the late 8th century, using gold and silver coins. In about the year 1300, in the reign of Majapahit's first king, an important change took place: the indigenous coinage was completely replaced by imported Chinese copper cash. The reason for this is not given in any source, but most scholars assume it was due to the increasing complexity of Javanese economy and a desire for a currency system that used much smaller denominations suitable for use in everyday market transactions. A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is This was a role for which gold and silver are not well suited. [16]
Some idea of scale of the internal economy can be gathered from scattered data in inscriptions. The Canggu inscriptions dated 1358 mentions 78 ferry crossings in the country (mandala Java). [17] Majapahit inscriptions mention a large number of occupational specialities, ranging from gold and silver smiths to drink vendors and butchers. Although many of these occupations had existed in earlier times, the proportion of the population earning an income from non-agrarian pursuits seems to have become even greater during the Majapahit era.
The great prosperity of Majapahit was probably due to two factors. Firstly, the northeast lowlands of Java were suitable for rice cultivation, and during Majapahit's prime numerous irrigation projects were undertaken, some with government assistance. Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many Tillage is the agricultural preparation of the Soil by Ploughing ripping or turning it Secondly, Majapahit's ports on the north coast were probably significant stations along the route to obtain the spices of Maluku, and as the spices passed through Java they would have provided an important source of income for Majapahit. A spice is a dried Seed, Fruit, Root, Bark or vegetative substance used in Nutritionally insignificant quantities as a Food additive The Maluku Islands (also known as the Moluccas, Moluccan Islands, the Spice Islands or simply Maluku) are an Archipelago [18]
The Nagarakertagama states that the fame ruler of Wilwatikta (a synonym for Majapahit) attracted foreign merchants from far and wide, including Indians, Khmers, Siamese, and Chinese among others. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Khmer people are the predominant Ethnic group in Cambodia, accounting for approximately 90% of the 14 The Thai (or Tai) are the main ethnic group of Thailand and are part of the larger Tai ethnolinguistic peoples found in Thailand and adjacent countries The term Chinese people may refer to any of the following A person who resides in and holds citizenship of the People's Republic of China (including Hong A special tax was levied against some foreigners, possibly those who had taken up semi-permanent residence in Java and conducted some type of enterprise other than foreign trade
Legacy
In sum, Majapahit was the largest empire ever to form in Southeast Asia. Although its political power beyond the core area in east Java was diffuse, constituting mainly ceremonial recognition of suzerainity, Majapahit society developed a high degree of sophistication in both commercial and artistic activities. Its capital was inhabited by a cosmopolitan population among whom literature and art flourished. [19]
For Indonesians in later centuries, Majapahit became a symbol of past greatness. The Islamic sultanates of Demak, Pajang, and Mataram sought to establish their legitimacy in relation to the Majapahit. The Sultanate of Demak was Muslim state located on Java 's north coast in Indonesia, at the site of the present day city of Demak. Pajang was a kingdom in Java after the fall of Demak. There was only one ruler of Pajang according to some records -, Sultan Hadiwijaya The Sultanate of Mataram (pronounced muh-TAR-uhm was the last major independent Javanese empire on Java before the island was colonized by the Dutch [20] The Demak claimed a line of succession through Kertabumi, as its founder, Raden Patah, in court chronicles was said to be the son of Kertabumi with Putri Cina, a Chinese princess, who had been sent away before her son was born. [13] Sultan Agung's conquest of Wirasaba in 1615, led by the sultan himself, may have had such importance as it was the location of the Majapahit capital. Sultan Agung of Mataram or Sultan Agung Anyokrokusumo or Sultan Agung Hanyokrokusumo ( Ha and A is the same character in Javanese letter was [21] Central Javanese palaces have traditions and genealogy that attempt to prove links back to the Majapahit royal lines - usually in the form of a grave as a vital link in Java - where legitimacy is enhanced by such a connection. Genealogy (from Greek: el γενεά el-Latn genea, "descent" and el λόγος el-Latn logos, "knowledge" is the study of Bali in particular was heavily influenced by Majapahit and they consider themselves to be the true heirs of the kingdom. [15]
Modern Indonesian nationalists, including those of the early 20th century Indonesian National Revival, have invoked the Majapahit Empire. The Indonesian National Awakening is a term for the period in the first half of the twentieth century during which people from many parts of the archipelago first began to develop a national The memory of its greatness remains in Indonesia, and is sometimes seen as a precedent for the current political boundaries of the Republic. [2] Many of modern Indonesian national symbols derived from Majapahit Hindu-Buddhist elements. Indonesian national flag "Sang Merah Putih" ("Red and White") or sometimes called "Dwiwarna" ("The bicolor" ), derived from Majapahit royal color. The national flag of Indonesia, which is known as Sang Merah Putih ("The Red and White" in Indonesian, is based on the flag of the 13th Indonesian Navy flag of red and white stripes also has Majapahit origin. The Indonesian national motto, "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika", is a quotation from an Old Javanese poem "Kakawin Sutasoma", written by Majapahit poet, Mpu Tantular. The official national Motto of Indonesia is Bhinneka Tunggal Ika which is Old Javanese and is often loosely translated as 'Unity in Diversity' but literally Old Javanese is the oldest phase of the Javanese language that was spoken in areas in what is now the eastern part of Central Java and the whole of East
The Indonesian coat of arms, Garuda Pancasila, also derive from Javanese Hindu elements. The Coat of Arms of Indonesia is called Garuda Pancasila. The main part of the coat of arms is the Garuda with a shield on its chest and The statue and relief of Garuda has been found in many temples in Java such as Prambanan from ancient Mataram era, and Panataran also Sukuh temple dated from Majapahit era. GARUDA is India's Grid Computing initiative connecting 17 cities across the country Prambanan is the largest Hindu temple compound in Central Java in Indonesia, located approximately 18 km east of Yogyakarta. Mataram was an Indianized kingdom based in Central Java between the 8th and 10th centuries AD and was established by king Sanjaya, he was also known as The notable statue of Garuda is the statue of king Airlangga that depicted as Vishnu riding Garuda. Airlangga (also spelt Erlangga) (991 in Bali, Indonesia – 1049 in Java) was the first and only Raja of the Kingdom of Kahuripan For other meanings see Vishnu (disambiguation. Vishnu ( IAST viṣṇu Devanagari विष्णु (honorific GARUDA is India's Grid Computing initiative connecting 17 cities across the country
In its propaganda from the 1920s, the Communist Party of Indonesia presented its vision of a classless society as a reincarnation of a romanticized Majapahit. The Communist Party of Indonesia (in Indonesian: Partai Komunis Indonesia, PKI) was the largest non-ruling Communist party in the world prior [22]It was invoked by Sukarno for nation building and by the New Order as an expression of state expansion and consolidation. The New Order ( Indonesian: Orde Baru) is the term coined by former Indonesian President Suharto to characterize his regime as he came to power in 1966 [23] Like Majapahit, the modern state of Indonesia covers vast territory and is politically centred on Java.
Majapahit had a momentous and lasting influence on Indonesian architecture. Indonesian architecture reflects the diversity of cultural, historical and geographic influences that have shaped Indonesia as a whole The descriptions of the architecture of the capital's pavilions (pendopo) in the Nagarakertagama (see the quotation above) invokes the Javanese Kraton and also the Balinese temples and compounds of today. A pendopo is a fundamental element of Javanese Architecture; a large pavilion -like structure built on Columns Either square or Kraton is the Javanese word for a royal Palace. Its name is derived from ratu, which means "queen"
Palapa, the series of communication satellites owned by Telkom, an Indonesian telecommunication company, named after Sumpah Palapa, the famous oath taken by Gajah Mada. Palapa was a series of Communication satellites owned by Telkom, an Indonesian Telecommunication Gajah Mada (d circa 1364 was according to Javanese old manuscripts poems and Mythology, a famous military leader and Prime minister Gajah Mada swore that he would not taste any spice as long as he had not succeeded to unify Nusantara (Indonesian archipelago). This ancient oath of unification, signify Palapa satellite as the modern means to unify Indonesian archipelago by way of telecomunication. The name was chosen by president Suharto, and the program was started in February 1975. Suharto, also spelled Soeharto (June 8 1921 &ndash January 27 2008 was an Indonesian military leader and the second President of Indonesia, holding
List of rulers
- Raden Wijaya, styled Kertarajasa Jayawardhana (1294 - 1309)
- Kalagamet, styled Jayanagara (1309 - 1328)
- Sri Gitarja, styled Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi (1328 - 1350)
- Hayam Wuruk, styled Sri Rajasanagara (1350 - 1389)
- Wikramawardhana (1389 - 1429)
- Suhita (1429 - 1447)
- Kertawijaya, styled Brawijaya I (1447 - 1451)
- Rajasawardhana, born Bhre Pamotan, styled Brawijaya II (1451 - 1453)
- Interregnum (1453-1456)
- Bhre Wengker, Purwawisesa or Girishawardhana, styled Brawijaya III (1456 - 1466)
- Singhawikramawardhana, Pandanalas, or Suraprabhawa, styled Brawijaya IV (1466 - 1468 or 1478[5])
- Kertabumi, styled Brawijaya V (1468 - 1478)
- Girindrawardhana, styled Brawijaya VI (1478 - 1498)
Majapahit in popular culture
Celebrated as 'the golden era of the archipelago', Majapahit empire has and still continue to inspired many writers and artists to create their works based on, described, or mentioned this era. Raden Wijaya (also known as Kertarajasa Jayawardhana) (reigned 1293-1309 was the founder and first Raja of the Majapahit kingdom on Java or known in her formal name Tribhuwannottunggadewi Jayawishnuwardhani, the empress of Majapahit (Reign 1328-1350 AD Hayam Wuruk, also called (after 1350 Rajasanagara, (1334 -1389 was the ruler of the Javanese Hindu state of Majapahit at the time of Wikramawurdhana was the successor to Hayam Wuruk as the emperor of the Majapahit Suhita was a queen of the Majapahit Empire, ruling from 1429 to 1447 The impact of Majapahit theme in popular culture are:
- Sandyakalaning Majapahit (1933), or Twilight/Sunset in Majapahit is historical romance written by Sanusi Pane, took place during the fall of Majapahit empire.
- Panji Koming (since 1979), a weekly comic strip by Dwi Koendoro published in Sunday edition of Kompas, telling the everyday life of Panji Koming, a common Majapahit citizen. A comic strip is a sequence of drawings that tells a story Currently in the Western world, most comic strips are written and drawn by a Comics artist Kompas is the most widely read newspaper in Indonesia. Published by Kompas-Gramedia Group Publishing since June 28, 1965, it has a Although took place in Majapahit era, the comic strip serve as witty satire and critics of modern Indonesian society. Satire is often strictly defined as a literary genre or form; although in practice it is also found in the graphic and Performing arts In satire human The word critic comes from the Greek el κριτικός ( el-Latn kritikós) "able to discern" which in turn derives from the word From politic, social, culture and many aspect of today Indonesia describe as the 'reincarnation' of Majapahit empire. Present serving Indonesian president often portray as Majapahit monarch or prime minister.
- Saur Sepuh (1987-1991), radio drama and film by Niki Kosasih. Begin as the popular radio drama program in late 80s, Saur Sepuh is based on 15th century Java, centered around the story about fictional hero; Brama Kumbara, the king of Madangkara, a fictional kingdom neighbour of Pajajaran. The Sunda Kingdom was according to primary historical records from the sixteenth century a kingdom covering areas of present-day Banten Province Jakarta, West On several story describe the Paregreg war, the civil war of Majapahit between Wikramawardhana against Bhre Wirabhumi. This part the become the single film titled the same 'Saur Sepuh'.
- Tutur Tinular, radio drama and film by S Tidjab. Tutur Tinular is a martial art historical epic fictional story with Majapahit era as the background of the story. Martial arts are systems of codified practices and traditions of training for Combat. The story also involved romance between hero named Arya Kamandanu, and his Chinese lover Mei Shin.
- Wali Songo, the film tell story about nine muslim saints ('wali') that spreading Islam to Java. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The story took place near the end of Majapahit era and the formation of Demak. The Sultanate of Demak was Muslim state located on Java 's north coast in Indonesia, at the site of the present day city of Demak. Describing the decaying Majapahit empire where royalties are fighting each others for power, while commoners are suffering.
- Senopati Pamungkas (1986, reprinted in 2003), a novel by Arswendo Atmowiloto. Also a martial art-historical epic fiction. Took place in late Singhasari period and formation of Majapahit. This novel describe the saga, royal intrigue, and romance of the formation of Majapahit kingdom, also the adventure of main character, a commoner named Upasara Wulung and his forbidden love with princess Gayatri Rajapatni, later she become the consort of Raden Wijaya, the first king of Majapahit. Raden Wijaya (also known as Kertarajasa Jayawardhana) (reigned 1293-1309 was the founder and first Raja of the Majapahit kingdom on Java
- Imperium Majapahit, comic book series by Jan Mintaraga, Published by Elexmedia Komputindo. This series telling the history of Majapahit from the formation until the decline.
- Puteri Gunung Ledang (2004), a Malaysian epic film based on traditional Malay Legend. Puteri Gunung Ledang is a 2004 Malaysian epic fantasy period film directed by Saw Teong Hin and based on a Malay Legend about This film telling the lovestory between Gusti Putri Retno Dumilah, a Majapahit Princess, and Hang Tuah, a Malaccan admiral. Hang Tuah is a legendary Malay warrior/hero who lived during the reign of Sultan Mansur Shah of the Sultanate of Malacca in the 15th century
- Gajah Mada, a pentalogy written by Langit Kresna Hariadi, about fictionalized detail of Gajah Mada's life from Kuti rebellion until Bubat War. Gajah Mada (d circa 1364 was according to Javanese old manuscripts poems and Mythology, a famous military leader and Prime minister Gajah Mada (d circa 1364 was according to Javanese old manuscripts poems and Mythology, a famous military leader and Prime minister Gajah Mada (d circa 1364 was according to Javanese old manuscripts poems and Mythology, a famous military leader and Prime minister
- Dyah Pitaloka, a novel written by Hermawan Aksan, about fictionalized detail lifestory of Sunda Princess Dyah Pitaloka, focussed around the Bubat War. Gajah Mada (d circa 1364 was according to Javanese old manuscripts poems and Mythology, a famous military leader and Prime minister The novel pretty much took the same context and inspired by Kidung Sundayana. Kidung Sunda is a Middle-Javanese Kidung of probable Balinese provenance
References
General
- M. C. Ricklefs, A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300, 2nd ed. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991
Notes
- ^ D. G. E. Hall (1956). "Problems of Indonesian Historiography". Pacific Affairs 38 (3/4): 353—359.
- ^ a b c d e f Ricklefs (1991), page 19
- ^ Prapantja, Rakawi, trans. by Theodore Gauthier Pigeaud, Java in the 14th Century, A Study in Cultural History: The Negara-Kertagama by Pakawi Parakanca of Majapahit, 1365 AD (The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1962), vol. 4, p. 29. 34; G. J. Resink, Indonesia’s History Between the Myths: Essays in Legal History and Historical Theory (The Hague: W. van Hoeve, 1968), p. 21.
- ^ Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). Indonesia: Peoples and Histories. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, pp. 29. ISBN 0-300-10518-5.
- ^ a b c d e Ricklefs (1991), page 18
- ^ Johns, A. H. (1964). "The Role of Structural Organisation and Myth in Javanese Historiography". The Journal of Asian Studies 24 (1): 91–99.
- ^ C. C. Berg. Het rijk van de vijfvoudige Buddha (Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afd. Letterkunde, vol. 69, no. 1) Ansterdam: N. V. Noord-Hollandsche Uitgevers Maatschappij, 1962; cited in M. C. Ricklefs, A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300, 2nd ed. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993, pages 18 and 311
- ^ Slamet Muljana. Menuju Puncak Kemegahan (LKIS, 2005)
- ^ Slamet Muljana. Menuju Puncak Kemegahan (LKIS, 2005)
- ^ Millet, Didier (Hardcover edition - Aug 2003). Indonesian Heritage Series: Ancient History. Singapore 169641: Archipelago Press, page 106. ISBN 981-3018-26-7.
- ^ Cribb, Robert, Historical Atlas of Indonesia, University of Hawai'i Press, 2000
- ^ Ricklefs, 37 and 100
- ^ a b Ricklefs, 36-37
- ^ Millet, Didier (Hardcover edition - Aug 2003). Indonesian Heritage Series: Ancient History. Singapore 169641: Archipelago Press, page 107. ISBN 981-3018-26-7.
- ^ a b Schoppert, P. , Damais, S. (1997). in Didier Millet: Java Style. Paris: Periplus Editions, 33–34. ISBN 962-593-232-1.
- ^ Millet, Didier (Hardcover edition - Aug 2003). Indonesian Heritage Series: Ancient History. Singapore 169641: Archipelago Press, page 107. ISBN 981-3018-26-7.
- ^ Millet, Didier (Hardcover edition - Aug 2003). Indonesian Heritage Series: Ancient History. Singapore 169641: Archipelago Press, page 107. ISBN 981-3018-26-7.
- ^ Millet, Didier (Hardcover edition - Aug 2003). Indonesian Heritage Series: Ancient History. Singapore 169641: Archipelago Press, page 107. ISBN 981-3018-26-7.
- ^ Millet, Didier (Hardcover edition - Aug 2003). Indonesian Heritage Series: Ancient History. Singapore 169641: Archipelago Press, page 107. ISBN 981-3018-26-7.
- ^ Ricklefs, page 40
- ^ Ricklefs, page 43
- ^ Ricklefs, page 174
- ^ Friend, Theodore. Indonesian Destinies. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Belknap Press, Harvard University Press, p. 19. ISBN 0-674-01137-6.
- ^ Bullough, Nigel (Indonesian 50th independence day commemorative edition - 1995). Historic East Java: Remains in Stone. Jakarta: ADLine Communications, page 116-117.
See also
External links
Trowulan is a village in Mojokerto, in the Indonesian province of East Java. The Balinese population of 30 million (15% of Indonesia 's population live mostly on the island of Bali, making up 89% of the island's population Hinduism in Indonesia, also known by its formal Indonesian name Agama Hindu Dharma, refers to Hinduism as practised in Indonesia. Kidung Sunda is a Middle-Javanese Kidung of probable Balinese provenance The Osing are a community living in the eastern salient of Java island in Indonesia, in the easternmost part of East Java province The Tenggerese are the descendants of the Majapahit princes Their population of roughly 600000 is centered in thirty villages in the isolated Tengger mountains ( MountDapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic