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Mahmud and Ayaz. The Sultan is to the right, shaking the hand of the sheykh, with Ayaz standing behind him. The figure to his right is Shah Abbas I who reigned about 600 years later.Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art, Tehran
Mahmud and Ayaz. The Sultan is to the right, shaking the hand of the sheykh, with Ayaz standing behind him. Malik Ayaz son of Aymáq Abu'n-Najm was a Turkic slave who rose to the rank of officer and general in the army of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni (also known as The figure to his right is Shah Abbas I who reigned about 600 years later. Shāh ‘Abbās I or Shāh ‘Abbās the Great ( (born January 27, 1571; died January 19, 1629) was Shah of Iran and the most eminent
Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art, Tehran

Mahmud of Ghazni (Persian: محمود غزنوی Maḥmūd-e Ghaznawī) (November 2, 971–April 30, 1030), also known as Yāmīn al-Dawlah Maḥmūd (in full: Yāmīn al-Dawlah Abd al-Qāṣim Maḥmūd Ibn Sebük Tegīn), was the ruler of the Ghaznavid Empire from 997 until his death. Events 1570 - A Tidal wave in the North Sea devastates the coast from Holland to Jutland, killing more than 1000 971 was a year in the 10th century. Events By Place Europe Kenneth II of Scotland succeeds Culen Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule The Ghaznavid Empire was a Khorāṣānian Sunni Muslim state founded by a dynasty of Turkic Mamluk. Events By Place Europe First documented reference to the City of Gdańsk. Mahmud turned the former provincial city of Ghazni into the wealthy capital of an extensive empire which included modern-day Afghanistan, most of Iran as well as regions of northwest India including modern day Pakistan. Ghazni City ( - Ğaznī; Ghazna and Ghaznīn are the old names for Ghazni Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and He was also the first ruler to carry the title Sultan, signifying his break from the suzerainty of the Caliph. Sultan (سلطان is an Islamic title with several historical meanings Suzerainty (ˈsjuːzərənti RP or /ˈsjuːzəreɪnti/ RP) (/ˈsuːzərənti/ GA) is a situation in which a Region or people is a The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah

Contents

Lineage

Mahmud's grandfather was Alptigin, a Turkic slave-guard of the Samanids in Balkh who crossed the Hindu Kush mountains to seize Ghazni from the declining Samanid kingdom, located strategically on the road between Kabul and Kandahar. Alp Tigin ( Alp Tegīn, Turkic for brave prince) was a general of Central Asian Turkic origin from Balkh who had risen The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family The Samanids (819–999 ( Sāmāniyān) were a Persian dynasty in Central Asia and Greater Khorasan, named after its founder Saman Balkh ( - Balḫ) also known as Bactra, was once a major world city but was destroyed entirely by the Mongols. The Hindu Kush is a Mountain range located between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Ghazni City ( - Ğaznī; Ghazna and Ghaznīn are the old names for Ghazni } Kābul ( Persian and Pashto: کابل, IPA:) is the Capital and largest city of Afghanistan, with For the 2001 film see Kandahar (film; for the Kandahar meteorite of 1959 see Meteorite falls; for the places in Azerbaijan see Cəndəhar and Alptigin was succeeded in 977 by his Turkic slave and son-in-law Sebüktigin, father of Mahmud,[1] who enlarged upon Alptigin's conquests, extending his domain north to Balkh, west to Kandahar including most of Khorasan, and east to the Indus River. Events By Place Europe Saint Æthelwold of Winchester, Bishop of Winchester, rebuilds the western end of the Old Minster Abu Mansur Sebük Tigin (in English more commonly called Sebüktegin;) (ca 942 - August 997 is generally regarded by historians as the founder of the Ghaznavid Empire Balkh ( - Balḫ) also known as Bactra, was once a major world city but was destroyed entirely by the Mongols. Kandahar or Qandahar ( Pashto: کندھار, Persian: قندهار) is one of the largest of the thirty-four Provinces of The Indus River { Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: urd {{Nastaliq سندھ}} Sindh; Sindhi: snd According to Ferishta, Mahmoud's mother was a Persian noble from Zabulistan[2] - this information contradicts Ferdowsi's satirization of Mahmud for "being descended from slaves on both maternal and paternal side". Firishta ( Persian: فرشته) or Ferishta, full name Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah (Persian محمد قاسم ہندو شاه) was Zabulistan ( also spelled Zabolestan, is a historical region in the border area of today's Iran and Afghanistan, around the province of Zabul Hakīm Abū l-Qāsim Firdawsī Tūsī ( more commonly transliterated as Ferdowsi, (935&ndash1020 was a highly revered Persian Poet.

Sebüktigin was recognized by the Caliph in Baghdad as governor of his dominions. The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous He died in 997, and was succeeded by his younger son Sultan Ismail of Ghazni. Events By Place Europe First documented reference to the City of Gdańsk. Ismail of Ghazni was the second ruler and Amir of the Ghaznavid Empire. Mahmud rebelled against his younger brother, Sultan Ismail of Ghazni, and took over the Ghazni as the new Sultan. Ismail of Ghazni was the second ruler and Amir of the Ghaznavid Empire.

Military campaigns

In 994 Mahmud was engaged with his father Sebüktigin in the capture of Khorasan from the rebel Fa'iq in aid of the Samanid Emir Nuh II. Abu Mansur Sebük Tigin (in English more commonly called Sebüktegin;) (ca 942 - August 997 is generally regarded by historians as the founder of the Ghaznavid Empire The Samanids (819–999 ( Sāmāniyān) were a Persian dynasty in Central Asia and Greater Khorasan, named after its founder Saman Nuh II (d 997 was amir of the Sāmānids (976-997 He was the son of Mansur I. During this period the Samanid state became highly unstable, with shifting internal political tides as various factions vied for control, chief being Abu'l-Qasim Simjuri, Fa'iq, Abu Ali, the General Behtuzun as well as the neighbouring Buyid and Qarakhanids. The Samanids (819–999 ( Sāmāniyān) were a Persian dynasty in Central Asia and Greater Khorasan, named after its founder Saman The Buyids (آل بویه Āl-e Buye, Caspian: Bowyiyün also known as Buwaihids or Buyyids, were a Shī‘ah Iranian This article refers to the Turkic state Kara-Khanid Khanate (also designated as Qarakhanids

Consolidation of rule

Sultan Mahmud's first campaign was against the Qarakhanid Empire in the North to his Empire. This article refers to the Turkic state Kara-Khanid Khanate (also designated as Qarakhanids After his defeat he had to enlist the alliance of Seljuk Turks in southern Soghdia and Khwarazm and diplomatically secure his north by 998. The Seljuq (also Seljuq Turks, Seldjuks, Seldjuqs, Seljuks; in Turkish Selçuklular; in Ṣaljūqīyān; in History Hellenistic period The Sogdian Rock or Rock of Ariamazes a fortress in Sogdiana was captured in 327 BC by the forces of Alexander the Great Khwarezm were a series of States centered on the Amu Darya River delta of the In 999 under the reign of 'Abd al-Malik II of the Samanids engaged in hostilities with Mahmud over Khorasan after political alliances shifted under a new Samanid Emir. ' Abd al-Malik II was amir of the Samanids ( 999) His brief reign saw the downfall of the Samanid state These forces were defeated when the Qarakhanids under Nasr Khan invaded them from the North even as Fa'iq died. He then solicited an alliance and cemented it with by marrying Nasr Khan's daughter.

Coins of Yamin ud-Daulah Mahmud, circa 998 AD - 1030 AD, AR Dirham,Issued from Gazani. Obv: Arabic Legends : 'Muhammad Rasul/Allah Yamin al-Daw/la w Amin al-Milla/Mahmud'. Rev: Arabic Legends :'Al-Kadir billah ' .
Coins of Yamin ud-Daulah Mahmud, circa 998 AD - 1030 AD, AR Dirham,Issued from Gazani.
Obv: Arabic Legends : 'Muhammad Rasul/Allah Yamin al-Daw/la w Amin al-Milla/Mahmud'. Rev: Arabic Legends :'Al-Kadir billah ' .

The Multan and Hindu Shahi struggles

Mahmud's first campaign to the south was against the Ismaili Fatimid Kingdom at Multan in a bid to curry political favor and recognition with the Abbassid Caliphate engaged with the Fatimids elsewhere. For the Egyptian city see Ismaïlia. The Ismāʿīlī ( Urdu: إسماعیلی Ismāʿīlī, Arabic: الإسماعيليون ( Urdu:, Punjabi ملتان، ਮੁਲਤਾਨ is a city in the Punjab Province of Pakistan and capital of Multan District A caliphate (from the Arabic خلافة or khilāfa) is the political leadership of the Muslim community in classical and medieval Islamic history Raja Jayapala of the Hindu Shahi Dynasty of Gandhara at this point attempted to gain retribution, for an earlier military defeat at the hands of Ghazni under Mehmud's father in the late 980s that had lost him extensive territory, but was again defeated. Jayapala Shahi, the son of Asatapala and father of Anandapal, succeeded the last Brahmin Hindu Shahi Bhima and thus began the start For a town in Bareilly District India see Shahi Uttar Pradesh. Gandhāra ( Sanskrit: गन्धार Urdu: گندھارا Gandḥārā; also known as Waihind in Persian is the name of an ancient Events By Place Europe Otto II renounces his claim to Lorraine. His son Anandapala succeeded him and continued the struggle, assembling a powerful confederacy which was defeated once more at Lahore in 1008 bringing Mahmud control of the Hindu Shahi dominions of Updhanpura. [3]

There is considerable evidence from writings of Al-Biruni, Soghidan, Uyghur and Manichean texts that the Buddhists, Hindus and Jains were accepted as People of the Book and references to Buddha as Burxan or as a prophet can be found. History Hellenistic period The Sogdian Rock or Rock of Ariamazes a fortress in Sogdiana was captured in 327 BC by the forces of Alexander the Great Uyghur (/ ug-Latn Uyƣurqə/ug-Cyrl Уйғурчә, or / ug-Latn Uyƣur tili/ug-Cyrl Уйғур Manichaeism (in Modern Persian fa-Arab آیین مانی Āyin e Māni; Chinese zh 摩尼教 was one of the major Gnostic Religions originating Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma / Shraman Dharma (जैन धर्म is an ancient religion of India. This article is about the theological concept in Islam. For the novel by Geraldine Brooks see People of the Book (novel. Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder After the initial destruction and pillage Buddhists, Jains and Hindus were granted protected subject status as dhimmis. A dhimmi ( ذمي, collectively أهل الذمة, ahl al-dhimma, the people of the dhimma or pact of protection Ottoman Turkish [4]

Ghaznavid campaigns in the Indian subcontinent

Following the defeat of the Rajput Confederacy, after deciding to teach them all a lesson for combining against him, discovering that they were rich, and that their temples were great repositories of wealth; Mahmud then set out on regular expeditions against them, leaving the conquered kingdoms in the hands of Hindu vassals annexing only the Punjab region. Rajput constitute one of the major Hindu Kshatriya groups from India A vassal (also called feodary or fedary) in the terminology that both preceded and accompanied the feudalism of Medieval Europe, Punjab ( ਪੰਜਾਬ پنجاب, पंजाब پنجاب also Panjab (پنجاب meaning "Land of the Five Rivers") (c [3] He is also on record for having vowed to raid Hind every year. Hindustan (हिन्दुस्तान, ہندوستان,) is one of the popular Names of India.

Mahmud had already had relationships with the leadership in Balkh through marriage, its local Emir Abu Nasr Mohammad, offered his services to the Sultan and his daughter to Mahmud's son, Muhammad. Balkh ( - Balḫ) also known as Bactra, was once a major world city but was destroyed entirely by the Mongols. Emir ( Arabic: ar أمير;, female أميرة; emira;) ( Farsi and Urdu: امیر) After Nasr's death Mahmud brought Balkh under his leadership. Balkh ( - Balḫ) also known as Bactra, was once a major world city but was destroyed entirely by the Mongols. This alliance greatly helped him during his expeditions into Northern India.

The Indian kingdoms of Nagarkot, Thanesar, Kannauj, Gwalior, and Ujjain were all conquered and left in the hands of Hindu, Jain and Buddhist Kings as vassal states and he was pragmatic enough not to shirk making alliances and enlisting local peoples into his armies at all ranks. Nagarkot is a Village and Village Development Committee located 32 Km east of Kathmandu, Nepal in Bhaktapur District WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Thanesar ( Hindi: थानेसर is an old and historic town on the banks of the Ghaggar river WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Kannauj ( Hindi कन्नौज Urdu: کنوج) also spelt Kanauj, WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Gwalior ( Hindi: ग्वालियर) is a city in Madhya Pradesh in India WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Ujjain ( Hindi:उज्जैन (also known as Ujain, Ujjayini, Avanti A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma / Shraman Dharma (जैन धर्म is an ancient religion of India. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices

The later invasions of Mahmud were specifically directed to temple towns as Indian temples were depositories of great wealth, in cash, golden idols, diamonds, and jewellery; Nagarkot, Thanesar, Mathura, Kanauj, Kalinjar and Somnath. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Thanesar ( Hindi: थानेसर is an old and historic town on the banks of the Ghaggar river Mathura ( IAST mathurā)( Hindi: मथुरा is a holy City in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Kannauj ( Hindi कन्नौज Urdu: کنوج) also spelt Kanauj, Kalinjar is a fortress-city in the Bundelkhand region of central India. The Somnath Temple located in the Prabhas Kshetra near Veraval in Saurashtra, on the western coast of Gujarat, India is the most Mahmud's armies stripped the temples of their wealth and then destroyed them at Varanasi, Ujjain, Maheshwar, Jwalamukhi, and Dwarka. Varanasi ( Sanskrit: वाराणसी Vārāṇasī, pronunciation) also commonly known as Benares ( or Banaras (बनारस WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Ujjain ( Hindi:उज्जैन (also known as Ujain, Ujjayini, Avanti Maheshwar ( Hindi: is a town in Khargone district of Madhya Pradesh state in central India. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Dwarka, also spelled Dvarka, Dwaraka, and Dvaraka, is a city and a Municipality

Political challenges and his death

The last four years of Mahmud's life were spent contending with the influx of Oghuz Turkic horse tribes from Central Asia, the Buyid Dynasty and rebellions by Seljuqs. The Oghuz (variously known as Ghuzz, Guozz, Kuz, Oguz, Oğuz, Okuz, Oufoi, Ouz, Ouzoi, Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south The Buyids (آل بویه Āl-e Buye, Caspian: Bowyiyün also known as Buwaihids or Buyyids, were a Shī‘ah Iranian The Great Seljuq Empire was a Medieval Sunni Muslim empire established by the Qynyq branch of Oghuz Turks that once controlled

Sultan Mahmud died on April 30, 1030. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule His mausoleum is located at Ghazni (in modern Afghanistan). A mausoleum ( plural: mausolea is an external free-standing building constructed as a monument enclosing the interment space or burial chamber of a deceased person or persons Ghazni City ( - Ğaznī; Ghazna and Ghaznīn are the old names for Ghazni [5]

Campaign timeline

As a Prince

As a Ruler

Note: A historical narrative states in this battle, under the onslaught of the Gakhar tribe Mahmud's army was about to retreat when Jayapala's son King Anandpala's elephant took flight and turned the tide of the battle. The Gakhars (also Gakkhar or Ghakhar or Ghakkar) (گاکھر were a fiercely independent and warlike Clan now located in Rawalpindi Jayapala Shahi, the son of Asatapala and father of Anandapal, succeeded the last Brahmin Hindu Shahi Bhima and thus began the start Elephants ( family: Elephantidae) are large land Mammals of the order Proboscidea.

Mahmud's campaigns seem to have been motivated by both religious zeal against both the Fatimids Shiites and non-Muslims; Buddhists, Jains and Hindus. Merv ( Russian: Мерв from Persian: مرو Marv, sometimes transliterated Marw or Mary; cf Nishapur, or Neyshābūr ( is a city in the Razavi Khorasan province in northeastern Iran, situated in a fertile plain at the foot The Seljuq (also Seljuq Turks, Seldjuks, Seldjuqs, Seljuks; in Turkish Selçuklular; in Ṣaljūqīyān; in A number of noted individuals have been Buddhists. Historical Buddhist thinkers and founders of schools Individuals are grouped by nationality except in cases where the Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma / Shraman Dharma (जैन धर्म is an ancient religion of India. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical His principal drive remained the Ismaili Shiites, Buyid Iran as well as favor and recognition of independence from the Abbassid Caliphate. A caliphate (from the Arabic خلافة or khilāfa) is the political leadership of the Muslim community in classical and medieval Islamic history The wealth plundered from the Rajput Confederacy and his Indian campaigns went a long way towards meeting those ends. By 1027, Mahmud had accomplished this as well as capturing most of Pakistan and North Western India as well as obtaining formal recognition of Ghazni's sovereignty from the Abbasid Khalifah, al-Qadir Billah, as well as the title of Yameen ud Daula. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Al-Qadir (القادر (died 1031 was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 991 to 1031

Controversy

It is also noted that Ghazni reveled in being renowned as an iconoclast. He is also frequently criticized for his desecration of temples and has been called a bloodthirsty tyrant and robber[3] as well as being accused of persecution for the nature of his expeditions, in the Indian sub-continent, which were marked by a large baggage train of slaves as plunder and has led to the accusation that he attempted to convert non-Muslims by force. A temple (from the Latin word Templum) is a structure reserved for religious or spiritual activities such as prayer and sacrifice or analogous rites This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Mahmud, like the Arabs in Sindh, recognized the locals as Dhimmis. Sindh ( Sindhī: سنڌ Urdu: سندھ is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. A dhimmi ( ذمي, collectively أهل الذمة, ahl al-dhimma, the people of the dhimma or pact of protection Ottoman Turkish [6] Holt and Lewis state that "he shed no blood except in the exigencies of war". [3] and was tolerant in dealings with his own Hindu subjects, some of whom rose to high posts in his administration, such as his Hindu General Tilak [3]

Regional attitudes towards Mahmud's memory

In Afghanistan, Mahmud is celebrated as a national hero and a great patron of the arts, architecture and literature as well as a vanguard of Islam and a paragon of virtue and piety. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت,

In modern Pakistan he is hailed as a conquering hero who established the standard of Islam upon heathen land, while in India he may be depicted as raiding iconoclastic invader, bent upon the loot and plunder of a peaceful Hindu population. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Iconoclasm, Greek for "image-breaking" is the deliberate destruction within a culture of the culture's own religious Icons and other symbols or monuments A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Conversion to Islam of the native population has also become a controversial topic with the versions of sword enforced mass conversions vs. inspirational missionary activity. Over the past century with the rise of Hindutva and the partition of India, a lot more attention has been focused on casualties, temple destructions, slavery and forced conversions to Islam than before. For Veer Savarkar's book see Hindutva (book. Hindutva (Devanagari हिन्दुत्व "Hinduness" a word coined by Vinayak The Partition of India was the partition of the British Indian Empire which led to the creation on August 14, 1947 and August 15, This controversy has been further stoked by the depictions of the historical Mahmud as either a hero or a villain by the polarization of nationalist or ideological orientations.

Iranians remember him as an Orthodox Sunni who was responsible for the revival of the Persian culture by commissioning and appointing Persians to high offices in his administration as ministers, viziers and generals. Iran's population was declared 70049262 in the 2006 census with nearly one quarter of its people being 15 years of age or younger Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic In addition Iranians remember him for the promotion and preference of Persian language instead of Turkish and patronage of great nationalist poets and scholars such as Ferdowsi, Al-Biruni and Ferishta as well as his Lion and Sun flag which is still a national symbol in the modern state of Iran. Hakīm Abū l-Qāsim Firdawsī Tūsī ( more commonly transliterated as Ferdowsi, (935&ndash1020 was a highly revered Persian Poet. Firishta ( Persian: فرشته) or Ferishta, full name Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah (Persian محمد قاسم ہندو شاه) was For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics.

Relationship with Ayaz

Main article: Malik Ayaz

It is related that Mahmud fell in love with a young male slave by the name of Ayaz. Malik Ayaz son of Aymáq Abu'n-Najm was a Turkic slave who rose to the rank of officer and general in the army of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni (also known as For a generalized discussion of relations between men and boys see main article Pederasty The practice of pederasty in the Middle East Malik Ayaz son of Aymáq Abu'n-Najm was a Turkic slave who rose to the rank of officer and general in the army of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni (also known as The love he bore his favorite, and the latter's devotion, became a staple of Islamic lore, emblematic of ideal love affairs. The Sultan, in later love poetry was transformed into a symbol of "a slave to his slave. "[7] Ayaz became the paragon of the ideal beloved, and a model of purity in Sufi literature. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفی‌گری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف

In 1021 the Sultan raised Ayaz to kingship, awarding him the throne of Lahore. ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. The poet Sa'adi was among those celebrating the two. [3]

A poem by Iqbal also mentions this in the context of egalitarianism in Islam in the verse below: Aagaya ain ladai mein waqte-namaz Qiblaru hoke zamin-bos hui qaum-e-hejaz Ek hi saf mein khade ho gaye Mahmood-o-Ayaz Na koi banda raha aur na koi banda-nawaz

(In the midst of raging battle if the time came to pray, Hejazis turned to Mecca, kissed the earth and ceased from the fray. Sultan and slave in single file stood side by side. Then no servant was nor master, nothing did them divide)"

Legacy

Under his reign the region broke away cleanly from the Samanid sphere of influence and hastened their end. The Samanids (819–999 ( Sāmāniyān) were a Persian dynasty in Central Asia and Greater Khorasan, named after its founder Saman While he nominally acknowledged the Abbassids as Caliph as a matter of form, he was also granted the title Sultan as recognition of his independence. The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Sultan (سلطان is an Islamic title with several historical meanings

By the end of his reign, the Ghaznavid Empire extended from Kurdistan in the west to Samarkand in the northeast, and from the Caspian Sea to the Yamuna. The Ghaznavid Empire was a Khorāṣānian Sunni Muslim state founded by a dynasty of Turkic Mamluk. History See also History of the Kurdish people Ancient period See also Hurrians, Guti, Mannaeans, Medes Samarkand (Samarqand Самарқанд سمرقند UniPers: "Samarqand" is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged Sea. For the goddess of the river who is sometimes called Yamuna see Yami The Yamuna (Sanskrit यमुना Although his raids carried his forces across Indian sub-continent, only the Punjab and Sindh, modern Pakistan, came under his permanent rule; Kashmir, the Doab, Rajasthan and Gujarat remained under the control of the local vassal Rajput dynasties. Punjab ( ਪੰਜਾਬ پنجاب, पंजाब پنجاب also Panjab (پنجاب meaning "Land of the Five Rivers") (c Sindh ( Sindhī: سنڌ Urdu: سندھ is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir A Doab ( Persian, Urdu: dō, "two" + āb, "water" or "river" is a term used in India and Rājasthān ( Devanāgarī: राजस्थान raːdʒəst̪ʰaːn is the largest state of the Republic of India in terms of area Gujarat (ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt, pronounced) is a state in western India. Rajput constitute one of the major Hindu Kshatriya groups from India

The wealth brought back to Ghazni was enormous, and contemporary historians (e. Ghazni City ( - Ğaznī; Ghazna and Ghaznīn are the old names for Ghazni g. Abolfazl Beyhaghi, Ferdowsi) give glowing descriptions of the magnificence of the capital, as well as of the conqueror's munificent support of literature. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abolfazl Beyhaghi (995-1077 Ibn Zeyd ibn Muhammad Abul-Fazl Mohammad ibn Hossein Hakīm Abū l-Qāsim Firdawsī Tūsī ( more commonly transliterated as Ferdowsi, (935&ndash1020 was a highly revered Persian Poet. He transformed Ghazni the first center of Persian literature[7] into one of the leading cities of Central Asia, patronizing scholars, establishing colleges, laying out gardens, and building mosques, palaces, and caravansaries. Persian literature ( spans two and a half millennia though much of the pre- Islamic material has been lost He patronized Ferdowsi to write the Shahnameh, and after his expedition across the gangetic plains in 1017 of Al-Biruni to compose his Tarikh Al-Hind in order to understand the Indians and their beliefs. Hakīm Abū l-Qāsim Firdawsī Tūsī ( more commonly transliterated as Ferdowsi, (935&ndash1020 was a highly revered Persian Poet. Shāhnāmé, or Shāhnāma ((alternative spellings are Shahnama Shahnameh Shahname Shah-Nama, etc

On April 30, 1030, Sultan Mahmud died in Ghazni, at the age of 59 years. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Sultan Mahmud had contracted malaria during his last invasion. Malaria is a vector -borne Infectious disease caused by Protozoan Parasites It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions including The medical complication from malaria had caused lethal tuberculosis. He had been a gifted military commander, and during his rule, universities were founded to study various subjects such as mathematics, religion, the humanities, and medicine. Islam was the main with religion of his kingdom and Hanafi school thought favored. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The Hanafi ( Arabic حنفي school is the oldest of the four schools of thought ( Madhhabs The Perso-Afghan dialect Dari was made the official language.

The Ghaznavid Empire was ruled by his successors for 157 years, but after Mahmud it never reached anything like the same splendor and power. The Ghaznavid Empire was a Khorāṣānian Sunni Muslim state founded by a dynasty of Turkic Mamluk. The expanding Seljuk Turkish empire absorbed most of the Ghaznavid west. The Seljuq (also Seljuq Turks, Seldjuks, Seldjuqs, Seljuks; in Turkish Selçuklular; in Ṣaljūqīyān; in The Ghorids captured Ghazni c. The Ghurids (or Ghorids; self-designation Shansabānī) ( were a Persian Sunni - Ismaili Muslim dynasty in Khorasan 1150, and Muhammad Ghori captured the last Ghaznavid stronghold at Lahore in 1187. Muhammad Shahab-ud-Din Ghori ( Persian, Pashto, Urdu: محمد شہاب الدین غوری also spelled Mohammad Ghauri, originally named Mu'izzuddin ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. The Ghaznavids went on to live as the Nasher-Khans in their home of Ghazni until the 20th century.

Pakistan today has named one of its medium-range missiles in honour of him. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and A missile (see also pronunciation differences) is a self-propelled explosive Projectile used as a weapon towards a target

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Online - Mahmud of Ghazna
  2. ^ Muhammad Qāsim Hindū Šāh Astarābādī Firištah, "History Of The Mohamedan Power In India", Chapter I, "Sultān Mahmūd-e Ghaznavī", p. Ghazni City ( - Ğaznī; Ghazna and Ghaznīn are the old names for Ghazni ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. The Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent mainly took place from the 11th to the 17th centuries though earlier Muslim conquests made limited inroads into the region beginning This article is about the history of the area that has became known as Afghanistan, a territory whose current boundaries were mostly determined in the 19th Century The history of Pakistan as a modern nation began with independence from British India on 14 August 1947, although This article is about the history of South Asia prior to the Partition of British India in 1947 See Also Persian Empire History of Iran and Greater Iran (also referred to as the " Iranian Cultural Continent The current flag of Iran was adopted on July 29, 1980, and is a reflection of the changes brought to Iran by the Islamic Revolution Firishta ( Persian: فرشته) or Ferishta, full name Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah (Persian محمد قاسم ہندو شاه) was 27
  3. ^ a b c d e P. M. ( Peter Malcolm) Holt, Bernard Lewis, The Cambridge History of Islam, Cambridge University Press, Apr 21, 1977, ISBN 0-521-29137-2 pg 3-4. Bernard Lewis (born May 31, 1916 in London, England) is a British - American
  4. ^ Alexander Berzin, Berzin Archives, The Historical Interaction between the Buddhist and Islamic Cultures before the Mongol Empire, Part III: The Spread of Islam among and by the Turkic Peoples (840 - 1206 CE) [1]
  5. ^ Sultan Mahmud's Mausoleum in Ghazni, Afghanistan
  6. ^ McLeod (2002), pg. 34
  7. ^ a b "arts, Islamic. " Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 20 Oct. 2006 [2].

References

External links

Preceded by:
Ismail of Ghazni		 Ghaznavid Ruler
997–1030		 Followed by:
Mohammad
The History of India as Told by Its Own Historians The Muhammadan Period is a book with eight volumes written by H Ismail of Ghazni was the second ruler and Amir of the Ghaznavid Empire. The Ghaznavid Empire was a Khorāṣānian Sunni Muslim state founded by a dynasty of Turkic Mamluk. Jalal ud-Dawlah Mohammad Ghaznavi (died 1041 ascended the throne of the Ghaznavid Empire upon the death of his father Mahmud in 1030
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