Ulugh Beg Madrasa, Samarkand, ca. Samarkand (Samarqand Самарқанд سمرقند UniPers: "Samarqand" is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of 1912

Madrasah (Arabic: مدرسة, madrasa pl. madāris) is the Arabic word for any type of school, secular or religious (of any religion). Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Plural is a Grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the Referent in the real world A school (from Greek σχολεῖον - scholeion) is an Institution designed to allow and encourage Students (or "pupils" It is variously transliterated as madrasah, madarasaa, medresa, madrassa, madraza, madarsa, etc. Different approaches and methods for the Romanization of Arabic exist

• Madrasa Islamia translates as 'Islamic school'.
• Madrasa deeneya translates as 'religious school'.
• Madrasa khasa translates as 'private school'.

Definition

Young madrasah pupils in Mauritania. Mauritania (موريتانيا Mūrītāniyā officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country They learn parts of the Qur'an from wooden tablets.

The word madrasah is derived regularly from the triconsonantal root د-ر-س (d-r-s), which relates to learning or teaching, through the wazn (form/stem) (مفعل(ة mafʻal(a), meaning "a place where X is done"; therefore, madrasah literally means "a place where learning/teaching is done". In the terminology used to discuss the grammar of the Semitic languages and some other Afro-Asiatic languages, a triliteral ( Arabic: جذر ثلاثي The word is also present as a loanword with the same innocuous meaning in many Arabic-influenced languages such as Urdu, Bengali, Hindi, Persian, Turkish, Kurdish, Indonesian, Malay and Bosnian. A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one Language from another with little or no translation Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. The Kurdish language (Kurdish Kurdî or کوردی is a term used for the language spoken by Kurds. Indonesian or Bahasa Indonesia, based on the Riau version of Malay language, was declared the official language with the declaration of The Malay language ( ISO 639-1 code MS is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people and people of other ethnic groups who reside in the Bosnian language (Bosnian bosanski jezik) sometimes referred as Bosniak language or Bosniac language is a South Slavic language native ^[1] In the Arabic language, the word مدرسة implies no sense other than that which the word school represents in the English language, such as private, public or parochial school, as well as for any primary or secondary school whether Muslim, non-Muslim or secular. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Secularity ( adjective form secular) is the state of being separate from Religion. Unlike the understanding of the word school in British English, the word madrasah is like the term school in American English, in that it can refer to a university-level or post-graduate school. The correct Arabic word for a university, however, is جامعة (jāmaʿat). The Hebrew cognate midrasha also connotes the meaning of a place of learning. Cognates in Linguistics are words that have a common origin They may occur within a language such as shirt and skirt as two English words descended from A he-Latn midrasha ( Hebrew: he מדרשה, pl he-Latn midrashot/s) refers to an institute of Jewish studies for women

It is important to note here that there have been negative connotations applied to the word by news reports in Europe and the United States, in which madrasahs are often incorrectly inferred to be Islamic religious schools. "Madrasa" and "Medrese" redirect here For the village in Azerbaijan see Mədrəsə. Madrasahs are simply schools, and as with schools anywhere in the world, they may have different affiliations and curriculum.

A typical Islamic school usually offers two courses of study: a hifz course; that is memorisation of the Qur'an (the person who commits the entire Qur'an to memory is called a hafiz); and an 'alim course leading the candidate to become an accepted scholar in the community. Hafith or Hafiz ( Arabic: حافظ قرآن or حافظ plural huffaz) literally meaning 'guardian' is a term used by Muslims in modern The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Hafith or Hafiz ( Arabic: حافظ قرآن or حافظ plural huffaz) literally meaning 'guardian' is a term used by Muslims in modern Ulema ( ar علماء,, singular ar عالِم,, "scholar" refers to the educated class of Muslim legal scholars engaged in the several A regular curriculum includes courses in Arabic, Tafsir (Qur'anic interpretation), shari'ah (Islamic law), Hadith (recorded sayings and deeds of Prophet Muhammad), Mantiq (logic), and Muslim History. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Tafsir ( Arabic: تفسير, tafsīr, "interpretation" is the Arabic word for Exegesis Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Logic is the study of the principles of valid demonstration and Inference. Muslim history began in Arabia with the Muhammad 's first recitations of the Qur'an in the 7th century Depending on the educational demands, some madrasahs also offer additional advanced courses in Arabic literature, English and other foreign languages, as well as science and world history. Arabic literature ( Arabic: الأدب العربي Al-Adab Al-Arabi) is the writing produced both Prose and Poetry, by speakers

People of all ages attend, and many often move on to becoming imams. An imam (إمام plural ائمة A'immah, امام is an Islamic leader often the leader of a Mosque and/or community The certificate of an ‘alim for example, requires approximately twelve years of study. A good number of the huffaz (plural of hafiz) are the product of the madrasahs. Hafith or Hafiz ( Arabic: حافظ قرآن or حافظ plural huffaz) literally meaning 'guardian' is a term used by Muslims in modern The madrasahs also resemble colleges, where people take evening classes and reside in dormitories. An important function of the madrasahs is to admit orphans and poor children in order to provide them with education and training. Madrasahs may enroll female students; however, they study separately from the men. There are examples of all-female madrasahs.

In South Africa, the madrasahs also play an important socio-cultural role in giving after-school religious instruction to Muslim children who attend government or private non-religious schools. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa However, increasing numbers of more affluent Muslim children attend full-fledged private Islamic Schools which combine secular and religious education. Among Muslims of Indian origin, madrasahs also used to provide instruction in Urdu, although this is far less common today than it used to be. The majority of South Africa's Asian population is Indian in origin many of them descended from indentured workers brought to work on the sugar plantations of the eastern coastal area then known Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised

History

Madrassa Osman ef. Redžović in Visoko, Bosnia was rebuilt shortly after the Bosnian war. The War in Bosnia and Herzegovina, commonly known as the Bosnian War, was an international armed conflict that took place between March 1992 and November 1995

Madrasahs did not exist in the early period of Islam. Their formation can probably be traced to the early Islamic custom of meeting in mosques to discuss religious issues. At this early stage, people seeking religious knowledge tended to gather around certain more knowledgable Muslims; these informal teachers later became known as the shaykhs; and these shaykhs began to hold regular religious education sessions called majalis. Sheikh, also rendered as Sheik, Cheikh, Shaikh, and other variants ( Arabic:, shaykh Majlis (also spelled Majalis or Mejlis, Arabic مجلس is an Arabic term meaning "a place of sitting" used to describe various types of formal

Established in 859, Jami'at al-Qarawiyyin (located in Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque) in the city of Fas (Fez), is considered the oldest madrasah in the Muslim world. Events By Place Europe January 15 - Battle of Saint-Quentin Aisne: Humfrid defeats Louis the German. The University of Al-Karaouine or Al-Qarawiyyin (جامعة القرويين (other transliterations of the name include Qarawiyin Kairouyine Kairaouine Qairawiyin Qaraouyine Fes or Fez ( Arabic: فاس, French Fès is the fourth largest City in Morocco, after Casablanca, Rabat It was founded by Fatima Al-Fihri, the daughter of a wealthy merchant named Mohammed Al-Fihri.

During the late Abbasid period, the Seljuk vizier Nizam al-Mulk created the first major official academic institution known in history as the Madrasah Nizamiyah, based on the informal majalis (sessions of the shaykhs). The Seljuq (also Seljuq Turks, Seldjuks, Seldjuqs, Seljuks; in Turkish Selçuklular; in Ṣaljūqīyān; in For info about rulers of Hyderabad state, see the page Nizam state of Hyderabad. Al-Mulk, who would later be murdered by the Assassins (Hashshashin), created a system of state madrasahs (in his time they were called, the Nizamiyyahs, named after him) in various Abbasid cities at the end of the 11th century. The Hashshashin (also Hashishin, Hashashiyyin, Hashasheen or Assassins) were an offshoot of the Ismā'īlī sect of Shia

During the rule of the Fatimid^[2] and Mamluk^[3] dynasties and their successor states in the medieval Middle East, many of the ruling elite founded madrasahs through a religious endowment known as the waq'f. A waqf ( plural, awqāf; vakıf wæqəf is an inalienable religious endowment in Islam, typically devoting a building or plot of land for Muslim Not only was the madrasah a potent symbol of status but it was an effective means of transmitting wealth and status to their descendants. Especially during the Mamluk period, when only former slaves could assume power, the sons of the ruling Mamluk elite were unable to inherit. Guaranteed positions within the new madrasahs thus allowed them to maintain status. Madrasahs built in this period include the Mosque-Madrasah of Sultan Hasan in Cairo. Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt.

Universities and colleges

See also: Ijazah

The first universities in the modern sense, namely institutions of higher education and research which issue academic degrees at all levels (bachelor, master and doctorate), were medieval madrasahs known as Jami'ah founded in the 9th century. An ijazah is a certificate used primarily by Muslims to indicate that one has been authorized by a higher authority to transmit a certain subject or text of Islamic knowledge A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects Higher education is Education that is provided by universities, vocational universities, Community colleges Liberal arts colleges Research is defined as Human activity based on Intellectual application in the investigation of Matter. A degree is any of a wide range of status levels conferred by institutions of Higher education, such as universities, normally as the result of successfully completing A bachelor's degree is usually an Undergraduate Academic degree awarded for a course or major that generally lasts for three four or in some cases and A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement ^[4][5] The University of Al Karaouine in Fez, Morocco is thus recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as the oldest degree-granting university in the world with its founding in 859 by the princess Fatima al-Fihri. The University of Al-Karaouine or Al-Qarawiyyin (جامعة القرويين (other transliterations of the name include Qarawiyin Kairouyine Kairaouine Qairawiyin Qaraouyine Fes or Fez ( Arabic: فاس, French Fès is the fourth largest City in Morocco, after Casablanca, Rabat Guinness World Records, known until 2000 as The Guinness Book of Records (and in previous U ^[6] Al-Azhar University, founded in Cairo, Egypt in 975, was a Jami'ah ("university" in Arabic) which offered a variety of post-graduate degrees (ijazah),^[5] and had individual faculties^[7] for a theological seminary, Islamic law and Islamic jurisprudence, Arabic grammar, Islamic astronomy, early Islamic philosophy and logic in Islamic philosophy. Al-Azhar University (pronounced "az-HAR" الأزهر الشريف, "the Noble Azhar" in Egypt, founded in 975 is the chief centre of Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. An ijazah is a certificate used primarily by Muslims to indicate that one has been authorized by a higher authority to transmit a certain subject or text of Islamic knowledge A faculty is a division within a University. The concept of a university with different faculties for different subjects dates back to Al-Azhar University, which had A seminary, theological college, or divinity school is a specialized and often live-in Higher education institution for the purpose of instructing students Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the Arabic is a Semitic language See Arabic language for more information on the language in general Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar Logic ( Arabic: Mantiq) played an important role in Early Islamic philosophy. ^[5] The first universities in Europe were influenced in many ways by the madrasahs in Islamic Spain and the Emirate of Sicily at the time, and in the Middle East during the Crusades. Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or The Emirate of Sicily was an Islamic state on the island of Sicily from 965 to 1072. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents ^[4]

Some of the terms and concepts now used in modern universities which have Islamic origins include "the fact that we still talk of professors holding the 'Chair' of their subject" being based on the "traditional Islamic pattern of teaching where the professor sits on a chair and the students sit around him", the term 'academic circles' being derived from the way in which Islamic students "sat in a circle around their professor", and terms such as "having 'fellows', 'reading' a subject, and obtaining 'degrees', can all be traced back" to the Islamic concepts of Ashab ("companions, as of the prophet Muhammad"), Qara'a ("reading aloud the Qur'an") and Ijazah ("license to teach") respectively. The meaning of the word professor ( Latin: professor, person who professes to be an expert in some art or science teacher of highest rank) varies A study circle is a small group of people who meet multiple times to discuss an issue A fellow in the broadest sense is someone who is an equal or a comrade In Islam, the Ṣaḥābah (الصحابة "Companions" were the companions of the Islamic prophet Muḥammad. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran An ijazah is a certificate used primarily by Muslims to indicate that one has been authorized by a higher authority to transmit a certain subject or text of Islamic knowledge George Makdisi has listed eighteen such parallels in terminology which can be traced back to their roots in Islamic education. Some of the practices now common in modern universities which also have Islamic origins include "practices such as delivering inaugural lectures, wearing academic robes, obtaining doctorates by defending a thesis, and even the idea of academic freedom are also modelled on Islamic custom. An inauguration is a ceremony of formal Investiture whereby an individual assumes an office or position of authority or power A lecture is an oral Presentation intended to present information or teach people about a particular subject for example by a University or College Academic dress or academical dress is traditional Clothing for academic settings primarily tertiary and sometimes secondary A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement A dissertation (also called thesis or disquisition) is a document that presents the author's Research and findings and is submitted in support of candidature Academic freedom is the belief that the freedom of inquiry by students and faculty members is essential to the mission of the academy " Islamic influence was also "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first delibrately-planned university" in Europe, the University of Naples Federico II founded by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor in 1224. The University of Naples Federico II (Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II is a university located in Naples, Italy. Frederick II ( December 26, 1194 &ndash December 13, 1250) of the Hohenstaufen dynasty was a Pretender to the title ^[8]

Law schools

See also: Sharia and Fiqh

Madrasahs were the first law schools, and it is likely that the "law schools known as Inns of Court in England" may have been derived from the Madrasahs which taught Islamic law and jurisprudence. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the A law school (also known as a school of law or college of law) is an institution specializing in Legal education. The Inns of Court in London are the professional associations to one of which every barrister in England and Wales (and those judges who were formerly barristers Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the ^[4]

The origins of the doctorate dates back to the ijazat attadris wa 'l-ifta' ("license to teach and issue legal opinions") in the medieval Islamic legal education system, which was equivalent to the Doctor of Laws qualification and was developed during the 9th century after the formation of the Madh'hab legal schools. A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement An ijazah is a certificate used primarily by Muslims to indicate that one has been authorized by a higher authority to transmit a certain subject or text of Islamic knowledge Legal education is the education of individuals who intend to become legal professionals or those who simply intend to use their law degree to some end either related to law Doctor of Laws ( Latin: Legum Doctor, LLD) is a Doctorate -level Academic degree in Law. Madhhab or Mazhab ( Arabic مذهب mæðhæb pl مذاهب mæðæːhıb) is an Islamic school of thought, or To obtain a doctorate, a student "had to study in a guild school of law, usually four years for the basic undergraduate course" and ten or more years for a post-graduate course. A guild is an association of craftsmen in a particular trade The earliest guilds were formed as confraternities of workers A law school (also known as a school of law or college of law) is an institution specializing in Legal education. In some Educational systems undergraduate education is Post-secondary education up to the level of a Bachelor's degree. See also Postgraduate Training in Education Postgraduate education (synonymous in North America with graduate education, and sometimes described The "doctorate was obtained after an oral examination to determine the originality of the candidate's theses," and to test the student's "ability to defend them against all objections, in disputations set up for the purpose" which were scholarly exercises practiced throughout the student's "career as a graduate student of law. A test or an examination (or "exam" is an Assessment, often administered on paper or on the computer, intended to measure the test-takers' or A dissertation (also called thesis or disquisition) is a document that presents the author's Research and findings and is submitted in support of candidature For the iconographic subject see Christ among the Doctors In the scholastic system of education A graduate school or ("grad school" is a school that awards advanced degrees such as doctoral degrees with the general requirement that students must have earned " After students completed their post-graduate education, they were awarded doctorates giving them the status of faqih (meaning "master of law"), mufti (meaning "professor of legal opinions") and mudarris (meaning "teacher"), which were later translated into Latin as magister, professor and doctor respectively. A Faqih (plural Fuqaha') (فقيه pl فقهاء is an expert in Fiqh, or Islamic Jurisprudence. The Master of Laws is an advanced Academic degree, or research degree and is commonly abbreviated LL This article is about an Islamic scholar Mufti can also refer to civilian dress. A fatwā (فتوى plural fatāwā فتاوى in the Islamic faith is a religious opinion on Islamic law issued by an Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Magister (also magistar, from lat: magister = Teacher) is an Academic degree used in various systems of higher education The meaning of the word professor ( Latin: professor, person who professes to be an expert in some art or science teacher of highest rank) varies ^[4]

The term doctorate comes from the Latin docere, meaning "to teach", shortened from the full Latin title licentia docendi meaning "license to teach. " This was translated from the Arabic term ijazat attadris, which means the same thing and was awarded to Islamic scholars who were qualified to teach. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Ulema ( ar علماء,, singular ar عالِم,, "scholar" refers to the educated class of Muslim legal scholars engaged in the several Similarly, the Latin term doctor, meaning "teacher", was translated from the Arabic term mudarris, which also means the same thing and was awarded to qualified Islamic teachers. ^[4] The Latin term baccalaureus may have also been transliterated from the equivalent Arabic qualification bi haqq al-riwaya ("the right to teach on the authority of another"). A bachelor's degree is usually an Undergraduate Academic degree awarded for a course or major that generally lasts for three four or in some cases and ^[5]

The Islamic scholarly system of fatwa and ijma, meaning opinion and consensus respectively, formed the basis of the "scholarly system the West has practised in university scholarship from the Middle Ages down to the present day. A fatwā (فتوى plural fatāwā فتاوى in the Islamic faith is a religious opinion on Islamic law issued by an Ijmā (إجماع is an Arabic term referring ideally to the Consensus of the Ummah (the community of Muslims, or followers of Islam An opinion is a Person 's Ideas and thoughts towards something which it is either impossible to verify the truth of or the truth of which is thought unimportant to Consensus has two common meanings One is a general agreement among the members of a given group or Community, each of which exercises some discretion in The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings A scholarship is an award of access to an institution or a financial aid award for an individual student scholar for the purpose of furthering their Education " George Makdisi writes:^[4]

"This very system found its way to London, in the development of the Inns of Court, four of which have come down to our times: autonomous, professional, and unincorporated guild schools of law, like the guild schools of law of classical Islam. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The Inns of Court in London are the professional associations to one of which every barrister in England and Wales (and those judges who were formerly barristers Autonomy ( Greek: Auto- Nomos - nomos meaning "law" one who gives oneself his/her own Law) is the right to Self-government This article is about people called professionals For the Movie, see The Professional or Leon. A guild is an association of craftsmen in a particular trade The earliest guilds were formed as confraternities of workers A law school (also known as a school of law or college of law) is an institution specializing in Legal education. The same system found its way also to the universities of the West, beginning with Italy, France, England and Spain, and later to the United States, when graduate work was introduced from Germany. A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. In other words, the Islamic system of determining orthodoxy in religion was, in its essentials, the medieval Western university system of determining "orthodoxy," so to speak, in scholarship, which has come down to our day. The word orthodox, from Greek orthodoxos "having the right opinion" from orthos ("right true straight" + doxa ("opinion This article is about Western European institutions See also Medieval university (Asia and Byzantine university Medieval university "

"This scholarly system of determining orthodoxy began with a question which the Muslim layman, called in that capacity mustafti, presented to a jurisconsult, called mufti, soliciting from him a response, called fatwa, a legal opinion (the religious law of Islam covers civil as well as religious matters). JURIST is an online legal news service hosted by the University of Pittsburgh School of Law, written by founder Professor Bernard Hibbitts and a staff of more than This article is about an Islamic scholar Mufti can also refer to civilian dress. A fatwā (فتوى plural fatāwā فتاوى in the Islamic faith is a religious opinion on Islamic law issued by an In Law, (particularly in North America an opinion (also called consilia) is usually a written explanation by a judge that accompanies their ruling Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Civil law, as opposed to Criminal law, refers to that branch of Law dealing with disputes between Individuals and/or Organizations, in which In some Religions law can be thought of as the ordering principle of Reality; Knowledge as revealed by God defining and governing all human affairs The mufti (professor of legal opinions) took this question, studied it, researched it intensively in the sacred scriptures, in order to find a solution to it. This process of scholarly research vas called ijtihad, literally, the exertion of one's efforts to the utmost limit. Ijtihad (Arabic اجتهاد is a technical term of Islamic law that describes the process of making a legal decision by independent interpretation of the legal sources "

Medical schools

See also: Bimaristan

While most Madrasahs were usually law schools and some were universities (Jami'ah), there were also several madrasah medical schools dedicated to the teaching of Islamic medicine, though this was most often taught at the Bimaristan teaching hospitals. Bimaristan is a Middle Persian and modern Persian ( بیمارستان bīmārestān) word meaning Hospital, with Bimar- Medical education A medical school or faculty of medicine is a Tertiary educational institution—or part of such an institution—that teaches Medicine Bimaristan is a Middle Persian and modern Persian ( بیمارستان bīmārestān) word meaning Hospital, with Bimar- For example, from the 155 madrasah colleges in 15th century Damascus, three of them were medical schools. College ( Latin collegium) is a term most often used today to denote an Educational Institution. Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. ^[9]

Funding

See also: Waqf

The funding for madrasahs came primarily from Waqf instititions, which were similar to the charitable trusts which later funded the first European colleges and universities. A waqf ( plural, awqāf; vakıf wæqəf is an inalienable religious endowment in Islam, typically devoting a building or plot of land for Muslim A waqf ( plural, awqāf; vakıf wæqəf is an inalienable religious endowment in Islam, typically devoting a building or plot of land for Muslim A charitable trust is a trust established for charitable purposes and is a more specific term than " charitable organisation " Syed Farid Alatas writes:^[5]

"The madrasah was established as a charitable trust (waqf) founded by individual Muslims, which legally bounded the founder to run it as a madrasah. It had the legal status of an institution but was not a state institution. According to Makdisi, there are two arguments in favour of the idea of the Islamic origins of the college. One is the waqf or charitable trust and the other the internal organization of the college. "

Madrasahs in South Asia

Madrasahs in India

This is a madarasaa of the Jamia Masjid mosque in Srirangapatna, India. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Srirangapattana ( Kannada:ಶ್ರೀರಂಗಪಟ್ಟಣ (also spelt Srirangapatna India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country This mosque dates back to the 1700s and is where Tipu Sultan used to pray. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger

In India, there are around 30,000 operating madrasahs. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country ^[10] The majority of these schools follow the Hanafi school of thought. The Hanafi ( Arabic حنفي school is the oldest of the four schools of thought ( Madhhabs One of the most famous & islamic renowned madrasahs in world is Darul-Uloom-Deoband in India of Ahlus-Sunnah wal-Jama'ah(Deobandi), Madrasahs of this school of thought follow the fiqh of Abu Hanifa and Abu Mansur Maturidi's thought in Aqidah and Kalam. The Darul-Uloom, Deoband, is today a renowned religious and academic center in the Islamic world. In the sub-continent it is the largest institution for the dissemination and propagation of Islam and the biggest headspring of education in the Islamic sciences. Such accomplished scholars have come out from the Darul Uloom in every period that they, in accordance with the demands of religious needs of the time, have rendered valuable services in disseminating and spreading correct religious beliefs and religious sciences. Darul Uloom Deoband, has been a center of both the Shariah and the Tariqa from the very day of its inception Other madrasahs of the Ahle Sunnah wa Jama'at(Barelwi)in India is Darul Uloom Manzare Islam (Dar al-'Ulum), located in Barreilly Shareef, a small town located in the Indian state Uttar Pradesh, This Great School was founded by the Grat Mujaddid of Islam, Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Al Qaaderi. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Uttar Pradesh (उत्तर प्रदेश اتر پردیش pronounced, Translation: Northern Province) referred to as '''U In 1986, the Indian government expedited a project to modernize madrasahs by introducing other subjects including science, mathematics, English, and Hindi. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is ^[11] Madrasah education is always provided for free. As a result, the madrasahs often have a multifarious student enrollment, including some Hindus and Christians. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth ^[12]

Madrasahs in Pakistan

Main article: Madrassas in Pakistan

There are more than 10,000 madrasahs currently (as of 1998) operating in Pakistan. Islamic seminaries teach mostly Islamic subjects leading to graduation as a cleric (called maulvi, maulana or mulla) in Pakistan. It is estimated that one to two million children are enrolled in madrasahs. ^[13] Some media reports say that only 0. 3 percent of Pakistani school age children are enrolled in traditional madrasahs. This is according to Pakistan's 1998 Population Census The World Bank Group. The 1998 Population Census found only 150,000 children. Orphans, migrants, and part-time students may explain the discrepancy. Regardless, percentage wise, the madrasah enrollment is relatively insignificant. There has been considerable intellectual disagreement about the linkages of madrasahs to conflict in Pakistan. A study conducted in 2005 by Saleem Ali for the United States Institute of Peace attempts to clarify some of these concerns by providing a detailed empirical comparison of rural and urban madrasahs (currently this study is being updpated and expanded as a book (expected to be completed in 2007), though an earlier draft is available online. Saleem H Ali (born 1973 is a Pakistani American scholar who is Associate Professor of Environmental Studies at the University of Vermont 's Rubenstein School ^[14] The project also included a web video on such schools titled Children of Faith. ^[15]

Misuse of the word

The word madrasah literally means "school" and does not imply a political or religious affiliation, radical or otherwise. In post 9/11 United States political contexts, however, the word has often been used to define Islamic schools - especially in the negative context of anti-Americanism and radical extremism. Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Anti-Americanism, often anti-American sentiment, is opposition or hostility to the people culture or policies of the United States. Extremism is a term used to describe the actions or ideologies of individuals or groups outside the perceived political center of a society or otherwise claimed to violate

The Yale Center for the Study of Globalization examined bias in United States newspaper coverage of Pakistan since the September 11, 2001 attacks, and found the term has come to contain a loaded political meaning:^[16]

"When articles mentioned 'madrassas,' readers were led to infer that all schools so-named are anti-American, anti-Western, pro-terrorist centers having less to do with teaching basic literacy and more to do with political indoctrination. The Yale Center for the Study of Globalization, or YCSG, is a research center at Yale University at New Haven Connecticut. "

Various American public figures have, in recent times, used the word in a negative context, including Newt Gingrich,^[16] Donald Rumsfeld,^[17] and Colin Powell. Newton "Newt" Leroy Gingrich, (born Newton Leroy McPherson on June 17, 1943) is an American politician and author who served as the Speaker Donald Henry Rumsfeld (born July 9 1932 is a United States Businessman, Politician, the 13th Secretary of Defense under President Colin Luther Powell, KCB (Honorary MSC, (born April 5, 1937) is a retired General in the United States Army. ^[18]

The New York Times has published a correction for misusing the word "madrassa" in a way that assumed it meant a radical Islamic school. The correction stated, "An article. . . said Senator Barack Obama had attended an Islamic school or madrassa in Indonesia as a child referred imprecisely to madrassas. While some (madrassas) teach a radical version of Islam, most historically have not"^[19].

References

See also

• Hawza - used in Shi'a Islam
• Darul Uloom - another similar type of Islamic school
• Maktab - Elementary Islamic schools
• Dars-e Nizamiyyah - most common madrasah curriculum
• Fiqh - main subject of madrasah schooling
• Shari'ah - main subject of madrasah schooling
• Islamic architecture
• Alim - Islamic scholar, usually a graduate of a madrasah or darul uloom
• Beth midrash, Midrasha and Yeshiva - Jewish religious schooling. Hawza ( Arabic / Persian: حوزة or ḥawza ˤilmiyya ( Arabic / Persian: حوزة علمیة is a Seminary of traditional Darul uloom (دار العلوم also transliterated dar al-`ulum, darul ulum etc Maktab (mekteb mektep meqteb maqtab also called kuttab (Arabic “school” is an Arabic word meaning Elementary schools for teaching children in Islamic subjects Dars-i-Nizami is a study curriculum used in a large portion of Madrasahs (Islamic religious school in South Asia. Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Islamic architecture has encompassed a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Islam to the present day influencing the design and construction Ulema ( ar علماء,, singular ar عالِم,, "scholar" refers to the educated class of Muslim legal scholars engaged in the several Beth Midrash ( Hebrew: בית מדרש; also Beis Medrash, Beit Midrash, pl A he-Latn midrasha ( Hebrew: he מדרשה, pl he-Latn midrashot/s) refers to an institute of Jewish studies for women Yeshiva or yeshivah (jəʃi'və ( Hebrew: ישיבה "sitting (n PLEASE TAKE NOTE************
• Seminary - Christian religious schooling
• Caferağa Medresseh

External links

• Meaning of the word madrassah
• My time in a madrassa
• Madrassahs in Pakistan (A project of the United States Institute of Peace)
• A traditional Afghan madrassa: Islam Way Online - Your Religion and Spirituality Portal

• About Islamic Religious Schools: Madrasas.info

• A discussion on the Mamluk-era madrasa of Khawand Baraka, from The Women Writers Archive

• Alexander Evans, Understanding Madrasahs, Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb 2006. A seminary, theological college, or divinity school is a specialized and often live-in Higher education institution for the purpose of instructing students The Caferağa Medresseh is a former Medresseh, located in Istanbul, next to the Hagia Sophia.
• Holy War 101 (Newsweek)
• Tariq Rahman, Denizens of Alien Worlds (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2004. Reprinted 2006), Chapter on 'Madrassas'.
• Islamic Seminaries (Madrassas) in Pakistan, Wikipedia entry,
• Lessons from God The Common Language Project
• "Madaris in Perspective", Waleed Ziad, The News, Pakistan
• "Revisiting the Madrasa Question" - A talk given by Dr. Nomanul Haq (University of Pennsylvania) at LUMS, Bilal Tanweer, The News, Pakistan