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Machal (Hebrew: מח"ל), is a Hebrew acronym which means "volunteers from outside Israel" (מתנדבי חוץ לארץ, Mitnadvei Chutz LaAretz, literally, "Volunteers from Outside the Land)". Acronyms, initialisms, and alphabetisms are Abbreviations that are formed using the initial components in a phrase or name For other uses see Israel (disambiguation The Land of Israel ( Hebrew: אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל Eretz Yisrael) is It is used to describe both Jewish and non-Jewish volunteers who went to Israel to fight in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War including Aliyah Bet. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Aliyah Bet (Hebrew 'עלייה ב meaning " Aliyah 'B'" ( bet being the second letter of the Hebrew alphabet was the code name given to Illegal immigration About 4000 volunteers from all over the world came to fight on the Israeli side. [1]

Contents

Origins, numbers, and Aliyah Bet

The Machalniks were mostly World War II veterans from American and British armed forces. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including A veteran (from Latin vetus, meaning "old" is a person who has or is working in the armed forces The United States Armed Forces are the overall unified military forces of the United States The Armed forces of the United Kingdom, commonly known as the British Armed Forces or Her Majesty's Armed Forces, and sometimes legally the Armed Forces Allied armies were reduced considerably after the end of the war and many soldiers were demobilised; moreover, the service experience became mundane and did not suit some servicemen, particularly pilots. Demob redirects here For the television series see Demob (TV series. In various circumstances they were invited, or heard of the Jewish state's struggle for independence and volunteered. There were Jews and Christians, ideological supporters of Zionism and Mercenaries. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the A mercenary is a person who takes part in an armed conflict who is not a national or a party to the conflict and is "motivated to take part in the hostilities essentially by

The Ha'apala movement, also called "Aliyah Bet", which attempted to evade the 1939 and 1948 British Naval blockade restricting Jewish immigration to Palestine, was assisted by 236 Mahal former servicemen of the Allied Navies as crews of ten clandestine Jewish refugee ships, out of sixty-six participating vessels. Aliyah Bet (Hebrew 'עלייה ב meaning " Aliyah 'B'" ( bet being the second letter of the Hebrew alphabet was the code name given to Illegal immigration A blockade is any effort to prevent supplies Troops information or aid from reaching an opposing force Aliyah ( refers to Jewish Immigration to the Land of Israel (and since its establishment in 1948 the State of Israel) In general allies are people groups or nations that have joined together in an association for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose

The 1948 Arab-Israeli War saw approximately 3,500 foreign volunteers from forty-three countries among the Jewish forces, out of an estimated 29,677–108,300 total (its size grew considerably in later stages of the war owing to immigration into Palestine). A total of 119 Mahal were killed in battle.

One of the most senior Mahal personnel was Mickey Marcus, a Jewish United States Army colonel who assisted Israeli forces during the war and became Israel's first Brigadier General. David Daniel Marcus ( 22 February 1901 &ndash 10 June 1948) commonly known as Mickey Marcus, was an American United The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. See also Colonel In the United States Army, the United States Marine Corps and the United States Air Force, colonel Marcus's wartime experience was vital in breaking the 1948 Siege of Jerusalem. The siege of Jerusalem was a complex series of Military events beginning on December 1 1947 and lasting through July 10 1948

Israeli Air Force

The largest presence of Machal in the 1947 to 1949 War of Independence was felt in the Israeli Air Force (IAF), making up nearly a quarter of its personnel, to the point that English overtook Hebrew as the most common operational IAF service language. The Israeli Air Force ( IAF; Hebrew: זרוע האויר והחלל Zroa HaAvir VeHahalal, "Air and Space Arm" commonly known as חיל English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States

A few hours before the final cease-fire on January 7, 1949, a flight of four British RAF Spitfires bypassed the southern Israeli border on a reconnaissance flight. Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Surveillance aircraft are military Aircraft used for monitoring enemy activity usually carrying no armament They were attacked by a pair of Israeli Air Force Spitfires, resulting in three of the British planes shot down. The Israeli Spitfires were flown by Mahal volunteers "Slick" Goodlin (USA) and John McElroy (Canada). Chalmers "Slick" Goodlin ( January 2, 1923, Greensburg Pennsylvania - October 20, 2005) was the first Test pilot Both were former US Army Air Forces and Royal Canadian Air Force pilots, veterans of World War II.

Covert and overt cargo flights flown by Machal air crews transported weapons and supplies to Palestine from Europe, and thousands of Jewish refugees from Arab countries. Antisemitism in the Arab world|Islam and Antisemitism The Jewish exodus from Arab lands refers to the 20th century expulsion or mass departure of Jews primarily of Sephardi During the Egyptian Army siege on the Negev region in 1948, Mahal pilots airlifted thousands of tons of supplies to communities behind enemy lines, usually by night landings of large cargo planes and converted airliners on makeshift, unpaved sand runways, hand lit by oil lamps. The Egyptian Army is the largest service branch within the Egyptian military establishment. The Negev (נֶגֶב Tiberian vocalization: Néḡeḇ) is the Desert region of southern Israel. The national Israeli airline El Al was partially founded by Machal veterans. El Al (אל על skyward) ( TASE: ELAL is the National airline of Israel.

The integration of Machal personnel into the Israel Defense Forces did not proceed without difficulty. Occasional tensions surfaced due to the superior pay and service conditions demanded by and given to the volunteers over native Israeli soldiers, mainly in the Air Force; some of the volunteers were adventurers with little commitment to Zionism or to a rigid, disciplined hierarchy. This culminated in the disbandment of the Air Transport Division, following "industrial action" by its Machal personnel over pay conditions. Industrial action (UK and Ireland or job action (US refers collectively to any measure taken by Trade unions or other organised labour meant to reduce Productivity The division was re-established with Israeli personnel.

After the war

After the end of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War in 1949, the majority of the Machal returned to their home countries. Some remained to live in Israel; the village Kfar Daniel near the Israeli City of Lod was founded by Machal veterans from North America and the U. Lod (לוֹד اَلْلُدّْ al-Ludd; Greco-Latin Lydda) is a mixed Arab - Jewish city about 15 km southeast of Tel Aviv in K.

In 1988, a new organizationMahal2000 was formed; an Israeli Non-profit organisation which, in coordination with the Jewish Agency, provides a framework for young non-Israeli Jews to volunteer for the Israel Defense Forces. A non-profit organization ( abbreviated "NPO" also "not-for-profit" is a legally constituted Organization whose objective is to support or engage Mahal2000 has received the support of World Machal, an organisation representing the veterans of the original 1947 to 1949 Mahal. Since the establishement of the organisation, approximately 120 individuals volunteer every year, although in November 2007 restrictions were tightened. [2]

See also

External websites related to Machal

Additional information: Link to Machal Story on the internet: http://www.mahal2000.com/about/Machal.pdf

Bibliography

English language

Other than English

Booklets

Video cassettes, tape cassettes, DVDs

Articles

Websites

References

  1. ^ Benny Morris, 1948, 2008, p. 85.
  2. ^ IDF toughens criteria for overseas Mahal volunteers
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