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Magnetite is not to be confused with Magnesite or Maghemite. Magnesite is not to be confused with Magnetite or Magnemite. Magnesite is Magnesium carbonate, Mg[[carbon Maghemite (Fe2O3 γ-Fe2O3 is a member of the family of Iron oxides It has the same structure as Magnetite, that is it
Magnetite

Magnetite from the Kola Peninsula, Russia
General
Category Mineral
Chemical formula iron(II,III) oxide, Fe3O4
Identification
Color Black, greyish
Crystal habit Octahedral, fine granular to massive
Crystal system Isometric
Cleavage Indistinct
Fracture Uneven
Mohs Scale hardness 5. The Kola Peninsula (from Sami language Guoládat) (Кольский полуостров Kol'skij poluostrov) is a Peninsula in the far Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes In Mineralogy, shape and size give rise to descriptive terms applied to the typical appearance or habit of Crystals The many terms used by mineralogists An octahedron (plural octahedra is a Polyhedron with eight faces A crystal system is a category of Space groups which characterize Symmetry of structures in three dimensions with Translational symmetry in three directions The cubic crystal system (or isometric) is a Crystal system where the Unit cell is in the shape of a Cube. Cleavage, in Mineralogy, is the tendency of crystalline materials to split along definite planes creating smooth surfaces of which there are several named types In the field of Mineralogy, fracture is a term used to describe the shape and texture of the surface formed when a Mineral is broken The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various Minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material 5–6. 5
Luster Metallic
Refractive index Opaque
Streak Black
Specific gravity 5. Lustre (or luster) is a description of the way light interacts with the surface of a Crystal, rock, or Mineral. The refractive index (or index of Refraction) of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light (or other waves such as sound waves is reduced inside the medium The streak (also called powder color) of a Mineral is the Color of the powder produced when it is dragged across an unweathered surface Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the Density of a given solid or liquid substance to the density of water at a specific temperature and pressure typically 17–5. 18
Major varieties
Lodestone Magnetic with definite north and south poles

Magnetite is a ferrimagnetic mineral with chemical formula Fe3O4, one of several iron oxides and a member of the spinel group. Lodestone or loadstone refers to either Magnetite, a Magnetic Mineral form of iron(II, Iron(III oxide In Physics, a ferrimagnetic material is one in which the Magnetic moment of the atoms on different sublattices are opposed as in Antiferromagnetism; however A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Altogether there are sixteen known Iron Oxides and oxyhydroxides The spinels are any of a class of Minerals of general formulation XY2 O 4 which Crystallize in the cubic (isometric The chemical IUPAC name is iron(II,III) oxide and the common chemical name ferrous-ferric oxide. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC) (aɪjuːpæk or ay-yoo-pec) is an international Non-governmental organization Iron(IIIII oxide is the chemical compound with formula Fe3O4 It is one of a number of Iron oxides. The formula for magnetite may also be written as FeO·Fe2O3, which is one part wüstite (FeO) and one part hematite (Fe2O3). Wüstite ( Fe[[oxygen O]] is a mineral form of Iron(II oxide found with Meteorites and native Iron. Hematite, also spelt hæmatite, is the Mineral form of Iron(III oxide (Fe2O3 one of several Iron oxides This refers to the different oxidation states of the iron in one structure, not a solid solution. A solid solution is a Solid - state Solution of one or more solutes in a Solvent.

The Curie temperature of magnetite is 858 K. The Curie point ( Tc) or Curie temperature, is a term in Physics and Materials science, named after Pierre Curie (1859-1906 Magnetite is the most magnetic of all the naturally occurring minerals on Earth, and these magnetic properties led to lodestone being used as an early form of magnetic compass. In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 Lodestone or loadstone refers to either Magnetite, a Magnetic Mineral form of iron(II, Iron(III oxide A compass, magnetic compass or mariner's compass is a navigational instrument for determining direction relative to the earth's Magnetic poles It consists Magnetite typically carries the dominant magnetic signature in rocks, and so it has been a critical tool in paleomagnetism, a science important in discovering and understanding plate tectonics. Paleomagnetism is the study of the record of the Earth's magnetic field preserved in various Magnetic Minerals through time Plate tectonics (from Greek τέκτων tektōn "builder" or "mason" describes the large scale motions of Earth 's Lithosphere The relationships between magnetite and other iron-rich oxide minerals such as ilmenite, hematite, and ulvospinel have been much studied, as the complicated reactions between these minerals and oxygen influence how and when magnetite preserves records of the Earth's magnetic field. Ilmenite is a weakly magnetic titanium-iron oxide Mineral which is iron-black or steel-gray Hematite, also spelt hæmatite, is the Mineral form of Iron(III oxide (Fe2O3 one of several Iron oxides Ulvöspinel or ulvospinel is an iron titanium oxide mineral with formula Fe 2 Ti[[oxygen O]]4 A metamorphic reaction is a Chemical reaction that takes place during the Geological process of Metamorphism in an amalgamate of Minerals that Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the

Magnetite has been very important in understanding the conditions under which rocks form and evolve. Magnetite reacts with oxygen to produce hematite, and the mineral pair forms a buffer that can control oxygen fugacity. In geology a redox buffer is an assemblage of minerals or compounds that constrains oxygen Fugacity as a function of temperature Fugacity is a measure of a Chemical potential in the form of 'adjusted pressure Commonly igneous rocks contain grains of two solid solutions, one between magnetite and ulvospinel and the other between ilmenite and hematite. Igneous rocks (etymology from Latin ignis, fire are rocks formed by solidification of cooled Magma (molten rock A solid solution is a Solid - state Solution of one or more solutes in a Solvent. Ilmenite is a weakly magnetic titanium-iron oxide Mineral which is iron-black or steel-gray Hematite, also spelt hæmatite, is the Mineral form of Iron(III oxide (Fe2O3 one of several Iron oxides Compositions of the mineral pairs are used to calculate how oxidizing was the magma (i. Magma (Plurals magmas and magmata) is molten rock that sometimes forms beneath the surface of the Earth (or any other Terrestrial planet e. , the oxygen fugacity of the magma): a range of oxidizing conditions are found in magmas and the oxidation state helps to determine how the magmas might evolve by fractional crystallization. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Fugacity is a measure of a Chemical potential in the form of 'adjusted pressure In geology a redox buffer is an assemblage of minerals or compounds that constrains oxygen Fugacity as a function of temperature Fractional crystallization is one of the most important geochemical and physical processes operating within the Earth's crust and mantle.

Small grains of magnetite occur in almost all igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks (etymology from Latin ignis, fire are rocks formed by solidification of cooled Magma (molten rock Metamorphic rock is the result of the transformation of an existing rock type the protolith, in a process called Metamorphism, which means "change Magnetite also occurs in many sedimentary rocks, including banded iron formations. Sedimentary rock is one of the three main rock types (the others being igneous and Metamorphic rock) Banded iron formations (also known as banded ironstone formations or BIF s are a distinctive type of rock often found in primordial ( Precambrian) Sedimentary In many igneous rocks, magnetite-rich and ilmenite-rich grains occur that precipitated together from magma. Igneous rocks (etymology from Latin ignis, fire are rocks formed by solidification of cooled Magma (molten rock Ilmenite is a weakly magnetic titanium-iron oxide Mineral which is iron-black or steel-gray Magma (Plurals magmas and magmata) is molten rock that sometimes forms beneath the surface of the Earth (or any other Terrestrial planet Magnetite also is produced from peridotites and dunites by serpentinization. A peridotite is a dense coarse-grained Igneous rock, consisting mostly of the minerals Olivine and Pyroxene. Dunite (ˈduːnaɪt or /ˈdʌnaɪt/ is an igneous, Plutonic rock, of Ultramafic composition with coarse-grained or Phaneritic Serpentinite is a rock composed of one or more Serpentine Minerals Minerals in this group are formed by serpentinization a hydration and metamorphic

Magnetite is a valuable source of iron ore. Iron ores are rocks and Minerals from which Metallic Iron can be economically extracted It dissolves slowly in hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water

Contents

Distribution of deposits

Magnetite and other heavy minerals (dark) in a quartz beach sand (Chennai, India).
Magnetite and other heavy minerals (dark) in a quartz beach sand (Chennai, India). Sand is a naturally occurring Granular material composed of finely divided rock and Mineral particles

Magnetite is sometimes found in large quantities in beach sand. Such mineral sands or iron sands or black sands are found in various places such as California and the west coast of New Zealand. Black sand is a heavy glossy partly Magnetic mixture of usually fine sands found as part of a Placer deposit. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island The magnetite is carried to the beach via rivers from erosion and is concentrated via wave action and currents.

Huge deposits have been found in banded iron formations. Banded iron formations (also known as banded ironstone formations or BIF s are a distinctive type of rock often found in primordial ( Precambrian) Sedimentary These sedimentary rocks have been used to infer changes in the oxygen content of the atmosphere of the Earth. Sedimentary rock is one of the three main rock types (the others being igneous and Metamorphic rock)

Large deposits of Magnetite also are found in Kiruna, Sweden, the Pilbara region in Western Australia, and in the Adirondack region of New York in the United States. Kiruna is the northernmost city of Sweden, situated in Lappland province with roughly inhabitants "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. For the Fly Genus, see Pilbara (fly. The Pilbara is a Western Australia is a state occupying the entire western third of the Australian continent. The Adirondack Mountains are a Mountain range located in the northeastern part of New York, that runs through Clinton, Essex, Franklin New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Deposits are also found in Norway, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, South Africa, India, Mexico, and in Oregon, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Virginia, New Mexico, Utah, and Colorado in the United States. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state New Mexico ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America. The State of Utah (ˈjuːtɔː or) is a western state of the United States. The State of Colorado ( or chiefly by nonresidents) is a state located in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States of America. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Recently, in June 2005, an exploration company, Cardero Resources, discovered a vast deposit of magnetite-bearing sand dunes in Peru. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. The dune field covers 250 square kilometers (100 sq mi), with the highest dune at over 2,000 meters (6,560 ft) above the desert floor. The sand contains 10% magnetite[1].

Biological occurrences

Crystals of magnetite have been found in some bacteria (e. The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have g. , Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum) and in the brains of bees, of termites, of some birds (e. Magnetospirillum ( Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum) is a Gram-negative, Microaerophilic magnetotactic bacterium, first isolated Bees are flying Insects closely related to Wasps and Ants Bees are a Monophyletic lineage within the superfamily Apoidea The termites are a group of Social Insects usually classified at the taxonomic rank of order Isoptera (but see also taxonomy Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. g. , the pigeon), and of humans. These crystals are thought to be involved in magnetoreception, the ability to sense the polarity or the inclination of the Earth's magnetic field, and to be involved in navigation. Magnetoception (or "magnetoreception" is the ability to detect changes in a Magnetic field to perceive direction or altitude and has even been postulated as a method In Physics, polarity is a description of an attribute typically a binary attribute (one with two values or a Vector (a direction Inclination in general is the Angle between a Reference plane and another plane or axis of direction In Physics, a magnetic field is a Vector field that permeates space and which can exert a magnetic force on moving Electric charges Navigation is the process of reading and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another Also, chitons have teeth made of magnetite on their radula making them unique among animals. Chitons are small to large primitive marine Mollusks in the class Polyplacophora. The radula is a toothed Chitinous ribbon typically used for scraping cutting and chewing food before it enters the Esophagus. This means they have an exceptionally abrasive tongue with which to scrape food from rocks.

The study of biomagnetism began with the discoveries of Caltech paleoecologist Heinz Lowenstam in the 1960s. Biomagnetism is the phenomenon of magnetic fields produced by the human body and other living entities The California Institute of Technology (commonly referred to as Caltech) is a private, Coeducational research university located in Pasadena Paleoecology uses data from Fossils and subfossils to reconstruct the Ecosystems of the past

Preparation as a ferrofluid

Magnetite can be prepared in the laboratory as a ferrofluid in the Massart method by mixing iron(II) chloride and iron(III) chloride in the presence of sodium hydroxide. A ferrofluid (from the Latin ferrum, meaning iron is a liquid which becomes strongly polarised in the presence of a Magnetic field. Iron(II chloride, also known as ferrous chloride, is the Chemical compound of formula FeCl2 Iron chloride redirects here For Iron(II chloride see Iron(II chloride. Sodium hydroxide ( Na[[hydroxide OH]]) also known as Lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly according to IUPAC nomenclature

See also

References

Mineralogy related

Biology related

Mining related links

Magnetotactic bacteria (or MTB) are a class of Bacteria discovered in the 1960s that exhibit the peculiar ability to orient themselves along the magnetic field

Dictionary

magnetite

-noun

  1. (mineralogy) (geology) A magnetic mineral, Fe3O4, one of the primary ores of iron. It has also been called lodestone.
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