Marie-Jeanne Roland de la Platiere, better known simply as Madame Roland and born Marie-Jeanne Phlipon (March 17, 1754 – November 8, 1793) was, together with her husband Jean Marie Roland de la Platiere, a supporter of the French Revolution and influential member of the Girondist faction, but fell out of favor during the Reign of Terror and died by the guillotine. Adélaïde Labille-Guiard ( April 11, 1749 &ndash April 24, 1803) was a French history and Portrait painter Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Year 1754 ( MDCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration Year 1793 ( MDCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière ( February 18, 1734 &ndash November 15, 1793) Jean-Marie Roland was a French manufacturer in Lyon The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an The Girondists (in French Girondins, and sometimes Brissotins or "Baguettes" were a political faction in France within the Legislative Saint justjpg|thumbnail|200px| Louis Antoine Léon de Saint-Just]] The Reign of Terror' (5 September 1793 &ndash 28 July 1794 or simply The Terror (la Terreur was The guillotine ( pronounced /ˈgijətin/ or /ˈgɪlətin/ in English in French was a device used for carrying out executions by Decapitation.
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Early years
She was the daughter of Gratien Phlipon (alternatively spelt Phlippon), a Paris engraver, who was ambitious, speculative and nearly always poor. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city From her early years she showed great aptitude for study, an ardent and enthusiastic spirit, and unquestionable talent. She was largely self-taught; and her love of reading acquainted her with Plutarch — an author she continued to cherish throughout her life — thereafter with Bossuet, Massillon, and authors of a like stamp, and finally with Montesquieu, Voltaire and Rousseau. Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus ( Greek: Μέστριος Πλούταρχος c Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet ( September 27, 1627 - April 12, 1704) was a French Bishop and theologian, renowned For the city in Ohio US see Massillon Ohio. Jean Baptiste Massillon ( June 24, 1663 - September 28, Charles-Louis de Secondat baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu (Eng François-Marie Arouet ( 21 November 1694 30 May 1778) better known by the Pen name Voltaire, was a French As her studies developed under the influence of these authors, she abandoned the idea of entering a convent, and added to the enthusiasm for a republic which she had imbibed from her earlier studies, she was inspired by her reading with cynicism and daring. A convent is a community of Priests religious brothers religious sisters or Nuns or the building used by the community particularly in the Roman Catholic Church A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its Cynicism (Kυνισμός originally comprised the various philosophies of a group of ancient Greeks called the Cynics, founded by
While she was attaining these characteristics, Manon Phlipon (as her close friends and relatives called her) was also developing a great sense of awareness regarding the world around her. In 1774, on a trip to Versailles, some of the most famous letters written by Manon were sent to her friend Sophie. Versailles (vɛʀsaj in French) formerly de facto capital of the kingdom of France, is now a wealthy suburb of Paris and is still an important It is in these letters that Manon first begins to display a slight interest in politics when she describes the perfect government as one which contained, "enlightened and well-meaning ministers, a young prince docile to their council who wants to do good, a lovable and well doing queen, an easy court, pleasant and decent, an honorable legislative body, a charming people who wants nothing but the power to love its master. . . " Already Manon was disregarding the idea of an absolute monarchy by putting the ministers before the king or, in this case, the prince. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or
Marriage
She married Jean Marie Roland in 1781, every bit his equal in intellect and character, even though he was more than 20 years older than she. With him and through him she exercised a singularly powerful influence over the destinies of France.
In the early days of their marriage, Madame Roland wrote political articles for the Courrier de Lyon. When the couple moved from Lyon to Paris in 1791, she began to take an even more active role. ||-||} Lyon, also known as Lyons in English is a city in east-central France. Her salon on the rue Guénégaud in Paris became the rendezvous of Brissot, Pétion, Robespierre and other leaders of the popular movement. A salon is a gathering of stimulating people of quality under the roof of an inspiring hostess or host partly to amuse one another and partly to refine their taste and increase their knowledge through Jacques Pierre Brissot (15 January 1754 &ndash 31 October 1793 who assumed the name of de Warville, was a leading member of the Girondist movement during the "Pétion" redirects here For the Haitian head of state see Alexandre Pétion. Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (maksimiljɛ̃ fʁɑ̃swa maʁi izidɔʁ də ʁɔbɛspjɛʁ ( 6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794) An especially esteemed guest was Buzot, whom she loved with platonic enthusiasm. François Nicolas Léonard Buzot ( March 1, 1760 &ndash June 18, 1794) was a French politician and leader of the French Revolution Amor Platonicus The term amor platonicus was coined as early as the 15th century by the Florentine scholar Marsilio Ficino
In person, Madame Roland is said to have been attractive but not beautiful; her ideas were clear and far-reaching, her manner calm, and her power of observation extremely acute. It was almost inevitable that she should find herself in the centre of political aspirations and presiding over a company of the most talented men of progress. She began this movement toward political involvement slowly, starting out simply as working as a secretary for her husband. As time went on, however, she found that she was able to tweak his letters and still sign them in his name as he appreciated her input and assistance. Following her husband’s rise in influence within the Girondin group, Madame Roland was given more and more influence over the group. The Girondists (in French Girondins, and sometimes Brissotins or "Baguettes" were a political faction in France within the Legislative The rupture between the Girondist party and that section would become still more extreme with The Mountain, which had not yet occurred. The Girondists (in French Girondins, and sometimes Brissotins or "Baguettes" were a political faction in France within the Legislative The Mountain (in French La Montagne) refers in the context of the history of the French Revolution to a political group whose members called For a time the whole remained united in forcing the resignation of the ministers.
After Monsieur Roland had made a stand against the worst excesses of the Revolution, however, the couple became unpopular. Once, Madame Roland appeared personally in the Assembly to repel the falsehoods of an accuser, and her ease and dignity evoked enthusiasm and compelled acquittal.
Nevertheless, the accusations continued. On the morning of June 1 1793 she was arrested and thrown into the prison of the Abbaye. An abbey (from Latin abbatia derived from Syriac abba "father" is a Christian Monastery or Her husband escaped to Rouen with her help. Rouen (ʁwɑ̃ in French) is the historical capital city of Normandy, in northwestern France on the River Seine, and currently the capital Released for an hour from the Abbaye, she was again arrested and placed in Sainte-Pelagie. Finally, she was transferred to the Conciergerie. The Conciergerie ( French: La Conciergerie) is a former royal palace and prison in Paris, located on the west of the Île de la Cité, near the In prison she was respected by the guards, and was allowed the privilege of writing materials and occasional visits from devoted friends. There she wrote her Appel à l'impartiale postérité, those memoirs which display a strange alternation between self-laudation and patriotism, between the trivial and the sublime. She was tried on trumped up charges of harbouring royalist sympathies; the plain fact was that she was to be expunged as part of the purge by Robespierre of the Girondist opposition, and was duly convicted. Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (maksimiljɛ̃ fʁɑ̃swa maʁi izidɔʁ də ʁɔbɛspjɛʁ ( 6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794)
Imprisonment and death
Perhaps some of the most interesting days of Madame Roland’s life took place in prison as she struggled with her concept of the woman’s place in the nation of France having been forced to lurk in the shadows to gain her own influence over the nation. Though she had earlier stated that she would “rather chew off (her own) fingers than become a writer,” Madame Roland began writing her Memoirs during her stay in prison before being guillotined.
On November 8, 1793, she was conveyed to the guillotine. Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration The guillotine ( pronounced /ˈgijətin/ or /ˈgɪlətin/ in English in French was a device used for carrying out executions by Decapitation. Before placing her head on the block, she bowed before the clay statue of Liberty in the Place de la Révolution, uttering the famous remark for which she is remembered:
O Liberté, que de crimes on commet en ton nom! (Oh Liberty, what crimes are committed in thy name!)
Two days after her execution, her husband, Jean Marie Roland, committed suicide in his hovel outside Lyon. The Place de la Concorde is one of the major squares in Paris, France.
Fictionalized accounts
- Madame Roland, Danton, and Robespierre, among others are the main characters in Marge Piercy's rendering of the French Revolution, City of Darkness, City of Light (1996).
References
This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone The 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica, in turn, gives the following references:
- Madame Roland's Memoires, first printed in 1820, have been edited among others by P. Faugere (Paris, 1864), by C. A. Dauban (Paris, 1864), by J. Claretie (Paris, 1884), and by C. Perroud (Paris, 1905). Some of her Lettres inedites have been published by C. A. Dauban (Paris, 1867), and a critical edition of her Lettres by C. Perroud (Paris, 1900-2).
- C. A. Dauban, Etude sur Madame Roland et son temps (Paris, 1864)
- V. Lamy, Deux femmes célèbres, Madame Roland et Charlotte Corday (Paris, 1884)
- C. Marie-Anne Charlotte de Corday d'Armont ( July 27, 1768 – July 17, 1793) known to history as Charlotte Corday, was a figure of the Bader, Madame Roland, d'après des lettres et des manuscrits inédits (Paris, 1892)
- A. J. Lambert, Le ménage de Madame Roland, trois années de correspondance amoureuse (Paris, 1896)
- Austin Dobson, Four Frenchwomen (London, 1890) articles by C. Perroud in the review La Revolution française (1896-99).
- Kathryn Ann Kadane, "The Real Difference between Manon Phlipon and Madame Roland," French Historical Studies, Vol. 3, No. 4 (Autumn 1964), http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0016-1071%28196423%293%3A4%3C542%3ATRDBMP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-M
- Brigitte Syzmanek, “French Women’s Revolutionary Writings: Maname Roland or the Pleasure of the Mask,” Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature, Vol. 15, No. 1 (Spring 1996), http://www.jstor.org/view/07327730/ap020030/02a00080/10?frame=noframe&userID=c63cc0dd@albertson.edu/01c0a834740050788b0&dpi=3&config=jstor
- Gita May, Madame Roland and The Age of Revolution (New York: Columbia University Press, 1970).
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