Mail, or post, is a method for transmitting information and tangible objects, wherein written documents, typically enclosed in envelopes, and also small packages, are delivered to destinations around the world. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located A pillar box is a free-standing Post box, in the United Kingdom, where Mail is deposited to be collected by the Royal Mail and forwarded to the Taunton is the County town of Somerset, England. The Unparished area (or former Municipal borough) of Taunton has a Population Somerset ( or) is a county in south west England The County town is Taunton, which is in the south of the county A document (noun is a bounded physical representation of body of Information designed with the capacity (and usually intent to Communicate. An envelope is a Packaging product usually made of flat planar material such as Paper or cardboard and designed to contain a flat object which in a postal-service Anything sent through the postal system is called mail or post. [1]
In principle, a postal service can be private or public. Governments often place restrictions on private postal delivery systems. System (from Latin systēma, in turn from Greek systēma is a set of interacting or interdependent Entities, real or abstract Since the mid 19th century national postal systems have generally been established as government monopolies with a fee on the article prepaid. Proof of payment is often in the form of adhesive postage stamps, but postage meters are also used for bulk mailing. A postage stamp is an adhesive paper evidence of pre-paying a fee for postal services A postage meter is an electro-mechanical device for producing evidence of Postage.
Postal systems often have functions other than sending letters. In some countries, the postal system also has some authority over telephone and telegraph systems. In others, postal systems allow for savings accounts and handling applications for passports.
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Early postal systems
The art of communication by written documents carried by an intermediary from one person or place to another almost certainly dates back nearly to the invention of writing. However, development of formal postal systems occurred much later. The first documented use of an organized courier service for the diffusion of written documents is in Egypt, where Pharaohs used couriers for the diffusion of their decrees in the territory of the State (2400 BC). A courier is a Person or company employed to deliver Messages packages and Mail. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Pharaoh is the title given in modern parlance to the ancient Egyptian kings of all periods This practice almost certainly has roots in the much older practice of oral messaging and may have been built on a pre-existing infrastructure.
Persia (Iran)
The first credible claim for the development of a real postal system comes from Persia (present day Iran) but the point of invention remains in question. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. The best documented claim (Xenophon) attributes the invention to the Persian King Cyrus the Great (550 BC), while other writers credit his successor Darius I of Persia (521 BC). Xenophon (Ancient Greek, Modern Greek "Ξενοφών" "Ξενοφώντας" ca Darius I the Great (c 549 BC&ndash486 BC 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 Dārayavahuš: "Possessing goodness" Having ascended to power amidst controversy and bloodshed Other sources claim much earlier dates for an Assyrian postal system, with credit given to Hammurabi (1700 BC) and Sargon II (722 BC). Hammurabi ( Akkadian from Amorite ˤAmmurāpi, "the kinsman is a healer" from ˤAmmu, "paternal kinsman" and Rāpi Sargon II ( Akkadian Šarru-kinu "legitimate king" reigned 722 – 705 BC was an Assyrian king Mail may not have been the primary mission of this postal service, however. The role of the system as an intelligence gathering apparatus is well documented, and the service was (later) called angariae, a term that in time turned to indicate a tax system. The Old Testament (Esther, VIII) makes mention of this system: Ahasuerus, king of Medes, used couriers for communicating his decisions. In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christian Biblical canon. Esther ( born Hadassah, is a queen of Persian Empire in the Hebrew Bible, the queen of Ahasuerus (traditionally identified with Artaxerxes Xerxes I of Persia was a King of Persia (reigned 485–465 BC of the Achaemenid dynasty. The Medes were an ancient Iranian people who lived in the northwestern portions of present-day Iran.
The Persian system worked on stations (called Chapar-Khane), where the message carrier (called Chapar) would ride to the next post, whereupon he would swap his horse with a fresh one, for maximum performance and delivery speed. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Chapar may refer to Chapar Azerbaijan Chapar India Chapar Pakistan Chapar Khan, the khan of Herodotus described the system in this way: "It is said that as many days as there are in the whole journey, so many are the men and horses that stand along the road, each horse and man at the interval of a day’s journey; and these are stayed neither by snow nor rain nor heat nor darkness from accomplishing their appointed course with all speed". Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash [2]
India
The economic growth and political stability under the Mauryan empire (322–185 BC) saw the development of impressive civil infrastructure in ancient India. The Maurya Empire ( 322 – 185 BCE) ruled by the Mauryan dynasty was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Mauryans developed early Indian mail service as well as public wells, rest houses and other facilities for the common public. [4] Common chariots called Dagana were sometimes used as mail chariots in ancient India. [5]
Systems for collecting information and revenue data from the provinces are mentioned in Chanakya's Arthashastra (ca. Chanakya Sanskrit: चाणक्य Cāṇakya) (c 350-283 BC was an adviser and a Prime minister to the first Maurya Emperor The Arthashastra ( IAST: Arthaśāstra) is a Treatise on statecraft, economic policy and Military strategy which 3rd century BC). The 3rd century BC started the first day of 300 BC and ended the last day of 201 BC
In ancient times the kings, emperors, rulers, zamindars or the feudal lords protected their land through the intelligence services of specially trained police or military agencies and courier services to convey and obtain information through runners, messengers and even through pigeons. The chief of the secret service, known as the postmaster, maintained the lines of communication . . . The people used to send letters to [their] distant relatives through their friends or neighbors. [6]
In South India, the Wodeyar dynasty (1399 - 1947) of the Kingdom of Mysore used mail service for espionage purposes thereby acquiring knowledge related to matters that took place at great distances. South India is the area encompassing India 's states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu as well as the union The Kingdom of Mysore/State of Mysore (ಮೈಸೂರು ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ was both a Kingdom (1399-1799 CE and a Princely state (1799-1947 [7]
By the end of the Eighteenth century the postal system in India had reached impressive levels of efficiency. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system According to British national Thomas Broughton, the Maharaja of Jodhpur sent daily offerings of fresh flowers from his capital to Nathadvara (320 km) and they arrived in time for the first religious Darshan at sunrise. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The word Mahārāja (also spelled maharajah) is Sanskrit for "great king" or " High king " (a Karmadharaya from mahānt Jodhpur (जोधपुर is the second largest City in the Indian State of Rajasthan. Darśana ( Darshan, दर्शन is a Sanskrit term meaning "sight" (in the sense of an instance of seeing or beholding from a root [8] Later this system underwent complete modernization when the British Raj established it's full control over India. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British The Post Office Act XVII of 1837 provided that the Governor-General of India in Council had the exclusive right of conveying letters by post for hire within the territories of the East India Company. The mails were available to certain officials without charge, which became a controversial privilege as the years passed. On this basis the Indian Post Office was established on October 1, 1837. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common [9]
China
China enjoyed postal relay stations since the Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD), this network was vastly improved and extended during the Mongolian rule under Kublai Khan. The story of the Postage stamps and Postal history of China is complicated by the gradual decay of imperial China and the years of civil war and Japanese occupation The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. Early years Kublai Khan studied Chinese culture and became enamoured of it Postal stations were used not only for the transmission and delivery of official mail, but were also available for traveling officials, military men, foreign dignitaries. These stations aided and facilitated the transport of foreign and domestic tribute, and trade in general. By the end of Kublai Khan's rule there were more than 1400 postal stations, which in turn had at their disposal about 50000 horses, 1400 oxen, 6700 mules, 400 carts, 6000 boats, over 200 dogs and 1150 sheep. [10]
The stations were 15 to 40 miles apart and had reliable attendants working for the mail service. Foreign observers, such as Marco Polo have attested to the efficiency of this early postal system. Marco Polo ( September 15 1254 – January 9 1324 at earliest but no later than June 1325 was a Venetian trader and explorer [10]
Rome
The first well documented postal service is that of Rome. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Organized at the time of Augustus Caesar (62 BC–AD 14), it may also be the first true mail service. Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was The service was called cursus publicus and was provided with light carriages called rhedæ with fast horses. Cursus publicus was the courier service of the Roman Empire. It was created by Emperor Augustus to transport messages officials and tax revenues from one province Additionally, there was another slower service equipped with two-wheeled carts (birolæ) pulled by oxen. This service was reserved to government correspondence. Another service for citizens was later added.
Other systems
Another important postal service was created in the Islamic world by the caliph Mu'awiyya; the service was called barid, by the name of the towers built to protect the roads by which couriers travelled. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah
Well before the Middle Ages and during them, homing pigeons were used for pigeon post, taking advantage of a singular quality of this bird, which when taken far from its nest is able to find his way home due to a particularly developed sense of orientation. The homing pigeon is a variety of domesticated Rock Pigeon ( Columba livia domestica) that has been selectively Pigeon post is the use of Homing pigeons to carry messages As a method of communication it is likely as old as the ancient Persians from whom the art of training Messages were then tied around the legs of the pigeon, which was freed and could reach his original nest.
Mail has been transported by quite a few other methods throughout history, including dogsled, balloon, rocket, mule, pneumatic tubes and even submarine. History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology A dog sled is a Sled pulled by one or more Sled dogs used to travel over Ice and through Snow. A balloon is a flexible bag filled with a type of Gas, such as Helium, Hydrogen, Nitrous oxide or air. A rocket or rocket vehicle is a Missile, Aircraft or other Vehicle which obtains Thrust by the reaction of the In its common modern meaning a mule is the offspring of a male Donkey and a female Horse, which is classified as a kind of F1 hybrid. Pneumatic tubes (or capsule pipelines; Lamson tubes) are systems in which cylindrical containers are propelled through a network of tubes by A submarine is a Watercraft that can operate independently below water as distinct from a Submersible that has only limited underwater capability
Charlemagne extended to the whole territory of his empire the system used by Franks in northern Gaul, and connected this service with the service of missi dominici. Charlemagne (ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus meaning Charles the Great) (747 – 28 January 814 was King of the Franks from 768 to his The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western A missus dominicus (plural missi dominici) Latin for "Envoy of the Lord ' also known as Sendgraf in German, Zendgraaf in
Many religious orders had a private mail service, notably Cistercians' one connected more than 6,000 abbeys, monasteries and churches. An abbey (from Latin abbatia derived from Syriac abba "father" is a Christian Monastery or This article concerns the buildings occupied by monastics. For the life inside monasteries and its historical roots see Monasticism. The best organization however was created by the Knights Templar. The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon (Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Solomonici commonly known as the Knights Templar or the Order The newly instituted universities too had their private services, starting from Bologna (1158). A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects Bologna (boloɲa from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in Bolognese dialect is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy
Popular illiteracy was accommodated through the service of scribes. Illiterates who needed to communicate dictated their messages to a scribe, another profession now quite generally disappeared. A scribe (or scrivener) is a person who writes books or documents by hand as a profession
In 1505, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I established a postal system in the Empire, appointing Franz von Thurn und Taxis to run it. The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states The Princely House of Thurn and Taxis (Das Fürstenhaus Thurn und Taxis is a German family that was a key player in the postal services in The Thurn and Taxis family, then known as Tassis, had operated postal services between Italian city states from 1290 onwards. Following the abolition of the Empire in 1806 the Thurn and Taxis postal system continued as a private organisation, continuing to exist into the postage stamp era before finally being absorbed into the postal system of the new German Empire after 1871.
It was around this time nationalization and centralization of most postal systems took place. Today, the study of mail systems is known as postal history. Postal history is the study of Postal systems and how they operate and or the collecting of covers and associated material illustrating historical episodes of postal
Etymology
The word mail comes from the Medieval English word male (spelt that way until the 17th century), which was the term used to describe a traveling bag or pack. Middle English is the name given by Historical linguistics to the diverse forms of the English language spoken between the Norman invasion of [11] The French have a similar word, malle for a trunk or large box, and mála is the Irish for a bag. In the 1600s the word mail began to appear as a reference for a bag that contained letters: "bag full of letter" (1654). Over the next hundred years the word mail began to be applied strictly to the letters themselves, and the sack as the mailbag. In the 19th century the British usually referred to mail as being letters that were being sent abroad (i. e. on a ship), and post as letters that were for localized delivery; in the UK the Royal Mail delivers the post, while in the USA the US Postal Service delivers the mail. Royal Mail is the national postal service of the United Kingdom. The term e-mail (short for "electronic mail") first appeared in 1982. The term snail-mail is a retronym that originated in 1983 to distinguish it from the quicker e-mail. Snail mail is a derogatory Retronym — named after the Snail with its proverbially slow Speed — used to refer to letters and missives A retronym is a type of Neologism coined for an old object or concept whose original name has come to be used for something else is no longer unique or is otherwise inappropriate
Modern mail
Modern mail is organized by national and privatized services, which are reciprocally interconnected by international regulations, organizations and international agreements. Paper letters and parcels can be sent to almost any country in the world relatively easily and cheaply. The Internet has made the process of sending letter-like messages nearly instantaneous, and in many cases and situations correspondents use electronic mail where previously they would have used letters (though the volume of paper mail continues to increase. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks )[12]
Organization
Some countries have organized their mail services as public limited liability corporations without a legal monopoly.
The world-wide postal system comprising the individual national postal systems of the world's self-governing states is co-ordinated by the Universal Postal Union, which among other things sets international postage rates, defines standards for postage stamps and operates the system of International Reply Coupons. The Universal Postal Union ( UPU, French: Union postale universelle) is an International organization that coordinates postal policies among member A postage stamp is an adhesive paper evidence of pre-paying a fee for postal services An international reply coupon (IRC is a coupon that can be exchanged for one or more Postage stamps representing the minimum postage for an unregistered priority airmail letter
In most countries a system of codes has been created (they are called ZIP Codes in the United States, postcodes in the United Kingdom and Australia, and postal codes in most other countries), in order to facilitate the automation of operations. The ZIP code is the system of Postal codes used by the United States Postal Service (USPS A postal code (known in various countries as a post code, postcode, or ZIP code) is a series of letters and/or digits appended to a This also includes placing additional marks on the address portion of the letter or mailed object, called "bar coding. " Bar coding of mail for delivery is usually expressed either by a series of vertical bars, usually called POSTNET coding, or a block of dots as a two-dimensional barcode. Example The above-mentioned example of 55555-1237 yields Sum is 38 The check digit is therefore 2 The data encoded will A bar code (also barcode) is an optical Machine-readable representation of data The "block of dots" method allows for the encoding of proof of payment of postage, exact routing for delivery, and other features.
The ordinary mail service was improved in the 20th century with the use of planes for a quicker delivery (air mail). Airmail (or air mail) is Mail that is transported by Aircraft. The first scheduled airmail service took place between the London suburbs of Hendon and Windsor on 9 September 1911. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Some methods of airmail proved ineffective, however, including the United States Postal Service's experiment with rocket mail. Rocket mail is the delivery of Mail by Rocket or Missile. The rocket would land by deploying an internal parachute upon arrival
Receipts services were made available in order to grant the sender a confirmation of effective delivery.
Mail going to naval vessels is known as the Fleet Post Office. Military mail is a special Military postal system used to integrate the civil postal system in a given country with that country's military posted overseas
Payment
Worldwide the most common method of prepaying postage is by buying an adhesive postage stamp to be applied to the envelope before mailing; a much less common method is to use a postage-prepaid envelope. A postage stamp is an adhesive paper evidence of pre-paying a fee for postal services An envelope is a Packaging product usually made of flat planar material such as Paper or cardboard and designed to contain a flat object which in a postal-service Franking is a method of creating postage-prepaid envelopes under licence using a special machine. Franking (or "Franks") are any and all devices or markings such as Postage stamps (including printed and/or embossed on Postal stationery They are used by companies with large mail programs such as banks and direct mail companies. A banker or bank is a Financial institution whose primary activity is to act as a payment agent for customers and to borrow and lend money Direct mail, also known as junk mail, advertising mail or admail, is the delivery of advertising material to recipients of postal Mail.
In 1998, the U.S. Postal Service authorised the first tests of a secure system of sending digital franks via the Internet to be printed out on a PC printer, obviating the necessity to license a dedicated franking machine and allowing companies with smaller mail programs to make use of the option; this was later expanded to test the use of personalised postage. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks The service provided by the U. S. Postal Service in 2003 allows the franks to be printed out on special adhesive-backed labels. In 2004 the Royal Mail in the United Kingdom introduced its SmartStamp Internet-based system, allowing printing on ordinary adhesive labels or envelopes. Royal Mail is the national postal service of the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Similar systems are being considered by postal administrations around the world.
When the pre-paid envelope or package is accepted into the mail by an agent of the postal service, the agent usually indicates by means of a cancellation that it is no longer valid for pre-payment of postage. On Mail, a cancellation (or cancel for short is a Postal marking applied to a Postage stamp or Postal stationery indicating that The exceptions are when the agent forgets or neglects to cancel the mailpiece, for stamps that are pre-cancelled and thus do not require cancellation and for, in most cases, metered mail. (The "personalised stamps" authorized by the USPS and manufactured by Zazzle and other companies are in fact a form of meter label and thus do not need to be cancelled. )
Rules and etiquette
Documents cannot be read by anyone other than the receiver; for instance, in the United States it is a violation of federal law for anyone other than the receiver to open mail. However, exceptions do exist, such as postcards, which can be read by the postman for the purpose of identifying the sender and receiver. For mail contained within an envelope, there are legal provisions in some jurisdictions allowing the recording identities. [13] The privacy of correspondence is guaranteed by the Mexican Constitution, and is alluded to in the European Convention of Human Rights[14] and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The Political Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1917 is the present Constitution of Mexico. The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (also called the "European Convention on Human Rights" and "ECHR" was adopted under the The Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UDHR) is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly ( 10 December 1948 at Palais [13] According to the laws in the relevant jurisdiction, correspondence may be openly or covertly opened or the contents determined via some other method, by the police or other authorities in some cases relating to their relevance to an alleged or suspected criminal conspiracy, although black chambers (largely in the past, though there is apparently some continuance of their use today) opened and open letters extralegally. The Black Chamber, otherwise known as MI-8 or Cipher Bureau, was America 's first peacetime Cryptanalytic organization and a forerunner Military mail to and from soldiers on active deployment is more often subject to strict censorship. Military mail is a special Military postal system used to integrate the civil postal system in a given country with that country's military posted overseas International mail and packages are subjects to customs control. Customs is an Authority or agency in a Country responsible for collecting and safeguarding customs duties and for controlling the flow of goods
Control of private citizens' mail based on its content is a form of censorship and concerns social, political, and legal aspects of civil rights. Censorship is the suppression of speech or deletion of communicative material which may be considered objectionable harmful or sensitive as determined by a censor Even though often illegal, there have been cases over the centuries of governments illegally opening and copying or photographing the contents of private mail. [13][15] While in most cases this censorship is exceptional, in the military, censorship of mail is routine and almost universally applied, particularly with respect to soldiers near a battlefront.
Modern alternatives such as the telegraph, telephone, and e-mail have reduced the attractiveness of paper mail for many applications. Basic principle A traditional landline telephone system also known as "plain old telephone service" (POTS, commonly handles both signaling and audio information Electronic mail, often abbreviated to e-mail, email, or originally eMail, is a Store-and-forward method of writing sending receiving Sometimes these modern alternatives are more attractive because, unlike paper mail, there is no concern about unfamiliar people learning your address from the return address on the outside of an envelope. Modern alternatives can be better than paper mail because vandalism can occur with mailboxes (although it can also be argued that paper mail does not allow for computer viruses). A computer virus is a Computer program that can copy itself and infect a computer without permission or knowledge of the user Also, dangerous hazards exist for mail carriers such as unfriendly pets or bad weather conditions. Due to hazards or inconveniences postal carriers may refuse, officially or otherwise, to deliver mail to a particular address (for instance, if a clear path to the door or mailbox is not present). Postal mail is, however, still widely in use for business (due to the particular legal standing of signatures in some situations and in many jurisdictions, etiquette, or transmission of things that cannot be done by computer, as a particular texture, or, obviously, items in packages) and for some personal communication. A signature (from Latin signare, " Sign " is a handwritten (and sometimes stylized depiction of someone's name nickname or even a simple For example, wedding invitations in some Western countries are customarily sent by mail. A wedding is the Ceremony in which two people are united in Marriage.
Rise of electronic correspondence
Since the advent of e-mail, which is almost always faster (barring some extreme technical glitch, computer virus or the like), the postal system has come to be referred to in Internet slang by the retronym "snail mail". Electronic mail, often abbreviated to e-mail, email, or originally eMail, is a Store-and-forward method of writing sending receiving Internet slang, Internet language, Netspeak, Chatspeak, Leetspeak, Chat Room Shorthand, Computer Language, A retronym is a type of Neologism coined for an old object or concept whose original name has come to be used for something else is no longer unique or is otherwise inappropriate Snail mail is a derogatory Retronym — named after the Snail with its proverbially slow Speed — used to refer to letters and missives Occasionally, the term "white mail" or "the PaperNet" has also been used as a neutral term for postal mail.
In modern times, mainly in the 20th century, mail has found an evolution in vehicles using newer technologies to deliver the documents, especially through the telephone network; these new vehicles include telegram, telex, facsimile (fax), e-mail, and short message service (SMS). Basic principle A traditional landline telephone system also known as "plain old telephone service" (POTS, commonly handles both signaling and audio information A teleprinter ( Fax (short for facsimile, from Latin fac simile, "make similar" i Electronic mail, often abbreviated to e-mail, email, or originally eMail, is a Store-and-forward method of writing sending receiving Short Message Service ( SMS) is a Communications protocol allowing the interchange of short text messages between mobile telephone devices. There have been methods which have combined mail and some of these newer methods, such as INTELPOST, which combined facsimile transmission with overnight delivery. These vehicles commonly use a mechanical or electro-mechanical standardised writing (typing), that on the one hand makes for more efficient communication, while on the other hand makes impossible characteristics and practices that traditionally were in conventional mail, such as calligraphy. Calligraphy (from Greek kallos "beauty" + graphẽ "writing" is the art of writing (Mediavilla 1996 17
This epoch is undoubtedly mainly dominated by mechanical writing, with a general use of no more of half a dozen standard typographic fonts from standard keyboards. In Typography, a typeface is a set of one or more Fonts designed with stylistic unity each comprising a coordinated set of Glyphs A typeface usually comprises However, the increased use of typewritten or computer-printed letters for personal communication and the advent of e-mail, has sparked renewed interest in calligraphy, as a letter has become more of a "special event. " Long before e-mail and computer-printed letters, however, decorated envelopes, rubber stamps and artistamps formed part of the medium of mail art. Rubber stamping, also called stamping, is a Craft in which some type of Ink made of Dye or Pigment is applied to an Image An artistamp (a Portmanteau of the words "artist" and "stamp" or artist's stamp refers to a Postage stamp -like artform Mail art is Art which uses the Postal system as a medium The term mail art can refer to an individual message the medium through which it is sent or
In the 2000s with the advent of eBay and other online auction sites and online stores, postal services in industrialized nations have seen a major shift to item shipping. eBay Inc is an American Internet company that manages eBaycom an Online auction and shopping Website in which people and businesses buy and The online auction business model is one in which participants bid for products and services over the Internet. This has been seen as a boost to the system's usage in the wake of lower paper mail volume due to the accessibility of e-mail.
Collecting
Postage stamps are also object of a particular form of collecting, and in some cases, when demand greatly exceeds supply, their commercial value on this specific market may become enormously greater than face value, even after use. A postage stamp is an adhesive paper evidence of pre-paying a fee for postal services The Hobby of collecting includes seeking locating acquiring organizing cataloging displaying storing and maintaining whatever items are of interest to the individual collector For some postal services the sale of stamps to collectors who will never use them is a significant source of revenue for example postage stamps from Tokelau, South Georgia & South Sandwich Islands, Tristan da Cunha, Niuafo´ou and many others. Stamp collecting is commonly known as philately, although strictly the latter term refers to the study of stamps. Stamp collecting is the Collecting of Postage stamps and related objects such as covers (envelopes or packages with stamps on them Philately is the study and collecting of revenue and postage stamps
Another form of collecting regards postcards, a document written on a single robust sheet of paper, usually decorated with photographic pictures or artistic drawings on one of the sides, and short messages on a small part of the other side, that also contained the space for the address. A postcard or post card is a rectangular piece of thick Paper or thin cardboard intended for writing and mailing without an Envelope and In strict philatelic usage, the postcard is to be distinguished from the postal card, which has a pre-printed postage on the card. A postcard or post card is a rectangular piece of thick Paper or thin cardboard intended for writing and mailing without an Envelope and The fact that this communication is visible by other than the receiver often causes the messages to be written in jargon. For Wikipedia jargon see WikipediaGlossary. For hacker slang see Jargon File.
Letters are often studied as an example of literature, and also in biography in the case of a famous person. Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter A biography (from the Greek words bíos (βίος meaning "life" and gráphein (γράφειν meaning "to write" is an account A portion of the New Testament of the Bible is composed of the Apostle Paul's epistles to Christian congregations in various parts of the Roman Empire. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Paul the apostle (שאול התרסי Šaʾul HaTarsi, meaning " Saul of Tarsus " Σαούλ Saul and Σαῦλος Saulos and An epistle (pronounced) ( Greek επιστολη epistolē "letter" is a writing directed or sent to a person or group of persons usually a letter See below for a list of famous letters.
A style of writing, called epistolary, tells a fictional story in the form of the correspondence between two or more characters. An epistolary novel German Briefroman ---> is a Novel written as a series of documents
A make-shift mail method after stranding on a deserted island is a message in a bottle. An island (ˈaɪlənd or isle (/ˈaɪl/ is any piece of land that is completely surrounded by water in two dimensions above high tide and isolated from other significant A message in a bottle is a form of communication whereby a message is sealed in a container (archetypically a glass Bottle, but could be any medium so long as it floats
Deregulation
- See also: New Zealand Post
Several countries, including Sweden (1 January 1993),[16][17] New Zealand (1998 and 2003), Germany (2005 and 2007)[18] and Argentina have opened up the postal services market to new entrants. New Zealand Post Limited is the dominant Postal operator in New Zealand. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. In the case of New Zealand Post Limited, this included (from 2003) its right to be the sole New Zealand postal administration member of the Universal Postal Union, thus the ending of its monopoly on stamps bearing the name New Zealand. New Zealand Post Limited is the dominant Postal operator in New Zealand. The Universal Postal Union ( UPU, French: Union postale universelle) is an International organization that coordinates postal policies among member
Types of mail
Letters
Letter-sized mail comprises the bulk of the contents sent through most postal services. These are usually documents printed on A4 (210×297 mm), Letter-sized (8. A series Paper in the A series format has a 1\sqrt{2} aspect ratio although this is rounded to the nearest millimetre 5×11 inches), or smaller paper and placed in envelopes.
While many things are sent through the mail, interpersonal letters are often thought of first in reference to postal systems. Handwritten correspondence, while once a major means of communications between distant people, is now used less frequently due to the advent of more immediate means of communication, such as the telephone or e-mail. Traditional letters, however, are often considered to harken back to a "simpler time" and are still used when someone wishes to be deliberate and thoughtful about his or her communication.
Bills and invoices are often sent through the mail, like regular billing correspondence from utility companies and other service providers. In Economics, utility is a measure of the relative satisfaction from or desirability of Consumption of various Goods and services. These letters often contain a self-addressed, envelope that allows the receiver to remit payment back to the company easily. While still very common, many people now opt to use online bill payment services, which eliminate the need to receive bills through the mail.
Bulk mail is mail that is prepared for bulk mailing, often by presorting, and processing at reduced rates. Bulk mail broadly refers to Mail that is mailed and processed in bulk at reduced rates CAR-RT SORT is a United States Postal Service marking appearing above the sendee's address on traditional Junk mail such as store circulars coupon books and other It is often used in direct marketing and other commercial solicitations sent by advertisers, although it has other uses as well. Direct marketing is a sub-discipline and type of Marketing. There are two main definitional characteristics which distinguish it from other types of marketing Advertising is a form of Communication that typically attempts to persuade potential Customers to Purchase or to consume more of a particular Brand The senders of these messages sometimes purchase lists of addresses (which are sometimes targeted towards certain demographics) and then send letters advertising their product or service to all recipients. Demographics or demographic data refers to selected population characteristics as used in government Marketing or opinion research or the Demographic profiles Other times, commercial solicitations are sent by local companies advertising local products, like a restaurant delivery service advertising to their delivery area or a retail store sending their weekly advertising circular to a general area. A restaurant is a retail establishment that serves prepared Food to Customers. Bulk mail is also often sent to companies' existing subscriber bases, advertising new products or services.
There are a number of other things almost without any exception sent exclusively as letters through postal services, like wedding invitations.
First-class
First-class mail in the U. S. includes postcards, letters, large envelopes (flats) and small packages, providing each piece weighs 13 ounces or less. Delivery is given priority over second-class (newspapers and magazines), third class (bulk advertisements), and fourth-class mail (books and media packages. ) First-class mail prices are based on both the shape and weight of the item being mailed. Pieces over 13 ounces can be sent as Priority Mail. [19]
Registered mail
Registered mail allows the location and in particular the correct delivery of a letter to be tracked. Registered mail describes letters packets or other postal documents considered valuable and need a Chain of custody that provides more control than regular mail It is usually considerably more expensive than regular mail, and is typically used for legal documents, to obtain a proof of delivery.
Repositionable Notes
The United States Postal Service introduced a test allowing "repositionable notes" (for example, 3M's Post-it notes) to be attached to the outside of envelopes and bulk mailings,[20] afterwards extending the test for an unspecified period. [21]
Postal cards and postcards
Postal cards and postcards are small message cards which are sent by mail unenveloped; the distinction often, though not invariably and reliably, drawn between them is that "postal cards" are issued by the postal authority or entity with the "postal indica" (or "stamp") preprinted on them, while postcards are privately issued and require affixing an adhesive stamp (though there have been some cases of a postal authority's issuing non-stamped postcards). A postcard or post card is a rectangular piece of thick Paper or thin cardboard intended for writing and mailing without an Envelope and A postcard or post card is a rectangular piece of thick Paper or thin cardboard intended for writing and mailing without an Envelope and Postcards are often printed to promote tourism, with pictures of resorts, tourist attractions or humorous messages on the front and allowing for a short message from the sender to be written on the back. The postage required for postcards is generally less than postage required for standard letters; however, certain technicalities such as their being oversized or having cut-outs[3] may result in payment of the first-class rate being required.
Postcards are also used by magazines for new subscriptions. Magazines, periodicals or serials are Publications generally published on a regular schedule containing a variety of articles, generally Inside many magazines are postage-paid subscription cards that a reader can fill out and mail back to the publishing company to be billed for a subscription to the magazine. In this fashion, magazines also use postcards for other purposes, including reader surveys, contests or information requests.
Postcards are sometimes sent by charities to their members with a message to be signed and sent to a politician (e. The definition of charitable organization, and of charity varies according to the country and in some instances the region of the country in which the charitable organization operates g. to promote fair trade or third world debt cancellation). Fair trade is an organized Social movement and market-based approach to empowering developing country producers and promoting sustainability Developing countries' debt is External debt incurred by the governments of Third World countries, generally in quantities beyond the governments' political
Other
Larger envelopes are also sent through the mail. These are often made of sturdier material than standard envelopes and are often used by businesses to transport documents that are not to be folded or damaged, such as legal documents and contracts. Due to their size, larger envelopes are sometimes charged additional postage.
Packages are often sent through some postal services, usually requiring additional postage than an average letter or postcard. Many postal services have limits on what can and cannot be sent inside packages, usually placing limits or bans on perishable, hazardous or flammable materials. Some hazardous materials in limited quantities may be shipped with appropriate markings and packaging, like an ORM-D label. ORM-D is a marking for Mail or Shipping in the United States that identifies "Other Regulated Materials-Domestic" Additionally, because of terrorism concerns, the U. Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion S. Postal Service subjects their packages to various security tests, often scanning or x-raying packages for materials that might be found in mail bombs. X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of Electromagnetic radiation. A mailbomb (or mail bomb) also called parcel bomb, letter bomb or post bomb, is an Explosive device sent via the postal service
Magazines are also sent through postal services. Magazines, periodicals or serials are Publications generally published on a regular schedule containing a variety of articles, generally Many magazines are simply placed in the mail normally (but in the U. S. , they are printed with a special bar code that acts as pre-paid postage - see POSTNET), but many are now shipped in shrinkwrap to protect the loose contents of the magazine. Example The above-mentioned example of 55555-1237 yields Sum is 38 The check digit is therefore 2 The data encoded will
Hybrid mail, sometimes referred to as L-mail, is the electronic lodgement of mail from the mail generator’s computer directly to a Postal Service provider. L-Mail, or Lmail is short for "letter mail" and is a method of sending a real physical letter via an Internet Web page. The Postal Service provider is then able to use electronic means to have the mail piece sorted, routed and physically produced at a site closest to the delivery point. It is a type of mail growing in popularity with some Post Office operations and individual businesses venturing into this market. In some countries, these services are available to print and deliver emails to those unable to receive email, such as the elderly or infirmed. Mail A Letter is one such service in the USA; in the UK, Royal Mail offers a similar service.
See also
- Airmail
- Pony Express
- Post office, Postal code, ZIP Code
- Courier, Mail carrier, Express mail
- Electronic mail
- Fan mail, Hate mail, Love letter, Snail mail
- Irradiated mail
- Railway post office (US), Travelling Post Office (UK): Two types of railway car used for sorting mail aboard a train en route. Airmail (or air mail) is Mail that is transported by Aircraft. The Pony Express was a fast Mail service crossing the North American continent from St A post office is a facility authorized by a Postal system for the posting receipt sorting handling transmission or delivery of Mail. A postal code (known in various countries as a post code, postcode, or ZIP code) is a series of letters and/or digits appended to a The ZIP code is the system of Postal codes used by the United States Postal Service (USPS A courier is a Person or company employed to deliver Messages packages and Mail. For the electronic mail software see GNU Mailman. "Postman" redirects here In most postal systems express mail refers to an accelerated delivery service for which the customer pays a Surcharge and receives faster delivery Electronic mail, often abbreviated to e-mail, email, or originally eMail, is a Store-and-forward method of writing sending receiving See Fanmail (album for the 1999 TLC album Fan mail is Mail sent to a public figure especially a Hate mail (as electronic, posted, or otherwise is a form of Harassment, usually consisting of invective and potentially intimidating or threatening comments Love Letter is a 1995 Japanese film directed by Shunji Iwai, and starring Miho Nakayama. Snail mail is a derogatory Retronym — named after the Snail with its proverbially slow Speed — used to refer to letters and missives Irradiated mail is Mail that has been deliberately exposed to Radiation, typically in an effort to Disinfect it In the United States a railway post office, commonly abbreviated as RPO, was a Railroad car that was normally operated in passenger service as a means to sort A Travelling Post Office (TPO is a type of Mail train where the post is sorted en-route "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation. A train is a connected series of vehicles that move along a track ( Permanent way) to transport freight or passengers from one place to another
- Mail forwarding
- Mailing address format by country
Famous letters
- Rainer Maria Rilke's Letters to a Young Poet
- Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Letter from Birmingham Jail
- The Pauline epistles
- Samantha Smith's letter to Yuri Andropov
- Virginia O'Hanlon's letter to the New York Sun, replied to in a famous editorial
- The Zinoviev Letter, which affected the outcome of the United Kingdom general election, 1924
- The Canuck Letter, which affected the outcome of the 1972 U. Post offices and other Mail service providers typically offer a mail forwarding service to redirect mail destined for one location to another — usually for a given An address is a Code and abstract concept expressing the fixed location of a home business or other building on the earth's surface Rainer Maria Rilke (also Rainer Maria von Rilke (4 December 1875 &ndash 29 December 1926 is considered one of the German language 's greatest 20th century Poets Letters to a Young Poet is a very influential compilation of letters by Rainer Maria Rilke. Martin Luther King Jr ( January 15, 1929 April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, Activist and prominent leader The Letter from Birmingham Jail or Letter from Birmingham City Jail, is an Open letter written on April 16, 1963, by Martin Luther The Pauline epistles, Epistles of Paul, or Letters of Paul, are the thirteen New Testament books which have the name Paul (Παῦλος as the first Samantha Reed Smith (June 29 1972 in Houlton Maine – August 25 1985 in Lewiston - Auburn, Maine) was an American schoolgirl from Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (Ю́рий Влади́мирович Андро́пов Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov) ( &ndash 9 February 1984 was a Soviet politician "Is There a Santa Claus?" was the Headline that appeared over an Editorial in the September 20 1897 edition of the New York Sun. The Sun was a New York newspaper that was published from 1833 until 1950 "Is There a Santa Claus?" was the Headline that appeared over an Editorial in the September 20 1897 edition of the New York Sun. The " Zinoviev Letter " is a 1924 letter that was allegedly addressed from Grigori Zinoviev, president of the presidium of the Executive Committee of the Communist The 1924 UK general election was held on 29 October 1924 The Conservatives, led by Stanley Baldwin performed dramatically better in electoral terms than in The Canuck Letter was a forged letter to the editor of the Manchester Union Leader, published February 24 1972, two weeks before the New S. Democratic primary elections
List of national postal services
Africa
| Country | Company |
|---|---|
| Morocco | BAM |
| Namibia | NAMPOST |
| Nigeria | Nipost |
| South Africa | SAPO |
| Zimbabwe | ZimPost |
Americas
| Country | Company |
|---|---|
| Argentina | Correo Argentino |
| Brazil | Correios |
| Canada | Canada Post |
| Chile | Correos de Chile |
| Costa Rica | Correos de Costa Rica |
| Dominican Republic | INPOSDOM |
| Mexico | Servicio Postal Mexicano |
| Perú | Serpost |
| USA | USPS |
| Venezuela | IPOSTEL |
Asia
| Country | Company |
|---|---|
| China | China Post |
| Hong Kong | Hongkong Post |
| India | Indian Postal Service |
| Indonesia | Pos Indonesia |
| Iran | IRI Post |
| Iraq | Iraqi Post |
| Israel | Israel Post |
| Japan | Japan Post |
| Korea | Korea Post |
| Malaysia | Pos Malaysia |
| Pakistan | Pakistan Post |
| Philippines | PhilPost |
| Singapore | SingPost |
| Sri Lanka | Sri Lanka Post |
| Republic of China | Taiwan Post |
| Thailand | Thailand Post |
Europe
| Country | Company |
|---|---|
| Austria | Österreichische Post |
| Azerbaijan | Azərpoçt |
| Belgium | De post / La poste |
| Bulgaria | Bulgarian Posts |
| Croatia | Hrvatska pošta |
| Czech Republic | Česká pošta |
| Denmark | Post Danmark |
| Faroe Island | Postverk Føroya |
| Finland | Suomen Posti |
| France | La Poste |
| Germany | Deutsche Post |
| Greece | Ελληνικά Ταχυδρομεία |
| Hungary | Magyar Posta |
| Iceland | Íslandspóstur |
| Ireland | An Post |
| Italy | Poste Italiane - Llaposte |
| Jersey | Jersey Post |
| Latvia | Latvijas Pasts |
| Lithuania | Lietuvos paštas |
| Macedonia | Makedonska Pošta |
| Netherlands | TNT N.V. |
| Norway | Posten |
| Poland | Poczta Polska |
| Portugal | CTT |
| Romania | Poşta Română |
| Russia | Russian Post |
| Serbia | Pošta Srbije |
| Slovakia | Slovenská pošta |
| Slovenia | Pošta Slovenije - www. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa on the Atlantic coast Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal The Nigerian Postal Service, abbreviated as Nipost, is a government-owned and operated corporation, is the Nigerian Postal administration responsible The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa See also Great Zimbabwe National Monument. For information about the March and June 2008 presidential elections see Zimbabwean presidential election For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The Empresa Brasileira de Correios e Telégrafos' ( English: Brazilian Post and Telegraph Corporation; ECT) also known as Correios, Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Canada Post Corporation ( Société canadienne des postes) is the Canadian postal operator operated as a crown corporation. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( Spanish: Costa Rica or República de Costa Rica,) is a Country in The Dominican Republic ( Spanish: República Dominicana;) is a nation located in the Caribbean region and shares the island of Hispaniola with Dominican Postal Institute (Spanish INPOSDOM or Instituto Postal Dominicano is the institution charged with making a more reliable Postal service for the The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Servicio Postal Mexicano (Sepomex is the national postal service of Mexico. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National China Post (中国邮政 Zhōngguó Yóuzhèng) is the postal service of the People's Republic of China operating on the mainland. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Hongkong Post ( is a department under the Hong Kong government, though operated as a Trading Fund India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Department of Posts functioning under the Brand name India Post, is a government operated Postal system in India; it is generally The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The Iraqi Post ( The Iraqi Telecommunication and Post Company (ITPC) is a government-owned and operated corporation responsible for providing postal services in Iraq For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Israel Post (ישראל פוסט originally Metro Israel, is an Israeli Hebrew-language Free daily newspaper based on the concept of the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. was a public corporation in Japan, that existed from 2003–2007 offering postal and package delivery services banking services and life insurance Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. Korea Post is a direct subauthority of Ministry of Information and Communication. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Pos Malaysia Berhad is a post services company in Malaysia. The company was corporatized in 1990 from the governmental owned Jabatan Perkhidmatan Pos Malaysia Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Pakistan Post is a state enterprise dedicated to providing wide range of postal products and public services The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP The Philippine Postal Corporation, ( Filipino: Korporasyong Pilipino sa Koreo) abbreviated as PhilPost, is a government-owned and controlled corporation Singapore Singapore Post Limited ( SingPost) is Singapore's designated Public Postal Licensee which provides domestic and international postal services Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island Sri Lanka Post is the main domestic Postal operator in Sri Lanka it is a government department REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich History During the Austro-Hungarian Empire The Österreichische Postsparkasse was founded by law in 1882 Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those De Post / La Poste / Die Post is the Belgian Organization responsible for the delivery of Mail, National and International. De Post / La Poste / Die Post is the Belgian Organization responsible for the delivery of Mail, National and International. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian The Bulgarian Posts (Български пощи Balgarski poshti) are the national Postal service of Bulgaria. Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Hrvatska pošta, or Croatian Post, is the national postal service of Croatia founded in 1990 The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Česká pošta is the postal company of the Czech Republic. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Post Danmark A/S is the company responsible for the Danish postal service. The Faroe Islands or Faeroe Islands or simply Faroe(s or Faeroes (Føroyar meaning " Sheep Islands" Færøerne Old Norse Postverk Føroya ˈfœɹja}} is the postal service of the Faroe Islands and was founded on 1 April 1976 under the Home Rule of the Faroe Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Deutsche Post AG () is a German postal, Logistics and Courier company successor to the former German state-owned mail Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Magyar Posta ( Hungarian for "Hungarian Post" is the Postal service of Hungary. Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( Íslandspóstur is the national postal service of Iceland. It dates back to the year 1776 when Christian VII, king of Denmark Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world An Post ( English literal translation 'The Post' Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Poste italiane SpA is the government-owned postal service of Italy, headquartered in Rome. The Bailiwick of Jersey ( Jèrriais: Jèrri) is a British Crown dependency off the coast of Normandy, France. Jersey Post is the licensed Universal service provider of Mail service for the bailiwick of Jersey. Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. VAS Latvijas Pasts is the Company in charge of the Latvian postal service. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the The Republic of Macedonia (Република The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands TNT NV is a global express and mail delivery services company with headquarters in Hoofddorp, the Netherlands. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Posten Norge or Norway Post is the name of the Norwegian postal service. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Poczta Polska is the Polish public post service. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. CTT Correios de Portugal SA - meaning Postal Services of Portugal plc - is the national postal service of Portugal. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Poşta Română ( Romanian Post) is the state-owned postal service of Romania. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Russian Post (По́чта Росси́и is the Unitary enterprise postal operator of Russia. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Pošta Srbije (Пошта Србије is the national postal service of the Republic of Serbia with its base in the capital Belgrade. Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Slovenská pošta, a s (literally Slovak Post is a state-owned company responsible for providing Postal service in Slovakia. Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west posta. si |
| Spain | Correos |
| Sweden | Posten |
| Swiss | Swiss Post |
| Turkey | PTT |
| United Kingdom | Royal Mail |
| Ukraine | Ukrposhta |
Oceania
| Country | Company |
|---|---|
| Australia | Australia Post |
| New Zealand | New Zealand Post |
Notes
- ^ In Australia, Canada and the U. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Correos ( Sociedad Estatal de Correos y Telégrafos) is the national postal service of Spain, as recognized by the International Postal Union. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Posten is the name of the Swedish postal service. The word "posten" means "the post" or "the mail" in Swedish. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Swiss Post (La Poste Suisse La Posta Svizzera Die Schweizerische Post La Posta Svizra is the Postal service of Switzerland. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Royal Mail is the national postal service of the United Kingdom. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Ukrposhta (Укрпошта is a national postal service of Ukraine, a member of Universal Postal Union since 1947 For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. | industry = Post | products = Postal service, Office supplies, Greeting cards | revenue = $4 New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island New Zealand Post Limited is the dominant Postal operator in New Zealand. S. , mail is commonly used both for the postal system and for letters and parcels; in New Zealand, post is more common for the postal system and mail for the material delivered; in the UK, post prevails in both senses. However, the British, American, Australian, and Canadian national postal services are called, respectively, Royal Mail, United States Postal Service, Australia Post, and Canada Post; in addition, such fixed phrases as post office or junk mail are found throughout the English-speaking world. Royal Mail is the national postal service of the United Kingdom. | industry = Post | products = Postal service, Office supplies, Greeting cards | revenue = $4 Canada Post Corporation ( Société canadienne des postes) is the Canadian postal operator operated as a crown corporation.
- ^ HERODOTUS, Herodotus, trans. A. D. Godley, vol. 4, book 8, verse 98, pp. 96–97 (1924).
- ^ [1] First Issues Collectors Club (retrieved 25 September)
- ^ Dorn 2006: 145
- ^ Prasad 2003: 104
- ^ Mazumdar 1990: 1
- ^ Aiyangar 2004: 302
- ^ Peabody 2003: 71
- ^ Lowe 1951: 134
- ^ a b Mote 1978: 450
- ^ "mail, n.2". Dictionary. com (Unabridged (v 1. 1)). (2007).
- ^ Direct Marketing Association article (registration required)
- ^ a b c Back when spies played by the rules, Deccan Herald, Jan 17, 2006. Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved 29 Dec 2006. Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Article 8(1): Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence. [2]PDF (179 KiB)
- ^ CIA Intelligence Collection About Americans (400 KB download)
- ^ City Mail, Sweden
- ^ Frycklund, Jonas Private Mail in Sweden, Cato Journal Vol. 13, No. 1 (1993)PDF (511 KiB)
- ^ Letter monopoly, Wikipedia. A kibibyte (a contraction of ki lo bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, established by the International A kibibyte (a contraction of ki lo bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, established by the International The Letter monopoly (German Briefmonopol) was enshrined in the German law and until the end of 2005 it granted an exclusive license to the German post office
- ^ USPS - First-Class Mail
- ^ USPS Press Release.
- ^ U.S. Postal Service Governors Issue Decision on Repositionable Notes.
References
- Peabody, Norman (2003). Hindu Kingship and Polity in Precolonial India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN ISBN 0521465486.
- Dorn, Harold; MacClellan, James E. (2006). Science and Technology in World History: An Introduction. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN ISBN 0801883598.
- Aiyangar, Sakkottai Krishnaswami; S. Krishnaswami A. (2004). Ancient India: Collected Essays on the Literary and Political History of Southern India. Asian Educational Services. ISBN ISBN 0801883598.
- Prasad, Prakash Chandra (2003). Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India. Abhinav Publications. ISBN ISBN 8170170532.
- Lowe, Robson (1951). John Harry Robson Lowe ( 7 January, 1905 London – 19 August, 1997 Bournemouth) Robbie to his friends was Encyclopedia of British Empire Postage Stamps (v. III).
- Mazumdar, Mohini Lal (1990). The Imperial Post Offices of British India. Calcutta: Phila Publications.
- Mote, Frederick W. ; John K . Fairbank (1998). The Cambridge History of China. Cambridge University Press. ISBN ISBN 0521243335.
External links
- Potts, Albert, "US19,578 (First U. S. street mailbox patent)". US patent office. 1858
- GRC Database Information: links to worldwide postal services websites
- The British Postal Museum & Archive
- Royal Engineers Museum British Army Postal Services History
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