The Madrigal is an Italian musical form of the 14th century. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The form flourished ca. 1300 – 1370 with a short revival near 1400. It was a composition for two (or rarely three) voices, sometimes on a pastoral subject. In its earliest development it was simple construction: Francesco da Barberino in 1300 called it a "raw and chaotic singalong".
Its origins are obscure, and debated, with one school of thought seeing it as a secular mutation of the conductus of the ars antiqua, and another seeing it as deriving from 13th century secular monophonic song with an improvised accompaniment. In Medieval music, conductus (plural conductus) is a type of sacred but non-liturgical vocal composition for one or more voices Ars antiqua, also called ars veterum or ars vetus, refers to the music of Europe of the late Middle Ages between approximately Little Italian music from the 13th century has survived, so links between medieval forms such as the conductus and troubadour song and the music of the trecento are largely inferential. A troubadour ( IPA:, originally) was a composer and performer of Occitan Lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages (1100&ndash1350
The earliest stage in the development of the madrigal is seen in the Rossi Codex, a collection of music from ca. The Rossi Codex is a music manuscript collection of the 14th century. 1350 or earlier, compiled around 1370. It has been suggested that the ornamentation of the upper voices may be improvised above a skeletal structure. [1]
In the madrigal's later stages of development its uppermost voice was often highly elaborate, with the lower voice, the tenor, much less so. The form at this time was probably a development of connoisseurs, and sung by small groups of cognoscenti; there is no evidence of its widespread popularity, unlike the madrigal of the 16th century. By the end of the 14th century it had fallen out of favor, with other forms (in particular, the ballata and imported French music) taking precedence, some of which were even more highly refined and ornamented. The ballata (plural ballate) is an Italian poetic and Musical form, which was in use from the late 13th to the 15th century
The text of the madrigal is divided into three sections: two strophes called terzetti set to the same music and a concluding section called the ritornello usually in a different meter. Strophe ( Greek στροφή, turn bend twist, see also Phrase) is a concept in versification which properly A string trio is a group of three String instruments or a piece written for such a group In Baroque music, ritornello was the word for a recurring passage for Orchestra in the first or final movement of a Solo concerto or Aria The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International
By the beginning of 15th century the term was no longer used musically. The later 16th century madrigal is unrelated, although it often used texts written in the 14th century (for instance by Petrarch). A madrigal is a type of Secular vocal music composition written during the Renaissance and early Baroque eras Francesco Petrarca ( July 20, 1304 – July 19, 1374) known in English as Petrarch, was an Italian scholar
Important composers of the madrigal in the Trecento include:
- Jacopo da Bologna
- Giovanni da Cascia
- Vincenzo da Rimini
- Maestro Piero
- Lorenzo da Firenze
- Niccolò da Perugia
- Francesco Landini
- Donato da Cascia
- Johannes Ciconia (later revivalist)
See also
References and further reading
- Richard H. The Trecento (Italian for 300 or from "mille trecento" 1300 refers to the 14th century in Italian cultural history Jacopo da Bologna (fl 1340 &ndash 1360) was an Italian composer of the Trecento, the period sometimes known as the Italian ars nova Vincenzo da Rimini, also Magister Dominus Abbas de Arimino, L’abate Vincençio da Imola, Frate Vincenço, was an Italian composer of the medieval Maestro Piero ( Magister Piero, Piero) (b before 1300 d shortly after 1350 was an Italian composer of the late medieval era Lorenzo da Firenze (Magister Laurentius de Florentia Masini (d Niccolò da Perugia (also Nicolò) (fl second half of the 14th century) was an Italian composer of the Trecento, the musical period also known Francesco Landini or Landino (around 1325 &ndash September 2, 1397) was an Italian Composer, organist, singer poet Donato da Cascia (also da Firenze or da Florentia) (fl c 1350 &ndash 1370) was an Italian composer of the Trecento. Johannes Ciconia (c 1335 or c 1370 &ndash between June 10 and July 12, 1412) was a late medieval Composer and music theorist The Trecento was a period of vigorous activity in Italy in the arts including painting architecture literature and music Hoppin, Medieval Music. New York, W. W. Norton & Co. , 1978. ISBN 0-393-09090-6
- Harold Gleason and Warren Becker, Music in the Middle Ages and Renaissance (Music Literature Outlines Series I). Bloomington, Indiana. Frangipani Press, 1986. ISBN 0-89917-034-X
Notes
- ^ Brooks Toliver, “Improvisation in the Madrigals of the Rossi Codex,” Acta musicologica 64 (1992), pp. 165–76.
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