A maglev, or magnetically levitating train is a form of transportation that suspends, guides and propels vehicles (predominantly trains) using electromagnetic force. Transrapid is a German high-speed monorail train using magnetic levitation. Shanghai Maglev Train (Shanghai Transrapid) ( is the first commercial high-speed maglev line in the world Transrapid is a German high-speed monorail train using magnetic levitation. Shanghai Maglev Train (Shanghai Transrapid) ( is the first commercial high-speed maglev line in the world Transrapid is a German high-speed monorail train using magnetic levitation. Transrapid is a German high-speed monorail train using magnetic levitation. Electromagnetism is the Physics of the Electromagnetic field: a field which exerts a Force on particles that possess the property of This method has the potential to be fast and quiet when compared to wheeled mass transit systems, potentially reaching velocities comparable to turboprop and jet aircraft (900 km/h, 600 mph). A wheel is a circular device that is capable of rotating on its axis facilitating movement or transportation whilst supporting a load ( Mass) or performing labour in machines A turboprop engine is a type of aircraft powerplant that uses a Gas turbine engine to drive a Propeller. A jet aircraft is an Aircraft propelled by Jet engines Jet aircraft fly much faster than Propeller -powered aircraft and at higher altitudes -- as high as The highest recorded speed of a maglev train is 581 km/h (361 mph), achieved in Japan in 2003, 6 km/h higher than the conventional TGV speed record. The TGV ( t rain à g rande v itesse, French for "high-speed train" is France 's High-speed rail service

Contents 1 History 1.1 First patents 1.2 Hamburg, Germany 1979 1.3 Birmingham, England 1984–1995 1.4 Japan, 1980s 1.5 Vancouver, Canada & Hamburg, Germany 1986-1988 1.6 Berlin, Germany 1989–1991 2 Commercial operation 3 Technology 3.1 Electromagnetic suspension 3.2 Electrodynamic suspension 3.3 Pros and cons of different technologies 3.3.1 Propulsion 3.3.2 Stability 4 Pros and cons of maglev 4.1 Maglev vs. conventional trains 4.2 Maglev vs aircraft 5 Economics 6 History of maximum speed record by a trial run 7 Existing maglev systems 7.1 Emsland, Germany 7.2 JR-Maglev, Japan 7.3 Linimo (Tobu Kyuryo Line, Japan) 7.4 FTA's UMTD program 7.5 Southwest Jiaotong University, China 7.6 Shanghai Maglev Train 8 Under construction 8.1 Old Dominion University 8.2 AMT Test Track - Powder Springs, Georgia 9 Proposed systems 9.1 United Kingdom 9.2 Japan 9.3 Venezuela 9.4 China 9.5 India 9.6 United States 9.7 Germany 10 Significant incidents 11 See also 12 Notes 13 Further reading 14 External links

History

In the 1960s, Great Britain held the lead in maglev research;^[1] Eric Laithwaite, Professor of Heavy Electrical Engineering at Imperial College, developed a functional maglev passenger vehicle. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands Eric Roberts Laithwaite ( 14 June 1921 &ndash 27 November 1997) was an English Engineer, principally known for his development Imperial College London (officially The Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine as given in its Royal Charter It is one of only three universities to have reached It weighed 1 ton (1 tonne) and could carry four passengers. ^[1] Additional funding for his work was also provided by British Rail, the British Transport Commission, Manchester University, Surrey University and the Wolfson Foundation. See also Rail transport in Great Britain, National Rail, Network Rail This article is about the defunct entity "British Railways" The British Transport Commission (BTC was created by Clement Attlee 's post-war Labour government as a part of its nationalisation programme to oversee The University of Manchester is a " red brick " civic University located in Manchester, England. The University of Surrey is a University located within the county town of Guildford, Surrey in the South East of England ^[1] His maglev had one mile (1. 6 km) of track and was thoroughly tested, but his research was cut off in 1973 due to lack of funding; and his progress was not sufficient. British Rail also set up a Maglev Experimental Centre at their Railway Technical Centre based at Derby. The Railway Technical Centre (RTC in London Road Derby, UK, was built by the British Railways Board in the early 1960s to be its technical headquarters Derby (pronounced "dar-bee" /dˈɑːbɪ/ is a city in the East Midlands of England.

In the 1970s, Germany and Japan also began research and after some failures both nations developed mature technologies in the 1990s.

First patents

High speed transportation patents would be granted to various inventors throughout the world. ^[2] Early United States patents for a linear motor propelled train were awarded to the inventor, Alfred Zehden (German). Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The inventor would gain U.S. Patent 782,312  (June 21, 1902) and U.S. Patent RE12,700  (August 21, 1907). Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Year 1902 ( MCMII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Events 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the De facto ruler of Japan. Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year ^[3] In 1907, another early electromagnetic transportation system was developed by F. S. Smith. ^[4] A series of German patents for magnetic levitation trains propelled by linear motors were awarded to Hermann Kemper between 1937 and 1941. ^[5] An early modern type of maglev train was described in U.S. Patent 3,158,765 , Magnetic system of transportation, by G. R. Polgreen (August 25, 1959). Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The first use of "maglev" in a United States patent was in "Magnetic levitation guidance"^[6] by Canadian Patents and Development Limited.

Hamburg, Germany 1979

There is conflict in this information. Transrapid 05 was the first maglev train with longstator propulsion licensed for passenger transportation. Transrapid is a German high-speed monorail train using magnetic levitation. In 1979 a 908 m track was open in Hamburg for the first International Transportation Exhibition (IVA 79). Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany There was so much interest that operation had to be extended three months after exhibition finished, after carrying more than 50,000 passengers. It was reassembled in Kassel in 1980. Kassel (until 1926 officially Cassel) is a city situated along the Fulda River in northern Hessen, Germany, one of the two sources of the

Birmingham, England 1984–1995

The world's first commercial automated system was a low-speed maglev shuttle that ran from the airport terminal of Birmingham International Airport to the nearby Birmingham International railway station from 1984 to 1995. Birmingham International Airport is an international airport located 5 Birmingham International railway station is located in the borough of Solihull, just east of the city of Birmingham in England. Based on experimental work commissioned by the British government at the British Rail Research Division laboratory at Derby, the length of the track was 600 meters (1,969 ft), and trains "flew" at an altitude of 15 millimeters (0. The British Rail Research Division came into being in 1964 directly under the control of the British Railways Board, moving into purpose-built premises at the Railway Technical Derby (pronounced "dar-bee" /dˈɑːbɪ/ is a city in the East Midlands of England. 6 in). It was in operation for nearly eleven years, but obsolescence problems with the electronic systems (lack of spare parts) made it unreliable in its later years and it has now been replaced with a cable-drawn system. One of the original cars now sits in part of the airport.

Several favourable conditions existed when the link was built:

1. The British Rail Research vehicle was 3 tons (3 tonne) and extension to the 8 ton (8 tonne) vehicle was easy.
2. Electrical power was easily available.
3. The Airport and rail buildings were suitable for terminal platforms.
4. Only one crossing over a public road was required and no steep gradients were involved
5. Land was owned by the Railway or Airport
6. Local industries and councils were supportive
7. Some Government finance was provided and because of sharing work, the cost per organization was not high.

Japan, 1980s

Maglev speeds on the Miyazaki test track had regularly hit 517 km/h by 1979, but after an accident that destroyed the train, a new design was decided upon. Tests through the 1980s continued in Miyazaki before transferring a far larger and elaborate test track (20 km long) in Yamanashi in the late 1990s.

In Tsukuba, Japan (1985), the HSST-03 (Linimo) wins popularity in spite of being 30 km/h slower Tsukuba World Exposition. is a city located in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. It is known as the location of the, a Planned city developed in the 1960s formally the is a Magnetic levitation train line in Aichi, Japan, near the city of Nagoya. Expo '85, officially called, was a World's fair held in Tsukuba Ibaraki, Japan (Tsukuba Science City a planned city focused on technology north of In Okazaki, Japan (1987), the JR-Maglev took a test ride at the Okazaki exhibition. In Saitama, Japan (1988), the HSST-04-1 was revealed at the Saitama exhibition performed in Kumagaya. is the capital and the most populous city of Saitama Prefecture in Japan, situated in the south-east of the prefecture is a city located in Saitama Prefecture, Japan and a part of the Greater Tokyo Area. Its fastest recorded speed was 30 km/h. In Yokohama, Japan (1989), the HSST-05 acquires a business driver's license at Yokohama exhibition and carries out general test ride driving. is the capital of Kanagawa Prefecture, located in the Kantō region of the main island of Honshū and is a major commercial hub of the Greater Tokyo Area Maximum speed 42 km/h.

Vancouver, Canada & Hamburg, Germany 1986-1988

In Vancouver, Canada (1986), the JR-Maglev took a test ride at holding Vancouver traffic exhibition and runs. Vancouver (vænˈkuːvɚ is a coastal In Hamburg, Germany (1988), the TR-07 in international traffic exhibition (IVA88) performed Hamburg.

Berlin, Germany 1989–1991

Main article: M-Bahn

In West Berlin, the M-Bahn was built in the late 1980s. The M-Bahn or Magnetbahn was an experimental local transport train built in the 1980s in Berlin. West Berlin was the name given to the western part of Berlin between 1949 and 1990 The M-Bahn or Magnetbahn was an experimental local transport train built in the 1980s in Berlin. It was a driverless maglev system with a 1. 6 km track connecting three stations. Testing in passenger traffic started in August 1989, and regular operation started in July 1991. Although the line largely followed a new elevated alignment, it terminated at the U-Bahn station Gleisdreieck, where it took over a platform that was then no longer in use; it was from a line that formerly ran to East Berlin. The Berlin de U-Bahn (de Untergrundbahn underground railway is a major part of the Public transport system of the German capital Berlin. East Berlin was the name given to the eastern part of Berlin between 1949 and 1990 After the fall of the Berlin Wall, plans were set in motion to reconnect this line (today's U2). The Berlin Wall (Berliner Mauer was a physical barrier separating West Berlin from the German Democratic Republic (GDR ( East Germany) including Deconstruction of the M-Bahn line began only two months after regular service began and was completed in February 1992.

Commercial operation

The first commercial Maglev "people-mover" was officially opened in 1984 in Birmingham, England. Birmingham ( ˈbɜːmɪŋəm Ber -ming-um It operated on an elevated 600-metre (1,969 ft) section of monorail track between Birmingham International Airport and Birmingham International railway station. Birmingham International Airport is an international airport located 5 Birmingham International railway station is located in the borough of Solihull, just east of the city of Birmingham in England. It ran at 42 km/h (26 mph) until the system was eventually closed in 1995 due to reliability and design problems.

The best-known high-speed maglev currently operating commercially is the IOS (initial operating segment) demonstration line of the German built Transrapid train in Shanghai, China that transports people 30 km (18. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Transrapid is a German high-speed monorail train using magnetic levitation. Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES 6 miles) to the airport in just 7 minutes 20 seconds, achieving a top velocity of 431 km/h (268 mph), averaging 250 km/h (150 mph). In Physics, velocity is defined as the rate of change of Position. (For the South African airport with IATA code "KMH" see Johan Pienaar Airport.

Other commercially operating lines exist in Japan, such as the Linimo line. formally the is a Magnetic levitation train line in Aichi, Japan, near the city of Nagoya. Maglev projects worldwide are being studied for feasibility. In Japan at the Yamanashi test track, current maglev train technology is mature, but costs and problems remain a barrier to development, alternative technologies are being developed to address those issues. WikipediaWikiProject Japanese prefectures for guidelines --> is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of the island of

Technology

All operational implementations of maglev technology have had minimal overlap with wheeled train technology and have not been compatible with conventional rail tracks. A train is a connected series of vehicles that move along a track ( Permanent way) to transport freight or passengers from one place to another Because they cannot share existing infrastructure, maglevs must be designed as complete transportation systems. The term "maglev" refers not only to the vehicles, but to the railway system as well, specifically designed for magnetic levitation and propulsion.

See also fundamental technology elements in the JR-Maglev article, Technology in the Transrapid article, Magnetic levitation

There are two primary types of maglev technology:

• electromagnetic suspension (EMS) uses the attractive magnetic force of a magnet beneath a rail to lift the train up. JR-Maglev is a Magnetic levitation train system developed by the Central Japan Railway Company and Railway Technical Research Institute (association of JR-Maglev is a Magnetic levitation train system developed by the Central Japan Railway Company and Railway Technical Research Institute (association of Transrapid is a German high-speed monorail train using magnetic levitation. Transrapid is a German high-speed monorail train using magnetic levitation. Magnetic levitation, maglev, or magnetic suspension is a method by which an object is suspended with no support other than Magnetic fields The Magnetic levitation, maglev, or magnetic suspension is a method by which an object is suspended with no support other than Magnetic fields The
• electrodynamic suspension (EDS) uses a repulsive force between two magnetic fields to push the train away from the rail. MAGLEV, or magnetic levitation, is a system of transportation that suspends guides and (usually propels vehicles predominantly trains using magnetic forces

Another experimental technology, which was designed, proven mathematically, peer reviewed, and patented, but is yet to be built, is the magnetodynamic suspension (MDS), which uses the attractive magnetic force of a permanent magnet array near a steel track to lift the train and hold it in place. Dr Oleg V Tozoni is a scientist and a specialist in the field of Electro-dynamic and Electrical Engineering

Electromagnetic suspension

In current EMS systems, the train levitates above a steel rail while electromagnets, attached to the train, are oriented toward the rail from below. An electromagnet is a type of Magnet in which the Magnetic field is produced by the flow of an electric current. The electromagnets use feedback control to maintain a train at a constant distance from the track, at approximately 15 millimeters (0. An electromagnet is a type of Magnet in which the Magnetic field is produced by the flow of an electric current. 6 in). ^[7][8]

Electrodynamic suspension

In Electrodynamic suspension (EDS), both the rail and the train exert a magnetic field, and the train is levitated by the repulsive force between these magnetic fields. The magnetic field in the train is produced by either electromagnets (as in JR-Maglev) or by an array of permanent magnets (as in Inductrack). JR-Maglev is a Magnetic levitation train system developed by the Central Japan Railway Company and Railway Technical Research Institute (association of Inductrack is a completely passive, Fail-safe Magnetic levitation system using only unpowered loops of wire in the track and permanent magnets (arranged The repulsive force in the track is created by an induced magnetic field in wires or other conducting strips in the track. Faraday's law of induction describes an important basic law of electromagnetism which is involved in the working of Transformers Inductors and many forms of

At slow speeds, the current induced in these coils and the resultant magnetic flux is not large enough to support the weight of the train. For this reason the train must have wheels or some other form of landing gear to support the train until it reaches a speed that can sustain levitation.

Propulsion coils on the guideway are used to exert a force on the magnets in the train and make the train move forward. The propulsion coils that exert a force on the train are effectively a linear motor: An alternating current flowing through the coils generates a continuously varying magnetic field that moves forward along the track. A linear motor or linear induction motor is essentially a multi-phase Alternating current (AC Electric motor that has had its Stator "unrolled" The frequency of the alternating current is synchronized to match the speed of the train. The offset between the field exerted by magnets on the train and the applied field create a force moving the train forward.

Pros and cons of different technologies

Each implementation of the magnetic levitation principle for train-type travel involves advantages and disadvantages. Time will tell us which principle, and whose implementation, wins out commercially.

Technology		Pros		Cons
EMS (Electromagnetic)	Magnetic fields inside and outside the vehicle are insignificant; proven, commercially available technology that can attain very high speeds (500 km/h); no wheels or secondary propulsion system needed	The separation between the vehicle and the guideway must be constantly monitored and corrected by computer systems to avoid collision due to the unstable nature of electromagnetic attraction; due to the system's inherent instability and the required constant corrections by outside systems, vibration issues may occur.
EDS (Electrodynamic)	Onboard magnets and large margin between rail and train enable highest recorded train speeds (581 km/h) and heavy load capacity; has recently demonstrated (December 2005) successful operations using high temperature superconductors in its onboard magnets, cooled with inexpensive liquid nitrogen	Strong magnetic fields onboard the train would make the train inaccessible to passengers with pacemakers or magnetic data storage media such as hard drives and credit cards, necessitating the use of magnetic shielding; limitations on guideway inductivity limit the maximum speed of the vehicle; vehicle must be wheeled for travel at low speeds; used in JR-Maglev. Baby On Board refers to a five-inch sign intended to be placed in the back window of an Automobile to deter Tailgating. High-temperature superconductors (abbreviated high Tc or HTS) are a family of superconducting Ceramic materials largely Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 For other uses see Pacemaker (disambiguation A pacemaker (or artificial pacemaker, so as not to be confused with the heart's natural pacemaker Electromagnetic shielding is the process of limiting the flow of Electromagnetic fields between two locations by separating them with a barrier made of conductive material A wheel is a circular device that is capable of rotating on its axis facilitating movement or transportation whilst supporting a load ( Mass) or performing labour in machines JR-Maglev is a Magnetic levitation train system developed by the Central Japan Railway Company and Railway Technical Research Institute (association of
Inductrack System (Permanent Magnet EDS)	Failsafe Suspension - no power required to activate magnets; Magnetic field is localized below the car; can generate enough force at low speeds (around 5 km/h) to levitate maglev train; in case of power failure cars slow down on their own safely; Halbach arrays of permanent magnets may prove more cost-effective than electromagnets	Requires either wheels or track segments that move for when the vehicle is stopped. Fail-safe or fail-secure describes a device or feature which in the event of failure, responds in a way that will cause no harm or at least a minimum of harm Suspension is the term given to the system of springs, Shock absorbers and linkages that connects a Vehicle to its Wheels Suspension A Halbach array is a special arrangement of permanent Magnets that augments the magnetic field on one side of the array while cancelling the field to near zero on the other New technology that is still under development (as of 2008) and as yet has no commercial version or full scale system prototype.

Neither Inductrack nor the Superconducting EDS are able to levitate vehicles at a standstill, although Inductrack provides levitation down to a much lower speed. Wheels are required for these systems. EMS systems are wheel-less. A wheel is a circular device that is capable of rotating on its axis facilitating movement or transportation whilst supporting a load ( Mass) or performing labour in machines

The German Transrapid, Japanese HSST (Linimo), and Korean Rotem EMS maglevs levitate at a standstill, with electricity extracted from guideway using power rails for the latter two, and wirelessly for Transrapid. If guideway power is lost on the move, the Transrapid is still able to generate levitation down to 10 km/h speed, using the power from onboard batteries. This is not the case with the HSST and Rotem systems.

Propulsion

An EMS system can provide both levitation and propulsion using an onboard linear motor. Levitation (from Latin levitas "lightness" is the process by which an object is suspended against Gravity, in a stable position Ground propulsion is a different term than transport because it refers to solid bodies being propelled EDS systems can only levitate the train using the magnets onboard, not propel it forward. As such, vehicles need some other technology for propulsion. Ground propulsion is a different term than transport because it refers to solid bodies being propelled A linear motor (propulsion coils) mounted in the track is one solution. Over long distances where the cost of propulsion coils could be prohibitive, a propeller or jet engine could be used. A propeller is essentially a type of fan which transmits power by converting Rotational motion into Thrust for propulsion of a vehicle such as an specific --->A jet engine is a Reaction engine that discharges a fast moving jet of Fluid to

Stability

Earnshaw's theorem shows that any combination of static magnets cannot be in a stable equilibrium. Earnshaw's theorem states that a collection of Point charges cannot be maintained in a stable stationary equilibrium configuration solely by the Electrostatic However, the various levitation systems achieve stable levitation by violating the assumptions of Earnshaw's theorem. Earnshaw's theorem assumes that the magnets are static and unchanging in field strength and that permeability is constant everywhere. In Electromagnetism, permeability is the degree of Magnetization of a material that responds linearly to an applied Magnetic field. EMS systems rely on active electronic stabilization. Stabilizer (spelt stabiliser in UK English may mean Stabilizer (aircraft, surfaces to help keep aircraft under control Stabilizer Such systems constantly measure the bearing distance and adjust the electromagnet current accordingly. All EDS systems are moving systems (no EDS system can levitate the train unless it is in motion).

Pros and cons of maglev

Maglev vs. conventional trains

Maglev trains are not compatible with conventional track, and therefore require all new infrastructure for their entire route. By contrast conventional high speed trains such as the TGV are able to run at reduced speeds on existing rail infrastructure, thus reducing expenditure where new infrastructure would be particularly expensive (such as the final approaches to city terminals), or on extensions where traffic does not justify new infrastructure.

Due to the lack of physical contact between the track and the vehicle, Maglev trains experience no rolling friction, leaving only air resistance and electromagnetic drag, potentially improving power efficiency. Friction is the Force resisting the relative motion of two Surfaces in contact or a surface in contact with a fluid (e In Fluid dynamics, drag (sometimes called fluid resistance) is the force that resists the movement of a Solid object through a Fluid (a ^[9]

The weight of the large electromagnets in EMS and EDS designs is a major design issue. An electromagnet is a type of Magnet in which the Magnetic field is produced by the flow of an electric current. A very strong magnetic field is required to levitate a massive train. A train is a connected series of vehicles that move along a track ( Permanent way) to transport freight or passengers from one place to another For this reason one research path is using superconductors to improve the efficiency of the electromagnets.

The high speed of some maglev trains translates to more sound due to air displacement, which gets louder as the trains go faster. A study found that high speed maglev trains are 5 dB noisier than traditional trains. ^[10][11] At low speeds, however, maglev trains are nearly silent. However, two trains passing at a combined 1,000 km/h has been successfully demonstrated without major problems in Japan.

Braking issues and overhead wire wear are problems for the Fastech 360 railed Shinkansen. Fastech 360 is an experimental train developed by East Japan Railway Company (JR East to test technology for the next-generation Shinkansen rolling stock and can Maglev would eliminate these issues, but not the noise pollution issue.

Issues relating to magnets are also a factor. See suspension types.

As linear motors must fit within or straddle their track over the full length of the train, track design is challenging for anything other than point-to-point services. Curves must be gentle and avoid camber, while switches are very long and need care to avoid breaks in current. This article primarily uses North American terminology British and Commonwealth terms are given in parentheses

Maglev needs very fast-responding control systems to maintain a stable height above the track; this needs careful design in the event of a failure in order to avoid crashing into the track during a power fluctuation.

Maglev vs aircraft

One advantage of maglev's higher speed would be extension of the serviceable area (3 hours radius) that can outcompete subsonic commercial aircraft.

For many systems, it is possible to define a lift-to-drag ratio. In Aerodynamics, the lift-to-drag ratio, or L/D ratio ("ell-over-dee" in the US "ell-dee" in the UK is the amount of lift generated These ratios can exceed that of aircraft (for example Inductrack can approach 200:1 at high speed, far higher than any aircraft). Inductrack is a completely passive, Fail-safe Magnetic levitation system using only unpowered loops of wire in the track and permanent magnets (arranged This can make it more efficient per mile, and potentially give greater range.

Aircraft travel at high altitude where the airdrag is lower, and hence can travel faster, and can service more destinations.

Economics

The Shanghai maglev cost 9. 93 billion yuan (US$1. 2 billion) to build. ^[12] This total includes infrastructure capital costs such as manufacturing and construction facilities, and operational training. At 50 yuan per passenger^[13] and the current 7,000 passengers per day, income from the system is incapable of recouping the capital costs (including interest on financing) over the expected lifetime of the system, even ignoring operating costs.

China aims to limit the cost of future construction extending the maglev line to approximately 200 million yuan (US$24. 6 million) per kilometer. ^[12] These costs compare competitively with airport construction (e. g. , Hong Kong Airport cost US$20 billion to build in 1998) and eight-lane Interstate highway systems that cost around US$50 million per mile (US$31 million per kilometer) in the US. Hong Kong International Airport is the main airport in Hong Kong. The Dwight D Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, commonly called the Interstate Highway System (or simply the Interstate System)

While high-speed maglevs are expensive to build, they are less expensive to operate and maintain than traditional high-speed trains, planes or intercity buses. Data from the Shanghai maglev project indicates that operation and maintenance costs are covered by the current relatively low volume of 7,000 passengers per day. Passenger volumes on the Pudong International Airport line are expected to rise dramatically once the line is extended from Longyang Road metro station all the way to Shanghai's downtown train depot.

The proposed Chūō Shinkansen maglev in Japan is estimated to cost approximately US$82 billion to build, with a route blasting long tunnels through mountains. Chūō Shinkansen (中央新幹線 is a proposed maglev line connecting Tokyo, Nagoya, and Osaka, Japan, a culmination of the Chūō Shinkansen (中央新幹線 is a proposed maglev line connecting Tokyo, Nagoya, and Osaka, Japan, a culmination of the A Tokaido maglev route replacing current Shinkansen would cost some 1/10th the cost, as no new tunnel blasting would be needed, but noise pollution issues would make it infeasible. The is the busiest trunk line of Japan Railway (JR connecting Tokyo Station and Kobe Station.

The only low-speed maglev (100 km/h) currently operational, the Japanese Linimo HSST, cost approximately US$100 million/km to build. formally the is a Magnetic levitation train line in Aichi, Japan, near the city of Nagoya. ^[14] Besides offering improved operation and maintenance costs over other transit systems, these low-speed maglevs provide ultra-high levels of operational reliability and introduce little noise and zero air pollution into dense urban settings.

As maglev systems are deployed around the world, experts expect construction costs to drop as new construction methods are perfected.

History of maximum speed record by a trial run

• 1971 - West Germany - Prinzipfahrzeug - 90 km/h
• 1971 - West Germany -TR-02(TSST)- 164 km/h
• 1972 - Japan - ML100 - 60 km/h - (manned)
• 1973 - West Germany - TR04 - 250 km/h (manned)
• 1974 - West Germany - EET-01 - 230 km/h (unmanned)
• 1975 - West Germany - Komet - 401. " Tsst," (also known as " The Dog Whisperer," is episode #146 of Comedy Central 's Animated Comedy Tv series, 3 km/h (by steam rocket propulsion, unmanned)
• 1978 - Japan - HSST-01 - 307. 8 km/h (by supporting rockets propulsion, made in Nissan, unmanned)
• 1978 - Japan - HSST-02 - 110 km/h (manned)
• 1979-12-12 - Japan-ML-500R - 504 km/h (unmanned) It succeeds in operation over 500 km/h for the first time in the world. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian
• 1979-12-21 - Japan -ML-500R- 517 km/h (unmanned)
• 1987 - West Germany - TR06 - 406 km/h (manned)
• 1987 - Japan - MLU001 - 400. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian 8 km/h (manned)
• 1988 - West Germany - TR-06 - 412. 6 km/h (manned)
• 1989 - West Germany - TR-07 - 436 km/h (manned)　
• 1993 - Germany - TR-07 - 450 km/h (manned)
• 1994 - Japan - MLU002N - 431 km/h (unmanned)
• 1997 - Japan - MLX01 - 531 km/h (manned)
• 1997 - Japan - MLX01 - 550 km/h (unmanned)
• 1999 - Japan - MLX01 - 548 km/h (unmanned)
• 1999 - Japan - MLX01 - 552 km/h (manned/five formation).

Guinness authorization. Guinness World Records, known until 2000 as The Guinness Book of Records (and in previous U

• 2003 - China - TR-08 - 501 km/h (manned)
• 2003 - Japan - MLX01 - 581 km/h (manned/three formation).

Existing maglev systems

Emsland, Germany

Main article: Emsland test facility

Transrapid, a German maglev company, has a test track in Emsland with a total length of 31. The Emsland Transrapid Test Facility (TVE is a testing site for Transrapid trains in Emsland, Germany. The Emsland Transrapid Test Facility (TVE is a testing site for Transrapid trains in Emsland, Germany. Transrapid is a German high-speed monorail train using magnetic levitation. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Landkreis Emsland is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany named after the river Ems. 5 km (19. 6 mi). A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States The single track line runs between Dörpen and Lathen with turning loops at each end. Dörpen is a municipality in the Emsland district in Lower Saxony, Germany. Lathen is a municipality in the Emsland district in Lower Saxony, Germany. The trains regularly run at up to 420 km/h (261 mph). The construction of the test facility began in 1980 and finished in 1984.

JR-Maglev, Japan

Main article: JR-Maglev

Japan has a demonstration line in Yamanashi prefecture where test trains JR-Maglev MLX01 have reached 581 km/h (361 mph), slightly faster than any wheeled trains (the current TGV speed record is 574. JR-Maglev is a Magnetic levitation train system developed by the Central Japan Railway Company and Railway Technical Research Institute (association of For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. WikipediaWikiProject Japanese prefectures for guidelines --> is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of the island of JR-Maglev is a Magnetic levitation train system developed by the Central Japan Railway Company and Railway Technical Research Institute (association of The TGV ( t rain à g rande v itesse, French for "high-speed train" is France 's High-speed rail service 8 km/h, 357. 0 mph).

These trains use superconducting magnets which allow for a larger gap, and repulsive-type Electro-Dynamic Suspension (EDS). A superconducting magnet is an Electromagnet that is built using superconducting coils In comparison Transrapid uses conventional electromagnets and attractive-type Electro-Magnetic Suspension (EMS). These "Superconducting Maglev Shinkansen", developed by the Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central) and Kawasaki Heavy Industries, are currently the fastest trains in the world, achieving a record speed of 581 km/h on December 2, 2003. The ( is the main railway company operating in the Chūbu ( Nagoya) region of central Japan. ( is an international corporation based in Japan. It has headquarters in both Chūō-ku, Kobe and Minato Tokyo. Determination of the fastest railed vehicle in the world varies depending on the definition of " rail " Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Yamanashi Prefecture residents (and government officials) can sign up to ride this for free, and some 100,000 have done so already.

Linimo (Tobu Kyuryo Line, Japan)

Main article: Linimo

The world's first commercial automated "Urban Maglev" system commenced operation in March 2005 in Aichi, Japan. formally the is a Magnetic levitation train line in Aichi, Japan, near the city of Nagoya. Automation ( Ancient Greek: = self dictated) roboticization or industrial automation or Numerical control is the use of Control systems WikipediaWikiProject Japanese prefectures for guidelines --> is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region. This is the nine-station 8. 9 km long Tobu-kyuryo Line, otherwise known as the Linimo. formally the is a Magnetic levitation train line in Aichi, Japan, near the city of Nagoya. The line has a minimum operating radius of 75 m and a maximum gradient of 6%. The linear-motor magnetic-levitated train has a top speed of 100 km/h. The line serves the local community as well as the Expo 2005 fair site. Expo 2005 was the World's Fair held in Aichi Prefecture, Japan, east of the city of Nagoya. The trains were designed by the Chubu HSST Development Corporation, which also operates a test track in Nagoya. Urban-type maglevs patterned after the HSST have been constructed and demonstrated in Korea, and a Korean commercial version Rotem is now under construction in Daejeon and projected to go into operation by April 2007. Daejeon ( is a capital city of Chungcheongnamdo Province and metropolitan city in the center of South Korea.

FTA's UMTD program

In the US, the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) Urban Maglev Technology Demonstration program has funded the design of several low-speed urban maglev demonstration projects. The Federal Transit Administration ( FTA) is an agency within the United States Department of Transportation (DOT that provides financial and technical assistance It has assessed HSST for the Maryland Department of Transportation and maglev technology for the Colorado Department of Transportation. The Maryland Department of Transportation ( MDOT) is a Government agency in the U The FTA has also funded work by General Atomics at California University of Pennsylvania to demonstrate new maglev designs, the MagneMotion M3 and of the Maglev2000 of Florida superconducting EDS system. General Atomics is a nuclear physics and Defense contractor headquartered in San Diego California. California University of Pennsylvania (commonly referred to as Cal U) is a Public university located in California Pennsylvania, USA. Other US urban maglev demonstration projects of note are the LEVX in Washington State and the Massachusetts-based Magplane.

Southwest Jiaotong University, China

On December 31, 2000, the first crewed high-temperature superconducting maglev was tested successfully at Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Southwest Jiaotong University 西南交通大学 Pinyin xī'nán jiāotōng dàxué is one of the oldest and most prestigious universities in mainland China. This system is based on the principle that bulk high-temperature superconductors can be levitated or suspended stably above or below a permanent magnet. The load was over 530 kg (1166 lb) and the levitation gap over 20 mm (0. The pound or pound-mass (abbreviation lb, lbm, or sometimes in the United States #) is a unit of Mass 79 in). Inches redirects here To see the Les Savy Fav album see Inches. The system uses liquid nitrogen, which is very cheap, to cool the superconductor. Liquid nitrogen (liquid density at the Triple point is 0707 g/mL is the liquid produced industrially in large quantities by Fractional distillation of Superconductivity is a phenomenon occurring in certain Materials generally at very low Temperatures characterized by exactly zero electrical resistance

Shanghai Maglev Train

Main article: Shanghai Maglev Train

Transrapid, in Germany, constructed the first operational high-speed conventional maglev railway in the world, the Shanghai Maglev Train from downtown Shanghai (Shanghai Metro) to the Pudong International Airport. Shanghai Maglev Train (Shanghai Transrapid) ( is the first commercial high-speed maglev line in the world Transrapid is a German high-speed monorail train using magnetic levitation. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million The Shanghai Metro is the urban Rapid transit system of China's largest city Shanghai. Shanghai Pudong International Airport ( ( is a major Aviation hub in Asia, particularly in the East Asian region and is the primary international It was inaugurated in 2002. The highest speed achieved on the Shanghai track has been 501 km/h (311 mph), over a track length of 30 km. Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million The plan for the Shanghai-Hangzhou Maglev Train was approved by the central government in February 2006, with plans for completion by 2010. Shanghai-Hangzhou Maglev Train is a proposed maglev train line from Shanghai to Hangzhou, to be built by Germany 's Transrapid consortium

Under construction

Old Dominion University

A track of less than a mile in length has been constructed at Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia, USA. Old Dominion University (ODU is a large public Research university located in historic Norfolk Virginia. Norfolk is an Independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Although the system was initially built by AMT, problems caused the company to abandon the project and turn it over to the University. ^[15][16] The system is currently not operational, but research is ongoing to resolve stability issues with the system. This system uses a "smart train, dumb track" that involves most of the sensors, magnets, and computation occurring on the train rather than the track. This system will cost less to build per mile than existing systems. The $14 million originally planned did not allow for completion.

AMT Test Track - Powder Springs, Georgia

The same principle is involved in the construction of a second prototype system in Powder Springs, Georgia, USA, by American Maglev Technology, Inc.

Proposed systems

Main article: Maglev train proposals

Many maglev systems have been proposed in various nations of North America, Asia, and Europe. This is a list of proposed Maglev trains worldwide Europe Germany Munich: A Transrapid connection of the Bavarian Many are still in the early planning stages, or even mere speculation, as with the transatlantic tunnel. A transatlantic tunnel is a theoretical Tunnel which would span the Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe and would carry Mass But a few of the following examples have progressed beyond that point.

United Kingdom

Main article: UK Ultraspeed

London – Glasgow: A maglev line was recently proposed in the United Kingdom from London to Glasgow with several route options through the Midlands, Northwest and Northeast of England and was reported to be under favourable consideration by the government. The UK Ultraspeed line is a proposed magnetic-levitation train line between London and Glasgow, linking Birmingham, Manchester and London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located But the technology was rejected for future planning in the Government White Paper Delivering a Sustainable Railway published on July 24, 2007. A white paper is an authoritative report or guide that often addresses problems and how to solve them Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ^[17]. Another high speed link is being planned between Glasgow and Edinburgh but there is no settled technology for it. ^[18][19][20]

Japan

Tokyo — Nagoya — Osaka

The plan for the Chuo Shinkansen bullet train system was finalized based on the Law for Construction of Countrywide Shinkansen. Chūō Shinkansen (中央新幹線 is a proposed maglev line connecting Tokyo, Nagoya, and Osaka, Japan, a culmination of the The Linear Chuo Shinkansen Project aims to realize this plan using the Superconductive Magnetically Levitated Train, which connects Tokyo and Osaka by way of Nagoya, the capital city of Aichi, in approximately one hour at a speed of 500 km/h. WikipediaWikiProject Japanese prefectures for guidelines --> is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region. In April 2007, JR Central President Masayuki Matsumoto said that JR Central aims to begin commercial maglev service between Tokyo and Nagoya in the year 2025. The ( is the main railway company operating in the Chūbu ( Nagoya) region of central Japan.

Linear Chuo Shinkansen Project

Venezuela

Caracas – La Guaira: A maglev train has been proposed to connect the capital city Caracas to the main port town of La Guaira and Simón Bolívar International Airport. Caracas (kaˈɾakas is the Capital and largest city of Venezuela. La Güaira is the capital of the Venezuelan state of Vargas and the country's chief port La Güaira is the capital of the Venezuelan state of Vargas and the country's chief port Simón Bolívar International Airport of Maiquetia (Spanish Aeropuerto Internacional de Maiquetia Simón Bolívar) is located in Maiquetía, Venezuela No budget has been allocated, pending definition of the route, although a route of between six and nine km has been suggested. The proposal envisages that, initially, a full-sized prototype train would be built with about one kilometre of test track.

In proposing a maglev system, its improved life and performance over mechanical engines were cited as important factors, as well as improving comfort, safety, economics and environmental impact over conventional rail. ^[21]

China

Shanghai – Hangzhou: China decided to extend Shanghai airport Maglev line, initially by some 35 kilometers to Hong Qiao airport before the World Expo 2010, and later by 200 kilometers to the city of Hangzhou (Shanghai-Hangzhou Maglev Train). Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million ( Postal map spelling: Hangchow) is a Sub-provincial city located in the Yangtze River Delta in the People's Republic of China, Shanghai Maglev Train (Shanghai Transrapid) ( is the first commercial high-speed maglev line in the world Expo 2010 will be held in Shanghai, China and is a scheduled World Expo in the grand tradition of international Fairs and expositions Shanghai-Hangzhou Maglev Train is a proposed maglev train line from Shanghai to Hangzhou, to be built by Germany 's Transrapid consortium This will make it the first inter-city maglev rail line in commercial service. InterCity (commonly abbreviated IC on timetables and tickets is the classification applied to certain long-distance Passenger train services in Talks with Germany and Transrapid Konsortium about the details of the construction contracts have started. Transrapid is a German high-speed monorail train using magnetic levitation. On March 7, 2006, the Chinese Minister of Transportation was quoted by several Chinese and Western newspapers as saying the line was approved. Events 161 - Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.

However the extension has not been universally welcomed; in January and February 2008 hundreds of residents demonstrated in downtown Shanghai against the line being built too close to their homes, citing concerns about sickness due to exposure to the strong magnetic field, noise, pollution and devaluation of property near to the lines. ^[22]

China also intends to build a factory in Nanhui district to produce low-speed maglev trains for urban use. Nanhui District ( formerly Nanhui County, is a district of Shanghai. ^[23]

India

Mumbai – Delhi: A maglev line project was presented to India's transportation minister Lalu Prasad by an American company. Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population Lalu Prasad Yadav, sometimes spelt as Laloo Prasad or Lalloo Prasad ( Devanāgarī: लालू प्रसाद यादव Lālu Prasād (born June If approved, this line would serve between the cities of Mumbai and Delhi, the Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said that if the line project is successful the Indian government would build lines between other cities and also between Mumbai centre and Chattrapati Shivaji International Airport. Manmohan Singh (ਮਨਮੋਹਨ ਸਿੰਘ (born 26 September 1932 is the 17th Mumbai maglev train

State of Maharashtra has also approved feasibility study for Maglev train between Mumbai, which is commercial capital of India and state govt capital and Nagpur, which is second capital of the state and about 1000 km away. It plans to connect developed area of Mumbai and Pune with Nagpur via underdeveloped hinterland via Ahmednagar, Beed, Latur, Nanded and Yavatmal.

United States

California-Nevada Interstate Maglev: High-speed maglev lines between major cities of southern California and Las Vegas are also being studied via the California-Nevada Interstate Maglev Project. The California-Nevada Interstate Maglev project is proposing the construction of a 269-mile Maglev Train line from Las Vegas Nevada to Anaheim California Las Vegas ( Spanish: "The Meadows" is the most populous City in the state of Nevada, the seat of Clark County, and an internationally This plan was originally supposed to be part of an I-5 or I-15 expansion plan, but the federal government has ruled it must be separated from interstate public work projects.

Since the federal government decision, private groups from Nevada have proposed a line running from Las Vegas to Los Angeles with stops in Primm, Nevada; Baker, California; and points throughout San Bernardino County into Los Angeles. Primm (often called Primm Valley, after one of its casinos is a tiny community in Clark County, Nevada, United States, primarily notable for Baker is an unincorporated community located in San Bernardino County, California, USA San Bernardino County is a county in the US state of California. Southern California politicians have not been receptive to these proposals; many are concerned that a high speed rail line out of state would drive out dollars that would be spent in state "on a rail" to Nevada.

Baltimore-Washington D.C. Maglev: A 64 km project has been proposed linking Camden Yards in Baltimore and Baltimore-Washington International (BWI) Airport to Union Station in Washington, D. The Baltimore-Washington DC Maglev project is a proposal from the United States cities of Baltimore Maryland and Washington D C. It is in demand for the area due to its current traffic/congestion problems.

The Pennsylvania Project: The Pennsylvania High-Speed Maglev Project corridor extends from the Pittsburgh International Airport to Greensburg, with intermediate stops in downtown Pittsburgh and Monroeville. This initial project will serve a population of approximately 2. 4 million people in the Pittsburgh metropolitan area. The Baltimore proposal is competing with the Pittsburgh proposal for a $90 million federal grant. The point of the project is to see if the Maglev system can function properly in a U. S. city environment. ^[24]

San Diego-Imperial County airport: In 2006 San Diego commissioned a study for a maglev line to a proposed airport located in Imperial County. SANDAG says that the concept would be an "airports without runways", allowing passengers to check in at a terminal in San Diego ("satellite terminals") and take the maglev to Imperial airport and board the plane there as if they went directly through the terminal in the Imperial location. The San Diego Association of Governments (abbreviated SANDAG) is an association of local San Diego County governments In addition, the maglev would have the potential to carry high priority freight. Further studies have been requested although no funding has yet been agreed. ^[25]

Germany

On September 25, 2007, Bavaria announced it would build the high-speed maglev - rail service from Munich city to its airport. Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status An airport is a location where Aircraft such as airplanes, Helicopters and blimps take off and land The Bavarian government signed contract with Deutsche Bahn and Transrapid with Siemens and ThyssenKrupp for the 1. Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A contract is an exchange of promises between two or more parties to do or refrain from doing an act which is enforceable in a court of law Deutsche Bahn AG ( DB AG, DBAG or DB) is the German national Railway company Transrapid is a German high-speed monorail train using magnetic levitation. ThyssenKrupp AG ( is a large German industrial conglomerate, with more than 200000 employees 85 billion euro ($2. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e 6 billion) project. For all other uses see Project (disambiguation. A project, as defined in the field of Project management, consists of a temporary ^[26]

On March 27, 2008, the German Transport minister announced the project had been canceled due to rising costs associated with constructing the track. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates The Federal Ministry of Transport Building and Urban Affairs (Bundesministerium für Verkehr Bau und Stadtentwicklung is a Ministry of Germany. A new estimate put the project between 3. 2 and 3. 4 billion euros. ^[27]

Significant incidents

The MLU002 (Japan) test train was completely consumed in a fire in Miyazaki. As a result, the political opposition claimed maglev was a waste of public money. New designs were made.

On August 11, 2006 a fire broke out on the Shanghai commercial Transrapid, shortly after leaving the terminal in Longyang. Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Transrapid is a German high-speed monorail train using magnetic levitation.

For more details, see Transrapid

Main article: 2006 Lathen maglev train accident

On September 22, 2006 an elevated Transrapid train collided with a maintenance vehicle on a test run in Lathen (Lower Saxony / north-western Germany). Transrapid is a German high-speed monorail train using magnetic levitation. The 2006 Lathen maglev train accident occurred on September 22, 2006 when a Transrapid Magnetic levitation (or " maglev " Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Transrapid is a German high-speed monorail train using magnetic levitation. Twenty-three people were killed and ten were injured. These were the first fatalities resulting from a Maglev train accident. Note though, this accident was caused by human error. ^[28]

See also

• Birmingham International Airport (UK), former home of world's first commercial maglev line
• Chūō Shinkansen, planned Tokyo-Osaka maglev Shinkansen line
• Ground effect train
• High-speed rail
• Transrapid
• JR-Maglev MLX01
• Land speed record for railed vehicles
• Launch loop would be a maglev system for launching to orbit or escape velocity
• Linear motor
• Magnetic levitation
• Mass driver
• Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line
• SkyTrain (Vancouver)
• SkyTran Personal Rapid Transit Maglev
• Shanghai Maglev Train
• Shanghai-Hangzhou Maglev Train, proposed maglev line in China
• Railway

Notes

Further reading

• Heller, Arnie. "A New Approach for Magnetically Levitating Trains--and Rockets", Science & Technology Review, June 1998.  
• Hood, Christopher P. (2006). Shinkansen – From Bullet Train to Symbol of Modern Japan. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-32052-6.  
• Moon, Francis C. (1994). Superconducting Levitation Applications to Bearings and Magnetic Transportation. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 0-471-55925-3.  
• Simmons, Jack; Biddle, Gordon (1997). The Oxford Companion to British Railway History: From 1603 to the 1990s. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 303. ISBN 0-19-211697-5.  

External links

• United States Federal Railroad Administration
• Transrapid
• The UK Ultraspeed Project
• Japanese Railway Technical Research Institute (RTRI)
• Open Directory
• Documentary video about the Japanese maglev
• Pics and info about moderate and high speed maglevs
• Maglev review and pics
• AMLEV MDS System
• Birmingham's Maglev sytem (BBC)
• Magnetic Levitation (Maglev) for Transportation

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