12 sodium ← magnesium → aluminium Be ↑ Mg ↓ Ca Periodic table - Extended periodic table
General
Name, symbol, number	magnesium, Mg, 12
Chemical series	alkaline earth metals
Group, period, block	2, 3, s
Appearance	silvery white solid at room temp
Standard atomic weight	24.3050(6) g·mol−1
Electron configuration	[Ne] 3s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 2
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Density (near r.t.)	1. Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 WikipediaNaming Beryllium (bəˈrɪliəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Be and Atomic number 4 Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in Biological occurrences Beryllium's low aqueous solubility means it is rarely available to biological systems it has no known role in living organisms and when encountered In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic Biological occurrences Beryllium's low aqueous solubility means it is rarely available to biological systems it has no known role in living organisms and when encountered A period 3 element is one of the Chemical elements in the third row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. See also Electron configuration The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various Mass levels between 10&minus36&thinsp kg and 1053&thinspkg Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other Neon (ˈniːɒn is the Chemical element that has the symbol Ne and Atomic number 10 The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 738 g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p.	1. Kilogram per cubic metre is the SI measure of Density and is represented as kg/m³ where kg stands for Kilogram and m³ stands for Cubic metre The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 584 g·cm−3
Melting point	923 K (650 °C, 1202 °F)
Boiling point	1363 K (1091 °C, 1994 °F)
Heat of fusion	8. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of 48 kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	128 kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity	(25 °C) 24. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 869 J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T/K 701 773 861 971 1132 1361
Atomic properties
Crystal structure	hexagonal
Oxidation states	2, 1 [1] (strongly basic oxide)
Electronegativity	1. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. The oxidation number of a central atom in a coordination compound is the charge that it would have if all the Ligands were removed along with the Electron pairs In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 31 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies (more)	1st: 737. The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron These tables list the Ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove one mole of Electrons from one mole of neutral gaseous Atoms (first energy respectively 7 kJ·mol−1
	2nd: 1450. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material 7 kJ·mol−1
	3rd: 7732. 7 kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius	150 pm
Atomic radius (calc. Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth )	145 pm
Covalent radius	130 pm
Van der Waals radius	173 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Electrical resistivity	(20 °C) 43. The covalent radius, r cov is a measure of the size of Atom which forms part of a Covalent bond. Van der Waals Volume The van der Waals volume, V, also called the atomic volume or molecular volume, is the atomic property most directly In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Paramagnetism is a form of magnetism which occurs only in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of Electric current. 9 nΩ·m
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 156 W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion	(25 °C) 24. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. When the Temperature of a substance changes the energy that is stored in the Intermolecular bonds between atoms changes 8 µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(r.t.) (annealed) 4940 m·s−1
Young's modulus	45 GPa
Shear modulus	17 GPa
Bulk modulus	45 GPa
Poisson ratio	0. Sound is a vibration that travels through an elastic medium as a Wave. Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed In Solid mechanics, Young's modulus (E is a measure of the Stiffness of an isotropic elastic material In Materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is defined as the ratio of Shear Poisson's ratio ( ν) named after Simeon Poisson, is the ratio of the relative contraction strain, or transverse strain (normal to 29
Mohs hardness	2. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various Minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material 5
Brinell hardness	260 MPa
CAS registry number	7439-95-4
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of magnesium iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 24Mg 78. The Brinell scale characterizes the indentation Hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter loaded on a material test-piece CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to Magnesium ( Mg)Standard atomic mass 243050(6 u Table Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides In Chemistry, natural abundance (NA refers to the abundance Isotopes of a Chemical element as naturally found on a planet Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. The decay energy is the Energy released by a Nuclear decay. The energy difference of the Reactants is often written as Q: where Q In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide 99% 24Mg is stable with 12 neutrons 25Mg 10% 25Mg is stable with 13 neutrons 26Mg 11. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. 01% 26Mg is stable with 14 neutrons
References
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Magnesium (pronounced /mægˈniːziəm/) is a chemical element with the symbol Mg, the atomic number 12, and an atomic mass of 24. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass 31. Magnesium is the ninth most abundant element in the universe by mass. It constitutes about 2% of the Earth's crust by mass,^[1] and it is the third most abundant element dissolved in seawater. EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 In Geology, a crust is the outermost solid shell of a planet or moon Seawater is Water from a Sea or Ocean. On average seawater in the world's oceans has a Salinity of about 3 Magnesium ions are essential to all living cells, and is the 11th most abundant element by mass in the human body. The free element (metal) is not found in nature. Once produced from magnesium salts, this alkaline earth metal is now mainly obtained by electrolysis of brine and is used as an alloying agent to make aluminium-magnesium alloys, sometimes called "magnalium" or "magnelium". Biological occurrences Beryllium's low aqueous solubility means it is rarely available to biological systems it has no known role in living organisms and when encountered An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has WikipediaNaming Magnalium refers to an Alloy of Aluminium with 5-50% Magnesium.

Notable characteristics

Elemental magnesium is a fairly strong, silvery-white, light-weight metal (two thirds the density of aluminium). WikipediaNaming It tarnishes slightly when exposed to air, although unlike the alkaline metals, storage in an oxygen free environment is unnecessary because magnesium is protected by a thin layer of oxide which is fairly impermeable and hard to remove. Tarnish is a layer of Corrosion that develops over Copper, Brass, Silver, Aluminum as well as a degree of semi-reactive metals as Trends The alkali metals show a number of trends when moving down the group - for instance decreasing electronegativity increasing reactivity and decreasing melting and boiling Like its lower periodic table group neighbor calcium, magnesium reacts with water at room temperature, though it reacts much more slowly than calcium. In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 When it is submerged in water, hydrogen bubbles will almost unnoticeably begin to form on the surface of the metal, though if powdered it will react much more rapidly. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Magnesium also reacts with hydrochloric acid (HCl) and produces heat and hydrogen when added to it. Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water The magnesium will begin to bubble and become hot – too hot to touch comfortably. The reaction will occur faster with higher temperatures (see precautions).

Magnesium is a highly flammable metal, but while it is easy to ignite when powdered or shaved into thin strips, it is difficult to ignite in mass or bulk. Flammability is the ease with which a substance will ignite causing Fire or Combustion. Once ignited it is difficult to extinguish, being able to burn in both nitrogen (forming magnesium nitride), and carbon dioxide (forming magnesium oxide and carbon). Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single An oxide is a Chemical compound containing at least one Oxygen atom as well as at least one other element Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 When it burns in air, Magnesium produces a brilliant white light. Thus magnesium powder (flash powder) was used as a source of illumination in the early days of photography. Flash powder is a Pyrotechnic composition, a mixture of Oxidizer and metallic Fuel which burns quickly and if confined will produce a loud report Photography (fә'tɒgrәfi or fә'tɑːgrәfi (from Greek φωτο and γραφία is the process and Art of recording pictures by means of capturing Later, magnesium ribbon was used in electrically ignited flash bulbs. Magnesium powder is used in the manufacture of fireworks and marine flares where a brilliant white light is required. A firework is classified as a low explosive pyrotechnic device used primarily for aesthetic and entertainment purposes A flare, also sometimes called a fusee, is a type of Pyrotechnic that produces a brilliant light or intense heat without an Explosion.

Magnesium compounds are typically white crystals. Most are soluble in water, providing the sour-tasting magnesium ion Mg²⁺. Small amounts of dissolved magnesium ion contributes to the tartness and taste of natural waters. Magnesium ion in large amounts is an ionic laxative, and magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts) is sometimes used for this purpose. Magnesium sulfate is a Chemical compound containing Magnesium and Sulfate, with the formula MgSO4 So-called "milk of magnesia" is a water suspension of one of the few insoluble magnesium compounds: magnesium hydroxide. Milk of Magnesia is an aqueous suspension of Magnesium hydroxide, Mg ( O[[hydrogen H]]2 in water The undissolved particles give rise to its appearance and name. Milk of magnesia is a mild base and is commonly used as an antacid.

Applications

As the metal

Magnesium is the third most commonly used structural metal, following steel and aluminium. Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 WikipediaNaming

Magnesium compounds, primarily magnesium oxide, are used mainly as refractory material in furnace linings for producing iron, steel, nonferrous metals, glass and cement. Magnesium oxide, or magnesia, is a white solid Mineral that occurs naturally as Periclase and is a source A refractory is a material that retains its strength at high Temperatures ASTM C71 defines refractories as "non-metallic materials having those chemical and physical A furnace is a device used for Heating The name derives from Latin fornax, Oven. Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many In the most general sense of the word a cement is a binder a substance which sets and hardens independently and can bind other materials together Magnesium oxide and other compounds also are used in agricultural, chemical and construction industries. As a metal, this element's principal use is as an alloying additive to aluminium with these aluminium-magnesium alloys being used mainly for beverage cans. A beverage can (or drinks can) is most often an Aluminum Can manufactured to hold a single serving of a Beverage.

Magnesium, in its purest form, can be compared with aluminium, and is strong and light, so it is used in several high volume part manufacturing applications, including automotive and truck components. Specialty, high-grade car wheels of magnesium alloy are called "mag wheels". Alloy wheels are automobile ( Car, Motorcycle and Truck) Wheels which are made from an Alloy of Aluminum or In 1957 a Corvette SS, designed for racing, was constructed with magnesium body panels. A corvette is a small maneuverable lightly armed Warship, originally smaller than a Frigate and larger than a coastal patrol craft, although many Porsche's all-out quest to decrease the weight of their racecars led to the use of magnesium frames in the famous 917/053 which won Le Mans in 1971, and still holds the absolute distance record. The 917/30 Can-Am car also featured a magnesium spaceframe, helping it to make the most of its prodigious 1100-1500hp. Volkswagen has used magnesium in its engine components for many years. For a long time, Porsche used magnesium alloy for its engine blocks due to the weight advantage. Porsche SE or Porsche ( German, ˈpɔɹʃə is a German manufacturer of automobiles which is majority-owned by the Porsche and Piëch The cylinder block or engine block is a machined casting (or sometimes an assembly of modules containing cylindrically bored holes for the Pistons of a multi-cylinder There is renewed interest in magnesium engine blocks, as featured in the 2006 BMW 325i and 330i models. ( BMW) (Bavarian Motor Works is an independent German automobile manufacturer founded in 1916 The BMW engine uses an aluminium alloy insert for the cylinder walls and cooling jackets surrounded by a high temperature magnesium alloy AJ62A. The application of magnesium AE44 alloy in the 2006 Corvette Z06 engine cradle has advanced the technology of designing robust automotive parts in magnesium. Both of these alloys are recent developments in high temperature low creep magnesium alloys. Creep is the tendency of a solid material to slowly move or deform permanently under the influence of stresses It occurs as a result of long term exposure to levels of The general strategy for such alloys is to form intermetallic precipitates at the grain boundaries, for example by adding mischmetal or calcium. Intermetallics or intermetallic compounds is a term that is used in a number of different ways A crystallite is a domain of solid-state matter that has the same structure as a single Crystal. Mischmetal (from German: Mischmetall - "mixed metals" is an Alloy of Rare earth elements in various naturally-occurring proportions Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 ^[2] New alloy development and lower costs, which are becoming competitive to aluminium, will further the number of automotive applications.

Products made of magnesium: firestarter and shavings, sharpener, magnesium ribbon

The second application field of magnesium is electronic devices. Due to low weight, good mechanical and electrical properties, magnesium is widely used for manufacturing of mobile phones, laptop computers, cameras, and other electronic components. Magnesium is even used to make some higher end yo-yos, such as the Duncan Freehand Mg. The yo-yo is a Toy consisting of two equally sized and weighted disks of Plastic, Wood, or Metal, connected with an Axle, with a

Historically, magnesium was one of the main aerospace construction metals and was used for German military aircraft as early as World War I and extensively for German aircraft in World War II. The Germans coined the name 'Elektron' for magnesium alloy which is still used today. Due to perceived hazards with magnesium parts in the event of fire, the application of magnesium in the commercial aerospace industry was generally restricted to engine related components. Currently the use of magnesium alloys in aerospace is increasing, mostly driven by the increasing importance of fuel economy and the need to reduce weight. The development and testing of new magnesium alloys notably Elektron 21 which has successfully undergone extensive aerospace testing for suitability in both engine, internal and airframe components. European Community runs three R&D magnesium projects in Aerospace priority of Six Framework Program.

Magnesium firestarter (in left hand), used with a pocket knife and flint to create sparks which ignite the shavings

• Incendiary use: Magnesium is flammable, burning at a temperature of approximately 2500 K (2200 °C, 4000 °F), and the autoignition temperature of magnesium is approximately 744 K (473 °C, 883 °F) in air. A pocketknife is a folding Knife with a Blade that fits inside the handle and that is small enough to fit in a Pocket. The autoignition temperature or kindling point of a substance is the lowest temperature at which it will spontaneously ignite in a normal atmosphere without an external The extremely high temperature at which magnesium burns makes it a handy tool for starting emergency fires during outdoor recreation. Other related uses include flashlight photography, flares, pyrotechnics, fireworks sparklers, and incendiary bombs. Photography (fә'tɒgrәfi or fә'tɑːgrәfi (from Greek φωτο and γραφία is the process and Art of recording pictures by means of capturing The term "pyrotechnics" can also be used for Fireworks events

Other uses include:

• Removal of sulfur from iron and steel. Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16
• Production of titanium
• Photoengraved plates in the printing industry. Titanium (taɪˈteɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ti and Atomic number 22 Photoengraving also known as photo-chemical Milling is a process of Engraving using Photographic techniques The most common type of photoengraving involves
• Combined in alloys, this metal is essential for airplane and missile construction. Overview Fixed-wing aircraft range from small training and recreational aircraft to Wide-body aircraft and military cargo aircraft. A missile (see also pronunciation differences) is a self-propelled explosive Projectile used as a weapon towards a target
• When used as an alloying agent, this metal improves the mechanical, fabrication and welding characteristics of aluminium. Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials usually Metals or Thermoplastics by causing coalescence.
• Additive agent for conventional propellants and used in producing nodular graphite in cast iron.
• Reducing agent for the production of pure uranium and other metals from their salts. Uranium (jʊˈreɪniəm is a silvery-gray Metallic Chemical element in the Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants
• Magnesium turnings or ribbon are used to prepare Grignard reagents, which are useful in organic synthesis
• Easily reacting with water, it can serve as a desiccant

In magnesium compounds

• The magnesium ion is necessary for all life (see magnesium in biological systems), so magnesium salts are an additive for foods, fertilizers (Mg is a component of chlorophyll), and culture media. The Grignard reaction, named for the French chemist François Auguste Victor Grignard, is an organometallic Chemical reaction in which Alkyl - Organic synthesis is a special branch of Chemical synthesis and is concerned with the construction of Organic compounds via Organic reactions Organic A Desiccant is a Hygroscopic substance that induces or sustains a state of dryness ( Desiccation) in its local vicinity in a moderately-well sealed container Magnesium is an essential element in biological systems. Magnesium occurs typically as the Mg2+ ion
• Magnesium hydroxide is used in milk of magnesia, its chloride, oxide, gluconate and citrate used as oral magnesium supplements, and its sulfate (Epsom salts) for various purposes in medicine, and elsewhere (see the article for more). Magnesium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Mg(OH2 Milk of Magnesia is an aqueous suspension of Magnesium hydroxide, Mg ( O[[hydrogen H]]2 in water Magnesium chloride is the name for the Chemical compounds with the formulas MgCl2 and its various hydrates MgCl2(H2Ox Magnesium oxide, or magnesia, is a white solid Mineral that occurs naturally as Periclase and is a source Magnesium citrate is a chemical agent used medicinally as a saline Laxative and to empty the bowel prior to a surgery or Colonoscopy. Magnesium sulfate is a Chemical compound containing Magnesium and Sulfate, with the formula MgSO4 Magnesium sulfate is a Chemical compound containing Magnesium and Sulfate, with the formula MgSO4 Oral magnesium supplements have been claimed to be therapeutic for some individuals who suffer from Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS). Restless legs syndrome (RLS Wittmaack-Ekbom's syndrome, or sometimes but inaccurately referred to as Nocturnal myoclonus) is a condition that is characterized
• Magnesium borate, magnesium salicylate and magnesium sulfate are used as antiseptics. Antiseptics (from Greek αντί - anti, '"against" + σηπτικός - septikos, "putrefactive" are antimicrobial
• Magnesium bromide is used as a mild sedative (this action is due to the bromide, not the magnesium). Magnesium bromide (MgBr2 is a Chemical compound of Magnesium and Bromine that is white and Deliquescent. A sedative, or more specifically a sedative-hypnotic, is a substance that depresses the Central nervous system (CNS resulting in calmness relaxation sleepiness A bromide Ion is a Bromine atom with charge of −1 Compounds with bromine in formal Oxidation state −1 are called bromides

• Dead-burned magnesite is used for refractory purposes such as brick and liners in furnaces and converters.
• Magnesium carbonate (MgCO₃) powder is also used by athletes, such as gymnasts and weightlifters, to improve the grip on objects – the apparatus or lifting bar. Magnesium carbonate, MgCO3 is a white Solid that occurs in nature as a Mineral. In Chemistry, a carbonate is a salt or Ester of Carbonic acid. Gymnastics is a Sport involving performance of exercises requiring physical strength agility and coordination Weightlifting, also called Olympic weightlifting or Olympic-style weightlifting, is a sport in which participants attempt a maximum weight single lift of a barbell
• Magnesium stearate is a slightly flammable white powder with lubricative properties. Magnesium stearate, also called octadecanoic acid magnesium salt, is a white substance which is solid at room temperature Fire is the heat and light energy released during a Chemical reaction, in particular a combustion reaction. A lubricant (sometimes referred to as a "Lube" is a substance (often a liquid introduced between two moving surfaces to reduce the Friction between them improving In pharmaceutical technology it is used in the manufacturing of tablets, to prevent the tablets from sticking to the equipment during the tablet compression process (i. Pharmacology (from Greek grc φάρμακον pharmakon, "drug" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of how Drugs A tablet is a mixture of active substances and Excipients usually in powder form pressed or compacted into a solid e. , when the tablet's substance is pressed into tablet form).
• Magnesium sulfite is used in the manufacture of paper (sulfite process). Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon printing upon or packaging The sulfite process produces Wood pulp which is almost pure Cellulose fibers by using various Salts of Sulfurous acid to extract the Lignin
• Magnesium phosphate is used to fireproof wood for construction.
• Magnesium hexafluorosilicate is used in mothproofing of textiles. A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn.

History

The name originates from the Greek word for a district in Thessaly called Magnesia. The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c Thessalia redirects here For the Butterfly Genus, see Thessalia (butterfly. Magnesia (Μαγνησία Magnisía, maɣniˈsia deriving from the tribe name Magnetes, is the name of the southeastern area of Thessaly It is related to magnetite and manganese, which also originated from this area, and required differentiation as separate substances. Magnetite is not to be confused with Magnesite or Maghemite. Magnetite is a ferrimagnetic Mineral with chemical Manganese (ˈmæŋgəniːz is a Chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. See manganese for this history. Manganese (ˈmæŋgəniːz is a Chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn.

Magnesium is the seventh most abundant element in the earth's crust by mass and eighth by molarity. ^[1] It is found in large deposits of magnesite, dolomite, and other minerals, and in mineral waters, where magnesium ion is soluble. Magnesite is not to be confused with Magnetite or Magnemite. Magnesite is Magnesium carbonate, Mg[[carbon Dolomite (ˈdɒləmaɪt is the name of a Sedimentary Carbonate rock and a Mineral, both composed A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific In 1618 a farmer at Epsom in England attempted to give his cows water from a well. They refused to drink because of the water's bitter taste. However the farmer noticed that the water seemed to heal scratches and rashes. The fame of Epsom salts spread. Magnesium sulfate is a Chemical compound containing Magnesium and Sulfate, with the formula MgSO4 Eventually they were recognized to be hydrated magnesium sulfate, MgSO₄.

In England, Sir Humphry Davy electrolytically isolated pure magnesium metal in 1808 from a mix of magnesia and HgO, and A. A. B. Bussy prepared it in coherent form in 1831. Sir Humphry Davy 1st Baronet FRS MRIA (17 December 1778 &ndash 29 May 1829 was a British Chemist and inventor Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Antoine Alexandre Brutus Bussy ( May 29, 1794, Marseille - February 1, 1882, Paris) was a French Chemist Davy's first suggestion for a name was magnium, but the name magnesium is now used.

Sources

Although magnesium is found in over 60 minerals, only dolomite, magnesite, brucite, carnallite, talc, and olivine are of commercial importance. A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific Dolomite (ˈdɒləmaɪt is the name of a Sedimentary Carbonate rock and a Mineral, both composed Magnesite is not to be confused with Magnetite or Magnemite. Magnesite is Magnesium carbonate, Mg[[carbon Brucite is the Mineral form of Magnesium hydroxide, with the chemical formula Mg ( OH)2 Carnallite is an Evaporite mineral a hydrated Potassium Magnesium Chloride with formula K[[magnesium Mg]] Cl 3·6( Talc (derived from the Persian via Arabic talq) is a Mineral composed of Hydrated Magnesium Silicate with The Mineral olivine (when gem-quality also called Peridot) is a Magnesium Iron silicate with the formula ( Mg

In the United States this metal is principally obtained by electrolysis of fused magnesium chloride from brines, wells, and sea water:

cathode: Mg²⁺ + 2 e^- → Mg

anode: 2 Cl^- → Cl_{2 (gas)} + 2 e^-

Vapor-deposited magnesium crystals from the Pidgeon process

The United States has traditionally been the major world supplier of this metal, supplying 45% of world production even as recently as 1995. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the In chemistry and manufacturing electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an Electric current Magnesium chloride is the name for the Chemical compounds with the formulas MgCl2 and its various hydrates MgCl2(H2Ox Brine (lat saltus) is Water saturated or nearly saturated with Salt (NaCl Seawater is Water from a Sea or Ocean. On average seawater in the world's oceans has a Salinity of about 3 A cathode is an Electrode through which (positive Electric current flows out of a polarized electrical device The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An anode is an Electrode through which Electric current flows into a polarized electrical device Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and This page is about the physical properties of gas as a state of matter The Pidgeon process is one of the methods of Magnesium metal production via a Silicothermic reduction Today, the US market share is at 7%, with a single domestic producer left, US Magnesium, a company born from now-defunct Magcorp. ^[3] As of 2005 China has taken over as the dominant supplier, pegged at 60% world market share, which increased from 4% in 1995. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Unlike the above described electrolytic process, China is almost completely reliant on a different method of obtaining the metal from its ores, the silicothermic Pidgeon process (the reduction of the oxide at high temperatures with silicon). An electrolyte is any substance containing free Ions that behaves as an electrically conductive medium Silicothermic reactions are Thermic Chemical reactions using Silicon as the reducing agent at high temperature (800-1400°C The Pidgeon process is one of the methods of Magnesium metal production via a Silicothermic reduction

Magnesium from sea water

The Mg²⁺ cation is the second most abundant cation in seawater (occurring at about 12% of the mass of sodium there), which makes seawater and sea-salt an attractive commercial source of Mg. To extract the magnesium, calcium carbonate is added to sea water to form magnesium carbonate precipitate. Calcium carbonate is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula Ca[[Carbon C]] O 3 Magnesium carbonate, MgCO3 is a white Solid that occurs in nature as a Mineral.

MgCl₂ + CaCO₃ → MgCO₃ + CaCl₂

Magnesium carbonate is insoluble in water so it can be filtered out, and reacted with hydrochloric acid to obtain concentrated magnesium chloride. Magnesium carbonate, MgCO3 is a white Solid that occurs in nature as a Mineral. Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water Magnesium chloride is the name for the Chemical compounds with the formulas MgCl2 and its various hydrates MgCl2(H2Ox

MgCO₃ + 2HCl → MgCl₂ + CO₂ + H₂O

From magnesium chloride, electrolysis produces magnesium. Magnesium chloride is the name for the Chemical compounds with the formulas MgCl2 and its various hydrates MgCl2(H2Ox

See also: Category:Magnesium minerals

Biology

Main article: Magnesium in biology

Magnesium ions are essential to the basic nucleic acid chemistry of life, and thus are essential to all cells of all known living organisms. Magnesium is an essential element in biological systems. Magnesium occurs typically as the Mg2+ ion A nucleic acid is a Macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric Nucleotides In Biochemistry these Molecules carry Genetic information Plants have an additional use for magnesium in that chlorophylls are magnesium-centered porphyrins. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. Chlorophyll is a green Pigment found in most Plants Algae and Cyanobacteria. A porphyrin is a heterocyclic Macrocycle derived from four Pyrroline subunits interconnected via their α carbon atoms via Methine bridges (=CH- Many enzymes require the presence of magnesium ions for their catalytic action, especially enzymes utilizing ATP, or those which use other nucleotides to synthesize DNA and RNA. Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins Adenosine-5'-triphosphate ( ATP) is a multifunctional Nucleotide that is most important as a " molecular currency" of intracellular Energy Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known Ribonucleic acid ( RNA) is a Nucleic acid that consists of a long chain of Nucleotide units Magnesium deficiency in plants causes late-season yellowing between leaf veins, especially in older leaves, and can be corrected by applying epsom salts (which is rapidly leached), or else crushed dolomitic limestone to the soil. Magnesium (Mg deficiency is a plant disorder with two main causes Dolomite (ˈdɒləmaɪt is the name of a Sedimentary Carbonate rock and a Mineral, both composed Limestone is a Sedimentary rock composed largely of the Mineral Calcite ( Calcium carbonate: CaCO3

Food sources of magnesium

Magnesium is a vital component of a healthy human diet and deficiency has been implicated in a number of human diseases. Magnesium is readily available in many common foods but studies indicate that many Americans are magnesium deficient. Excess magnesium in the blood is freely filtered at the kidneys, and for this reason it is very difficult to overdose on magnesium from dietary sources alone. ^[4] However, there are a number of magnesium supplements available which make overdose possible, particularly in people with poor renal function, but severe hypermagnesemia can also occur without renal dysfunction. Hypermagnesemia is an Electrolyte disturbance in which there is an abnormally elevated level of Magnesium in the blood ^[5]

Isotopes

Magnesium has three stable isotopes: ²⁴Mg, ²⁵Mg, ²⁶Mg. Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides All are present in significant amounts (see table of isotopes above). About 79% of Mg is ²⁴Mg. The isotope ²⁸Mg is radioactive and in the 1950s to 1970s was made commercially by several nuclear power plants for use in scientific experiments. This isotope has a relatively short half-life (21 hours) and so its use was limited by shipping times.

²⁶Mg has found application in isotopic geology, similar to that of aluminium. Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides Geology (from Greek γη gê, "earth" and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit WikipediaNaming ²⁶Mg is a radiogenic daughter product of ²⁶Al, which has a half-life of 717,000 years. A radiogenic Nuclide is one that is produced by a process of Radioactive decay. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page Large enrichments of stable ²⁶Mg have been observed in the Ca-Al-rich inclusions of some carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. A calcium-aluminium-rich inclusion or Ca-Al-rich inclusion (CAI is a Centimeter -sized light-colored Calcium - and Aluminium -rich inclusion A carbonaceous chondrite or a C-type chondrite is a type of chondritic Meteorite which contains high levels of Water and Organic compounds A meteorite is a natural object originating in Outer space that survives an impact with the Earth 's surface The anomalous abundance of ²⁶Mg is attributed to the decay of its parent ²⁶Al in the inclusions. Therefore, the meteorite must have formed in the solar nebula before the ²⁶Al had decayed. The formation and evolution of the Solar System is estimated to have begun Hence, these fragments are among the oldest objects in the solar system and have preserved information about its early history. The Solar System consists of the Sun and those celestial objects bound to it by Gravity.

It is conventional to plot ²⁶Mg/²⁴Mg against an Al/Mg ratio. In an isochron dating plot, the Al/Mg ratio plotted is²⁷Al/²⁴Mg. Isochron dating is a common technique of Radiometric dating and is applied to date certain events such as Crystallization Metamorphism, shock events and The slope of the isochron has no age significance, but indicates the initial ²⁶Al/²⁷Al ratio in the sample at the time when the systems were separated from a common reservoir.

Precautions

The magnesium-bodied Honda RA302 of Jo Schlesser crashes and burns during the 1968 French Grand Prix. Honda Racing F1 Team is a Formula One team run by Japanese car manufacturer Honda. Joseph Schlesser ( May 18, 1928 in Liouville France The 1968 French Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at Rouen-Les-Essarts on July 7, 1968. Schlesser was killed

Magnesium metal and alloys are highly flammable in their pure form when molten, as a powder, or in ribbon form. Burning or molten magnesium metal reacts violently with water. Magnesium powder is an explosive hazard. One should wear safety glasses while working with magnesium, and if burning it, these should include a heavy U. V. filter, similar to welding eye protection. The bright white light (including ultraviolet) produced by burning magnesium can permanently damage the retinas of the eyes, similar to welding arc burns. Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays ^[6]

Water should not be used to extinguish magnesium fires, because it can produce hydrogen which will feed the fire, according to the reaction:^[7]

Mg _(s) + 2 H₂O _(g) → Mg(OH)_{2 (s)} + H_{2 (g)}

or in words:

Magnesium _(solid) + steam → Magnesium hydroxide _(solid) + Hydrogen _(gas)

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers should not be used either, because magnesium can burn in carbon dioxide (forming magnesium oxide, MgO, and carbon). A fire extinguisher is an Active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small fires often in emergency situations Magnesium oxide, or magnesia, is a white solid Mineral that occurs naturally as Periclase and is a source Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 ^[8] A Class D dry chemical fire extinguisher should be used if available, or else the fire should be covered with sand or magnesium foundry flux. A Class D fire extinguisher is used to extinguish metal fires Sand is a naturally occurring Granular material composed of finely divided rock and Mineral particles An easy way to put out small metal fires is to place a polyethylene bag filled with dry sand on top of the fire. The heat of the fire will melt the bag and the sand will flow out onto the fire.

See also

• Magnesium minerals
• Magnesium compounds

References

External links

• WebElements.com – Magnesium
• Online Resource for industry professionals - Magnesium. com
• The Magnesium Website – Includes full text papers and textbook chapters by leading magnesium authorities Mildred Seelig, Jean Durlach, Burton M. Altura and Bella T. Altura. Links to over 300 articles discussing magnesium and magnesium deficiency.
• Magnesium in Health - Mg12. info