Macedonian Македонски јазик Makedonski jazik
Pronunciation:	[maˈkɛdɔnski]
Spoken in:	Republic of Macedonia, Australia, Serbia, Albania, Bulgaria, Greece and others
Region:	The Balkans
Total speakers:	2 million [1]
Ranking:	180 (native)
Language family:	Indo-European  Slavic   South Slavic    Eastern South Slavic     Macedonian
Writing system:	Cyrillic (Macedonian variant)
Official status
Official language in:	Republic of Macedonia recognised as minority language in parts of:  Albania[2]  Serbia[3]
Regulated by:	Macedonian Language Institute "Krste Misirkov" at the Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	mk
ISO 639-2:	mac (B)	mkd (T)
ISO 639-3:	mkd
Countries with significant Macedonian-speaking populations. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία This is a list of languages, ordered by the number of native-language speakers, with some data for second-language use List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages South Slavic languages comprise one of the three geographical groups of Slavic languages (besides West and East Slavic) A writing system is a type of Symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in Language. The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by The Macedonian alphabet (Македонска азбука Makedonska azbuka) is an adaptation of the Cyrillic alphabet used to write the modern Macedonian language The Republic of Macedonia (Република This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country This is a list of bodies that regulate Standard languages Natural languages Auxiliary languages Interlingua The auxiliary language Macedonian Language Institute "Krste Misirkov" ( Macedonian: Институт за македонски јазик „Крсте Мисирков“ Institut za The Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje (Универзитет „Св ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages (Click on image for the legend)
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Macedonian (македонски јазик (help·info), makedonski jazik, IPA: [maˈkɛdɔnski ˈjazik]) is the official language of the Republic of Macedonia and is a part of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them The Republic of Macedonia (Република South Slavic languages comprise one of the three geographical groups of Slavic languages (besides West and East Slavic) It is also referred to by several alternative names, many formed with the word Slavic. Macedonian is closely related to and mutually intelligible with Standard Bulgarian. In Linguistics, mutual intelligibility is recognized as a relationship between Languages in which speakers of different but related languages can readily understand Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group It also has some similarities with standard Serbian and the intermediate Torlakian and Shop dialects spoken mostly in southern Serbia and western Bulgaria (and by speakers in the north and east of Macedonia). Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, Torlak ( Cyrillic: Торлачки говор Торлашки говор Latinic: Torlački govor) or simply Torlakian, is the name used Shopi (шопи Scientific transliteration šopi singular шоп šop with various regional names also existing is a regional term referring to the inhabitants of the

Both Macedonian and the Bulgarian Standard language share typological similarities with Romanian, Greek, and Albanian. Linguistic Typology is an international Peer-reviewed journal in the field of Linguistic typology, founded in 1997 Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Albanian (sq ''Gjuha shqipe'' ˈɟuha ˈʃcipɛ is an Indo-European language spoken by nearly 6 million peoplewhile others claim that it derives from Daco - These languages belong to the Balkan sprachbund, even though the last three are from different branches of the Indo-European family of languages (Romanian is a Romance language, while Greek and Albanian each comprise their own separate branches). The Balkan Sprachbund or linguistic area is the ensemble of Areal features —similarity in grammar syntax vocabulary and phonology—among languages of The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all Macedonian and Bulgarian are the only Slavic languages that don't use noun cases (except for the vocative, and apart from some traces of once living inflections still found scattered throughout the languages). The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages In Grammar, the case of a Noun or Pronoun indicates its Grammatical function in a greater Phrase or Clause; such as the The vocative case is the case used for a Noun identifying the person (animal object etc They are also the only Slavic languages with any definite articles (there are three: unspecified, proximate and distal). This last feature is shared with Romanian, Greek, and Albanian. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Albanian (sq ''Gjuha shqipe'' ˈɟuha ˈʃcipɛ is an Indo-European language spoken by nearly 6 million peoplewhile others claim that it derives from Daco -

Classification and related languages

Macedonian language
History Naming dispute Literature Distribution Regulatory body Dialects Grammar: Pronouns Phonology Orthography: Alphabet Transliteration
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The modern Macedonian language belongs to the eastern sub-branch of the South Slavic branch of the Slavic branch of the Indo-European family of languages. The standard Macedonian language can be said to have been codified in August 1944 when a provisional government run by the Anti-Fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of The name of the Macedonian language ( Macedonian: македонски јазик makedonski jazik) as used by the people and defined in the constitution of the When Turkish rule was supplanted by Serbian rule in 1913 the Serbs officially denied Macedonian distinctiveness considering the Macedonian language merely a dialect of Serbo-Croatian The Macedonian language is spoken throughout the Balkan Peninsula, Europe and the rest of the world Macedonian Language Institute "Krste Misirkov" ( Macedonian: Институт за македонски јазик „Крсте Мисирков“ Institut za The dialects of Macedonian comprise the Slavic dialects spoken in the Republic of Macedonia as well as some varieties spoken in the wider geographic region of Macedonia Macedonian grammar refers to the morphology A Pronoun (заменка is a substitute for a noun or a noun phrase or things previously mentioned or understood from the context This article discusses the phonological system of standard Macedonian (unless otherwise noted based on the Prilep-Bitola Dialect Macedonian Orthography ("правопис" ˈpravɔpis encompasses the Spelling and Punctuation of the Macedonian language The Macedonian alphabet (Македонска азбука Makedonska azbuka) is an adaptation of the Cyrillic alphabet used to write the modern Macedonian language The Romanization of Macedonian is the transliteration of text in the Macedonian language from the Macedonian Cyrillic alphabet into the Latin alphabet. South Slavic languages comprise one of the three geographical groups of Slavic languages (besides West and East Slavic) The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages The closest relative of Macedonian is Bulgarian (spoken in Bulgaria, and parts of the Republic of Macedonia, Greece and Turkey). The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian The Republic of Macedonia (Република Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Bulgarian and Macedonian properly form a dialect continuum and share a set of grammatical features which set them apart from other Slavic languages, with the Bulgarian standard being based on the more eastern dialects, and the Macedonian standard being based on the more western dialects. A dialect continuum is a range of Dialects spoken across a large geographical area differing only slightly between areas that are geographically close and gradually decreasing Macedonian is mutually intelligible with Bulgarian and the Torlakian dialect which is spoken in parts of Bulgaria, Serbia and Macedonia. In Linguistics, mutual intelligibility is recognized as a relationship between Languages in which speakers of different but related languages can readily understand Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group Torlak ( Cyrillic: Торлачки говор Торлашки говор Latinic: Torlački govor) or simply Torlakian, is the name used Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Following that, the next closest languages are Bosnian and Croatian. Bosnian language (Bosnian bosanski jezik) sometimes referred as Bosniak language or Bosniac language is a South Slavic language native Croatian language ( hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in neighbouring Macedonian is also a constituent language of the Balkan Sprachbund, a group of languages which share grammatical and lexical features based on geographical, rather than genetic proximity. The Balkan Sprachbund or linguistic area is the ensemble of Areal features —similarity in grammar syntax vocabulary and phonology—among languages of

Geographical distribution

Further information: Geographical distribution of the Macedonian Language

The population of the Republic of Macedonia was 2,022,547 in 2002, with 1,644,815 speaking Macedonian as the native language. The Macedonian language is spoken throughout the Balkan Peninsula, Europe and the rest of the world The Republic of Macedonia (Република See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ^[4] Outside of the Republic, there are Macedonians living in other parts of the geographical area of Macedonia. Macedonia is a Geographical and historical region of the Balkan peninsula in southeastern Europe whose area was re-defined in the early 20th century There are ethnic Macedonian minorities in neighbouring Albania, in Bulgaria and in Greece. The Macedonians (Македонци transliterated Makedonci) also referred to as Macedonian Slavs --> --> are a South Slavic people This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία According to the official Albanian census of 1989, 4,697 ethnic Macedonians reside in Albania. ^[5] In the most recent Bulgarian census, 5,071 Bulgarian residents professed proficiency in the Macedonian language. ^[6] In Greece, although groups may be considered to be speaking dialects heteronomous with standard Macedonian, they do not all identify their language with their national identity. A heteronomous language variety is a nonstandard language variety whose speakers normally use another autonomous language variety in writing (especially formal writing and The Slavic speaking minority in Greece varies on how it describes its language - most speakers describe it as Slavic and proclaim a Greek national identity; some smaller groups describe their speech as "Macedonian" and espouse an ethnic Macedonian identity; others describe it as "Bulgarian" and espouse a Bulgarian ethnic identity; and some prefer to identify as dopii and their dialect as dopia which mean "local" or "indigenous" in Greek. The Slavic dialects of Greece are the dialects of Bulgarian or Macedonian spoken by minority groups in the regions of Macedonia and Thrace ^[7]

A large number of Macedonians live outside the traditional Balkan Macedonian region, with Australia, Canada and the USA having the largest emigrant communities. Macedonia is a Geographical and historical region of the Balkan peninsula in southeastern Europe whose area was re-defined in the early 20th century For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The United States of America —commonly referred to as the According to a 1964 estimate, approximately 580,000 Macedonians live outside of the Republic of Macedonia^[8], nearly 30% of the total population. The Macedonian spoken by communities outside the republic dates back to before the standardisation of the language and retains many dialectic though, overall, mutually intelligible variations.

The Macedonian language has the status of official language only within the Republic of Macedonia, and is a recognised minority language in parts of Albania. The Republic of Macedonia (Република This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. The language is taught in some universities in Australia, Canada, Croatia, Russia, Serbia, the United States and the United Kingdom among other countries. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located

Usage

The total number of Macedonian speakers is a highly disputed topic. Of Macedonia's neighbors, Serbia and Albania recognize the Macedonian language whereas Greece and Bulgaria do not. ^[1] According to the latest censuses and figures, the number of Macedonian-speakers is:

Distribution of the Macedonian language according to the Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups

Dialects

Main article: Dialects of Macedonian language

Based on a large group of features, Macedonian dialects can be divided into Eastern and Western groups (the boundary runs approximately from Skopje and Skopska Crna Gora along the rivers Vardar and Crna). The Macedonians (Македонци transliterated Makedonci) also referred to as Macedonian Slavs --> --> are a South Slavic people Macedonian culture is the Culture of the South Slavic Ethnic Macedonian population of the Balkan region known in the 20th century as Vardar When Turkish rule was supplanted by Serbian rule in 1913 the Serbs officially denied Macedonian distinctiveness considering the Macedonian language merely a dialect of Serbo-Croatian Macedonian culture is the Culture of the South Slavic Ethnic Macedonian population of the Balkan region known in the 20th century as Vardar Music of the Republic of Macedonia and Ethnic Macedonians has many things in common with the music of neighbouring Balkan countries Macedonian culture is the Culture of the South Slavic Ethnic Macedonian population of the Balkan region known in the 20th century as Vardar Macedonian cuisine (Македонска кујна transliterated Makedonska Kujna) is a representative of the cuisine of the Balkans, reflecting The Macedonians (Македонци transliterated Makedonci) also referred to as Macedonian Slavs --> --> are a South Slavic people In the Republic of Macedonia the main religion is Macedonian Orthodox, followed by Islam. History Origins After the fall of the First Bulgarian Empire, the Emperor Basil II acknowledged the autocephalous status of the Bulgarian The Roman Catholic Church in the Republic of Macedonia is part of the worldwide Roman Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope and Curia The Macedonian Catholic Church, called the Macedonian Byzantine Catholic Church, is a Byzantine Rite Sui juris particular church within the communion Muslims in the Republic of Macedonia form 33% of the Republic of Macedonia's total population The history of Jews in the territory of the present-day Republic of Macedonia began in Roman times when Jews first arrived in the region in the It is estimated that Protestantism is practised by 61358 or roughly 3% of the total population The Union of the Baptist Christians in the Republic of Macedonia is a small fellowship of Baptist churches in the Republic of Macedonia. The history of the Macedonian people is closely associated with the historical and geographical region of Macedonia, and is manifested with their constant struggle The National Liberation War of Macedonia (Народноослободителна Борба на Македонија (НОБ transliterated Narodnoosloboditelna The National Liberation Front (abbreviated NOF) (Народно Ослободителен Фронт (НОФ transliterated Narodno Osloboditelen Front The Republic of Macedonia (Република The Republic of Macedonia (Република The Macedonians (Македонци transliterated Makedonci) also referred to as Macedonian Slavs --> --> are a South Slavic people Ethnic Macedonians of Albania are an officially recognized ethnic minority in Albania Ethnic Macedonians in Bulgaria or Pirin Macedonians are a group mostly concentrated in the Pirin region of Macedonia. Ethnic Macedonians of Serbia are an officially recognized ethnic minorityin Serbia Macedonians in Slovenia is a term referring to the groups of Ethnic Macedonians residing in Slovenia. Macedonians in Croatia refers to the group of Ethnic Macedonians who reside in Croatia. Macedonian Australians are Australians of ethnic Macedonian descent Macedonian Canadians are a group of Ethnic Macedonians who live in Canada. Macedonian Americans are Americans of Ethnic Macedonian descent Macedonians in Sweden is a term referring to the groups of Ethnic Macedonians residing in Sweden. The Ethnic Macedonians of Romania are a recognised minority with full minority rights Macedonians in Switzerland are Ethnic Macedonians who reside in Switzerland. According to the 2006 census figures 62295 ethnic Macedonians reside in Germany. "Aegean Macedonians" (Егејски Македонци Egejski Makedonci) or simply "Aegeans" (Егејци Egejci) are terms The Macedonian Muslims ( Macedonian: Македонци-муслимани Makedonci-muslimani) also known as Muslim Macedonians or Torbeš This is a list of Macedonians (Македонци Makedonci) a modern South Slavic ethnic group Public holidays are observed in the Republic of Macedonia for a number of reasons including for religious religious and national significance The dialects of Macedonian comprise the Slavic dialects spoken in the Republic of Macedonia as well as some varieties spoken in the wider geographic region of Macedonia Skopje (Скопје; Shkup or Shkupi is the Capital and largest city in the Republic of Macedonia, with more than a quarter of the population Skopska Crna Gora (Скопска Црна Гора Mali I Zi also called Crna Gora, is a mountain range on the border between Kosovo and the Republic of Macedonia The Vardar or Axios ( Αξιός Axiós or Βαρδάρης Vardárīs; Latin: Axius) is the longest and major River in the In addition, a more detailed classification can be based on the modern reflexes of the Proto-Slavic reduced vowels (yers), vocalic sonorants, and the back nasal *ǫ. Proto-Slavic is the Proto-language from which Slavic languages later emerged The letter Yer or Jer ( Ъ, ъ) of the Cyrillic alphabet is known as the hard sign (твёрдый знак znak in the modern That classification distinguishes between the following 5 groups:^[34]

Western Dialects:

• Ohrid-Prespa Group
  • Ohrid dialect
  • Struga dialect
  • Vevčani-Radοža dialect
  • Upper Prespa dialect
  • Lower Prespa dialect. The Ohrid dialect (Охридски дијалект Ohridski dijalekt) is a member of the western and north western subgroup of the western group of dialects of The Struga Dialect (Струшки дијалект Struški dijalekt) is a member of the western and north western subgroup of the western group of dialects of the The Lower Prespa dialect (Долнoпреспански дијалект Dolnoprespanski dijalekt) is a member of the western subgroup of the western group of dialects
• Debar Group
  • Debar dialect
  • Reka Dialect
  • Drimkol-Golo Brdo dialect
  • Galičnik dialect
  • Skopska Crna Gora dialect
• Polog Group
  • Upper Polog Dialect
  • Lower Polog Dialect
  • Prilep-Bitola dialect
  • Kičevo-Poreče dialect
  • Skopje-Veles dialect
• Kostur-Korča Group
  • Korča dialect
  • Kostur dialect
  • Nestram-Kostenar dialect

Eastern Dialects:

• Northern Group
  • Kumanovo dialect
  • Kratovo dialect
  • Kriva Palanka dialect
  • Ovče Pole dialect
• Eastern Group
  • Štip-Strumica dialect
  • Tikveš-Mariovo dialect
  • Maleševo-Pirin dialect
  • Solun-Voden dialect
  • Ser-Drama-Lagadin-Nevrokop dialect. The Galičnik dialect (Галички дијалект Galički dijalekt) or Mala Reka dialect (Малорекански дијалект Malorekanski dijalekt The Skopska Crna Gora dialect (Скопскоцрногорски дијалект Skopskocrnogorski dijalekt) is a member of the western subgroup of the northern group of The Prilep-Bitola dialect (Прилепско-битолски дијалект Prilepsko-bitolski dijalekt) is a member of the central subgroup of the western group of The Kičevo-Poreče dialect (Кичевско-поречки дијалект Kičevo-porečki dijalekt) is a member of the central subgroup of the western group of dialects The Skopje-Veles dialect (Скопско-велешки дијалект Skopsko-veleški dijalekt) is a member of the central subgroup of the Western group of dialects The Kumanovo dialect (Кумановски дијалект Kumanovski dijalekt) is a member of the eastern subgroup of the the Northern group of dialects of the The Kriva Palanka dialect (Кривопаланечки дијалект Krivopalanečki dijalekt) is a member of the eastern subgroup of the the northern group of dialects The Solun-Voden dialect, Lower Vardar dialect, or Kukush-Voden dialect and Bulgarian dialectology

The Ser-Drama-Lagadin-Nevrokop dialect and Maleševo-Pirin dialect are often considered to be Bulgarian dialects by many linguists or they are considered transitional dialects between Macedonian and Bulgarian. Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group

Phonology

Main article: Macedonian phonology

The phoneme inventory of standard literary Macedonian contains 31 phonemes. This article discusses the phonological system of standard Macedonian (unless otherwise noted based on the Prilep-Bitola Dialect The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU These consist of five vowels, one semivowel, three liquid consonants (which are also called "semivowels" by Lunt (1952)) three nasal consonants, three pairs of fricatives, two pairs of affricates, a non-paired voiceless fricative, nine pairs of voiced and unvoiced consonants and four pairs of stops. In Phonetics, a vowel is a Sound in spoken Language, such as English ah! or oh!, pronounced with an open Vocal tract Semivowels — also known as glides or non-syllabic vowels —are Vowels that form Diphthongs with full syllabic vowels Liquid consonants, or liquids, are Approximant Consonants that are not classified as Semivowels (glides because they do not correspond phonetically Semivowels — also known as glides or non-syllabic vowels —are Vowels that form Diphthongs with full syllabic vowels Macedonian () is the official Language of the Republic of Macedonia and is a part of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together Affricate Consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as or) but release as a fricative (such as or or occasionally into A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. ^[35]

Vowels

In addition, the schwa [ə] may appear in certain dialects or loanwords. A front vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a front vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far forward A central vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a central vowel is that the tongue is positioned halfway between A back vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a back vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far back as A close vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in many spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a close vowel is that the tongue is positioned as close as A mid vowel is a Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a mid vowel is that the tongue is positioned mid-way between an An open vowel is a Vowel sound of a type used in most spoken Languages The defining characteristic of an open vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far as In Linguistics, specifically Phonetics and Phonology, schwa can mean the following An unstressed and toneless neutral A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one Language from another with little or no translation

Consonants

At the end of a word, the voicing opposition is neutralized and all consonants are pronounced as voiceless. In Phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a Consonant articulated with both Lips The bilabial consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet In Phonetics, labiodentals are Consonants articulated with the lower Lip and the upper Teeth. In Phonetics, labiodentals are Consonants articulated with the lower Lip and the upper Teeth. In Linguistics, a dental consonant or dental is a Consonant that is articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth such as /t/ /d/ /n/ and Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior Alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets Postalveolar consonants are Consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the Alveolar ridge, placing them a bit further back in the Postalveolar consonants are Consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the Alveolar ridge, placing them a bit further back in the Palatal consonants are Consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the Hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. Affricate Consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as or) but release as a fricative (such as or or occasionally into Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together Approximants are speech sounds ( Phonemes) that could be regarded as intermediate between Vowels and typical Consonants In the articulation of approximants In Phonetics, a trill is a Consonantal sound produced by vibrations between the articulator and the Place of articulation. Laterals are "L"-like Consonants pronounced with an occlusion made somewhere along the axis of the tongue while air from the lungs escapes at one side or both Final obstruent devoicing or terminal devoicing is a systematic phonological process occurring in languages such as German, Dutch, Polish In cases when /r/ is syllabic, an apostrophe is used before the letter Р. Er (Р р is the eighteenth letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. It was developed from the Greek letter Rho. Examples include 'рж /r̩ʒ/ ('rye'), за'ржи /zar̩ʒi/ ('to rust') and 'рбет /r̩bɛt/) ('backbone'), among others.

Neither Lunt (1952) nor Friedman (2001) recognize the existence of a palatalised (/lʲ/) or palatal (/ʎ/) lateral in standard Macedonian. Macedonian () is the official Language of the Republic of Macedonia and is a part of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. Macedonian () is the official Language of the Republic of Macedonia and is a part of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. This is in contrast with the surrounding related languages (Bulgarian, Serbian and Croatian languages). Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, Croatian language ( hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in neighbouring Instead, a /lj/ sequence is supposed to occur, except in rapid speech.

Both of these scholars also assert that there is a phonemic contrast between the velarised lateral /ɫ/ and the nonvelarised /l/. Velarization is a Secondary articulation of Consonants by which the back of the Tongue is raised toward the velum during the articulation of the While they admit that /ɫ/ and /l/ (as Л) occur mainly before front and non-front vowels, respectively, they state that, at least in the prescribed norm<refFriedman (2001:?) or in some words,Lunt (1952:?) /l/ (as Љ) may also occur before non-front vowels. El (Л л is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the consonant /l/ unless it comes before a palatalizing vowel when it represents /lʲ/ except in Serbian Macedonian () is the official Language of the Republic of Macedonia and is a part of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. Macedonian () is the official Language of the Republic of Macedonia and is a part of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. The Cyrillic letter lje (Љ љ was originally a ligature of Л and Ь and represents a palatal lateral /ʎ/ a sound similar (but not equal Hence minimal pairs like бела /bɛɫa/ ('white'), fem.) versus беља /bɛla/ ('trouble') express this contrast. In Phonology, minimal pairs are pairs of Words or phrases in a particular Language, which differ in only one phonological element such as a Phone In Linguistics, grammatical genders, sometimes also called Noun classes are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words every noun must belong

Stress

The word stress in Macedonian is antepenultimate, meaning it falls on the third from last syllable in words with three or more syllables, and on the first or only syllable in other words. In Linguistics, stress is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain Syllables in a word A syllable ( Greek:) is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds This rule is sometimes disregarded when the word has entered the language more recently or from a foreign source. The following rules apply:

• Disyllabic words are stressed on the second-to-last syllable. A syllable ( Greek:) is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds

For example, де́те [ˈdɛtɛ] ('child'), ма́jкa [majka] ('mother') and та́тко [ˈtatkɔ] ('father').

• Trisyllabic and polysyllabic words are stressed on the third-to-last syllable. A syllable ( Greek:) is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds A syllable ( Greek:) is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds

For example, та́ткото [ˈtatkɔtɔ] ('the father'), та́тковци ([ˈtatkɔvʦi], 'fathers'), and татко́вците [tatˈkɔvʦitɛ] ('the fathers').

Exceptions include:

• Verbal adverbs: e. In Linguistics, a gerundive is a particular Verb form The term is applied very differently to different languages depending on the language gerundives may g. вика́јќи [viˈkajci] ('shouting'), оде́јќи [ɔˈdɛjci] ('walking').
• Foreign loanwords: e. A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one Language from another with little or no translation g. клише́ [kliˈʃɛ] ('cliché'), гене́за [gɛˈnɛza] ('genesis'), литерату́ра [litɛraˈtura] ('literature').

By comparison, in standard Bulgarian, the stress can fall anywhere within a word.

Grammar

Main article: Macedonian grammar

Macedonian grammar is markedly analytic in comparison with other Slavic languages, having lost the common Slavic case system. Macedonian grammar refers to the morphology In morphological typology (in linguistics an isolating language (also analytic language) is any Language in which words are composed of The Macedonian language shows some special and, in some cases, unique characteristics due to its central position in the Balkans.

Literary Macedonian is the only South Slavic literary language that has three forms of the definite article, based on the degree of proximity to the speaker, and a past tense formed by means of an auxiliary verb "to have", followed by a past passive participle in the neuter. In Linguistics, an auxiliary (also called helping verb, helper verb, auxiliary verb, or verbal auxiliary) is a Verb functioning The past tense is a Verb tense expressing action activity state or being in the past of the current moment (in an Absolute tense system or prior In Grammar, the voice (also called gender or diathesis of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state that the verb expresses and the participants identified In Linguistics, a participle (from Latin participium, a Calque of Greek μετοχη "partaking" is a derivative of a non-finite

Both double object and mediative (sometimes referred to as renarrative or admirative) mood are also found in the Bulgarian language, although the use of double object is much more restricted in the Bulgarian standard (see also Bulgarian syntax). Clitic doubling, or pronominal reduplication, in Linguistics, is a phenomenon by which Clitic Pronouns appear in Verb phrases together Grammatical mood is one of a set of distinctive Verb forms that are used to signal modality. Grammatical mood is one of a set of distinctive Verb forms that are used to signal modality. Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group

Vocabulary

As a result of the close relatedness with Bulgarian and Serbian, Macedonian shares a considerable amount of its lexicon with these languages. Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, In Linguistics, the lexicon (from Greek Λεξικόν of a language is its Vocabulary, including its words and expressions Other languages which have been in positions of power, such as Ottoman Turkish and increasingly English also provide a significant proportion of the loan words. Ottoman Turkish (Osmanlıca or tr ''Osmanlı Türkçesi'' Ottoman Turkish ota-Latn ''lisân-ı Osmânî'' is the variety of the Turkish language that was used as the English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one Language from another with little or no translation Prestige languages, such as Old Church Slavonic, which occupies a relationship to modern Macedonian comparable to the relationship of medieval Latin to modern Romance languages, and Russian also provided a source for lexical borrowings. to make sure old Cyrillic letters are displayed properly (For example instead of just Ѣ write Ѣ Medieval Latin was the form of Latin used in the Middle Ages, primarily as a medium of scholarly exchange and as the Liturgical language of the medieval The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages

During the standardization process, there was deliberate care taken to try and purify the lexicon of the language. Codification is the process of standardizing and developing a norm for a language Linguistic purism (or linguistic protectionism) is the definition of one language variety as purer than other varieties often in reference to a perceived decline "Serbisms" and "Bulgarisms", which had become common due to the influence of these languages in the region were rejected in favor of words from native dialects and archaisms. In Language, an archaism is the use of a form of speech or writing that is no longer current One example being the word for "event", настан [ˈnastan], which was found in certain examples of folk poetry collected by the Miladinov Brothers in the 19th century, while the Macedonian writer Krste Misirkov had previously used the word собитие [ˈsɔbitiɛ]. The Miladinov Brothers (Братя Миладинови Bratya Miladinovi; Браќа Миладиновци Braќa Miladinovci) Dimitar Miladinov (1810-1862 The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Krste Petkov Misirkov (Кръсте/Кръстю/Кръстьо Петков Мисирков Крсте Петков Мисирков (born 18 November, 1874 in ^[36] This is not to say that there are no Serbisms, Bulgarisms or even Russianisms in the language, but rather that they were discouraged on a principle of "seeking native material first". Russianism, Russism, or Russicism is an influence of Russian language on other languages ^[37]

Writing system

Alphabet

Main article: Macedonian alphabet

The modern Macedonian alphabet was developed by linguists in the period after the Second World War, who based their alphabet on the phonetic alphabet of Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, though a similar writing system was used by Krste Misirkov in the late 19th century. The Macedonian alphabet (Македонска азбука Makedonska azbuka) is an adaptation of the Cyrillic alphabet used to write the modern Macedonian language World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Vuk Stefanović Karadžić ( Serbian Cyrillic: Вук Стефановић Караџић ( November 7, 1787 - February 7, 1864 Krste Petkov Misirkov (Кръсте/Кръстю/Кръстьо Петков Мисирков Крсте Петков Мисирков (born 18 November, 1874 in The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The Macedonian language had previously been written using the Early Cyrillic alphabet, or later using the Cyrillic alphabet with local adaptations from either the Serbian or Bulgarian alphabets. The original Cyrillic alphabet was a writing system developed in the First Bulgarian Empire in the tenth century to write the Old Church Slavonic Liturgical The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet (српска/Вукова ћирилица srpska/Vukova ćirilica, literally " Serbian/Vuk's Cyrillic alphabet " is Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group

The following table provides the upper and lower case forms of the Macedonian alphabet, along with the IPA value for each letter:

Orthography

Macedonian orthography is consistent and phonemic in practice, an approximation of the principle of one grapheme per phoneme. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA is a system of phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA is a system of phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic A (А а is the first letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. It arose directly from the Greek letter alpha. Ve (В в is the third letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the sound /v/ Ge or He (Г г italics Г, г) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing /g/ or /ɦ/ in different languages De (Д д italics Д д) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. Gje (Ѓ ѓ is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, used in the Macedonian language to represent / ɟ / or / ʥ / For the Ukrainian alphabet letter Ye (Є є see Ukrainian Ye. Zhe (Ж ж is the letter of Cyrillic alphabet which represents the Voiced postalveolar fricative /ʒ/ ( listen) similar to the s Ze (З з is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the consonant /z/ Dze (Ѕ ѕ is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, used to represent the sound /dz/ in the Macedonian alphabet. I or Y (И и italics И, и) is a letter of almost all ancient and modern Cyrillic alphabets representing typically /i/ (in Old Slavonic The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA is a system of phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic Je (Ј ј is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, used in the Serbian, Macedonian, Azeri, and Altai languages Ka (К к is a letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It is derived from the Greek letter kappa (Κ κ El (Л л is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the consonant /l/ unless it comes before a palatalizing vowel when it represents /lʲ/ except in Serbian The Cyrillic letter lje (Љ љ was originally a ligature of Л and Ь and represents a palatal lateral /ʎ/ a sound similar (but not equal Em (М м is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing a Bilabial nasal consonant /m/ unless it is before a palatalizing vowel when it represents En (Н н is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. It represents the consonant /n/ unless followed by ь or any of the Palatalizing vowels when it represents /nʲ/ The Cyrillic letter Nje (Њ њ is a Ligature of Н and Ь. It is used in Macedonian and Serbian, where it represents O (О о is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the vowel /o/ word-initially and after hard consonants Pe (П п (formerly referred to by the mnemonic name pokoy) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the consonant /p/ unless followed Er (Р р is the eighteenth letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. It was developed from the Greek letter Rho. Es (С с is the eighteenth letter in the Bulgarian the nineteenth letter in the Russian and the twenty-first letter in Serbian Cyrillic alphabet. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA is a system of phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic Te (Т т italics Т, т) is the letter in the Cyrillic alphabet corresponding to T in the Latin alphabet Kje (Ќ ќ is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, used in the Macedonian language. U (У у is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the vowel /u/ after non-palatalized (hard consonants Ef (Ф ф is the twenty-second letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. Kha, (Х х is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the Voiceless velar fricative /x/ in Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian Tse (Ц ц is a letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It looks somewhat like U with square corners and a "pig tail" on the bottom right Che or Cha (Ч ч italics Ч ч) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. Dzhe (Џ џ is a letter of Vuk Karadžić 's Cyrillic alphabet reform used in Serbo-Croatian and Macedonian to represent a Voiced Sha (Ш ш italics Ш ш) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the consonant sound /ʃ/ or /ʂ/ In Typography, a grapheme is the fundamental unit in written language. The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU A principle represented by Adelung's saying, "write as you speak and read as it is written" („пишувај како што зборуваш и читај како што е напишано“). Johann Christoph Adelung ( 8 August 1732 – 10 September 1806) was a German Grammarian and Philologist. Though as with most, if not all, living languages it has its share of inconsistencies and exceptions.

Examples

Lord's Prayer

History

Main article: History of the Macedonian language

The region of Macedonia and the Republic of Macedonia are located on the Balkan peninsula. The Macedonians (Македонци transliterated Makedonci) also referred to as Macedonian Slavs --> --> are a South Slavic people Macedonian culture is the Culture of the South Slavic Ethnic Macedonian population of the Balkan region known in the 20th century as Vardar When Turkish rule was supplanted by Serbian rule in 1913 the Serbs officially denied Macedonian distinctiveness considering the Macedonian language merely a dialect of Serbo-Croatian Macedonian culture is the Culture of the South Slavic Ethnic Macedonian population of the Balkan region known in the 20th century as Vardar Music of the Republic of Macedonia and Ethnic Macedonians has many things in common with the music of neighbouring Balkan countries Macedonian culture is the Culture of the South Slavic Ethnic Macedonian population of the Balkan region known in the 20th century as Vardar Macedonian cuisine (Македонска кујна transliterated Makedonska Kujna) is a representative of the cuisine of the Balkans, reflecting The Macedonians (Македонци transliterated Makedonci) also referred to as Macedonian Slavs --> --> are a South Slavic people In the Republic of Macedonia the main religion is Macedonian Orthodox, followed by Islam. History Origins After the fall of the First Bulgarian Empire, the Emperor Basil II acknowledged the autocephalous status of the Bulgarian The Roman Catholic Church in the Republic of Macedonia is part of the worldwide Roman Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope and Curia The Macedonian Catholic Church, called the Macedonian Byzantine Catholic Church, is a Byzantine Rite Sui juris particular church within the communion Muslims in the Republic of Macedonia form 33% of the Republic of Macedonia's total population The history of Jews in the territory of the present-day Republic of Macedonia began in Roman times when Jews first arrived in the region in the It is estimated that Protestantism is practised by 61358 or roughly 3% of the total population The Union of the Baptist Christians in the Republic of Macedonia is a small fellowship of Baptist churches in the Republic of Macedonia. The history of the Macedonian people is closely associated with the historical and geographical region of Macedonia, and is manifested with their constant struggle The National Liberation War of Macedonia (Народноослободителна Борба на Македонија (НОБ transliterated Narodnoosloboditelna The National Liberation Front (abbreviated NOF) (Народно Ослободителен Фронт (НОФ transliterated Narodno Osloboditelen Front The Republic of Macedonia (Република The Republic of Macedonia (Република The Macedonians (Македонци transliterated Makedonci) also referred to as Macedonian Slavs --> --> are a South Slavic people Ethnic Macedonians of Albania are an officially recognized ethnic minority in Albania Ethnic Macedonians in Bulgaria or Pirin Macedonians are a group mostly concentrated in the Pirin region of Macedonia. Ethnic Macedonians of Serbia are an officially recognized ethnic minorityin Serbia Macedonians in Slovenia is a term referring to the groups of Ethnic Macedonians residing in Slovenia. Macedonians in Croatia refers to the group of Ethnic Macedonians who reside in Croatia. Macedonian Australians are Australians of ethnic Macedonian descent Macedonian Canadians are a group of Ethnic Macedonians who live in Canada. Macedonian Americans are Americans of Ethnic Macedonian descent Macedonians in Sweden is a term referring to the groups of Ethnic Macedonians residing in Sweden. The Ethnic Macedonians of Romania are a recognised minority with full minority rights Macedonians in Switzerland are Ethnic Macedonians who reside in Switzerland. According to the 2006 census figures 62295 ethnic Macedonians reside in Germany. "Aegean Macedonians" (Егејски Македонци Egejski Makedonci) or simply "Aegeans" (Егејци Egejci) are terms The Macedonian Muslims ( Macedonian: Македонци-муслимани Makedonci-muslimani) also known as Muslim Macedonians or Torbeš This is a list of Macedonians (Македонци Makedonci) a modern South Slavic ethnic group Public holidays are observed in the Republic of Macedonia for a number of reasons including for religious religious and national significance The standard Macedonian language can be said to have been codified in August 1944 when a provisional government run by the Anti-Fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia is a Geographical and historical region of the Balkan peninsula in southeastern Europe whose area was re-defined in the early 20th century The Republic of Macedonia (Република The Slavs first came to the Balkan Peninsula in the sixth and seventh centuries AD. In the ninth century, the Greek Byzantine monks Saints Cyril and Methodius developed the first writing system for the Slavonic languages. The History of Greece traditionally encompasses the study of the Greek people, the areas they ruled historically and the territory now composing the modern state of Saints Cyril and Methodius (Κύριλλος και Μεθόδιος Old Church Slavonic: Кѷриллъ и Меѳодїи) were two Byzantine Greek brothers born At this time, the Slavic dialects were so close as to make it practical to develop the written language on the dialect of a single region. There is dispute as to the precise region, but it is likely that they were developed in the region around Thessaloniki. Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη), Thessalonica, or Salonica is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of Macedonia

In the fourteenth century, the Ottoman Turks invaded and conquered most of the Balkans, incorporating Macedonia into the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish While the written language, now called Old Church Slavonic, remained static as a result of Turkish domination, the spoken dialects moved further apart. to make sure old Cyrillic letters are displayed properly (For example instead of just Ѣ write Ѣ Only very slight traces of written Macedonian survive from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

During the increase of national consciousness in the Balkans, standards for the languages of Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian and Bulgarian were created. Slovene or Slovenian ( slovenski jezik or slovenščina, not to be confused with Slovenčina) is a South Slavic language The Serbo-Croatian language or Croato-Serbian language (cрпскохрватски језик srpskohrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic Diasystem Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group As Turkish influence in Macedonia waned, schools were opened up that taught the Bulgarian standard language in areas with significant a Bulgarian population. (see Demographic History of Macedonia)

In 1845 the Russian scholar Viktor Grigorovich travelled in the Balkans in order to study the south Slavic dialects of Macedonia. This article is about the region spanning several countries in southeastern Europe for the demographics of the Republic of Macedonia, see Demographic history of the Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending His work articulated for the first time a distinct pair of separate Bulgarian dialects: Eastern and Western. Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group According to his findings, the Western Bulgarian variety, spoken in Macedonia, was characterized by traces of Old Slavic nasal vowels. ^[38] It wasn't until the works of Krste Misirkov that parts of what had been regarded as West Bulgarian dialects were defined as a separate 'Macedonian' language. Krste Petkov Misirkov (Кръсте/Кръстю/Кръстьо Петков Мисирков Крсте Петков Мисирков (born 18 November, 1874 in Misirkov was born in a village near Pella in Greek Macedonia. Pella (Πέλλα was the Capital of the ancient kingdom of Macedon. Macedonia ( Μακεδονία, Makedonía,) is a geographical and historical region of Greece in southeastern Europe Although literature had been written in the Slavic dialects of Macedonia before, arguably the most important book published in relation to the Macedonian language was Misirkov's On Macedonian Matters, published in 1903. In that book, he argued for the creation of a standard literary Macedonian language from the central dialects of Macedonia which would use a phonemic orthography. A phonemic orthography is a Writing system where the written Graphemes correspond to Phonemes the spoken sounds of the language

After the first two Balkan wars, the region of Macedonia was split among Greece, Bulgaria, and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija Yugoslavia occupied the area that is currently the Republic of Macedonia incorporating it into the Kingdom as "Southern Serbia. " During this time, Yugoslav Macedonia became known as Vardar Banovina (Vardar province) and the language of public life, education and the church was Serbo-Croatian. The Vardar Banovina or Vardar Banate or in Serbo-Croat: Вардарска бановина in Cyrillic; Vardarska banovina in Latinic In the other two parts of Macedonia, the respective national languages, Greek and Bulgarian, were made official. In Bulgarian Macedonia, the local dialects were described as dialects of Bulgarian.

During the second World War, Yugoslav Macedonia was occupied by the Bulgarians, who were allied with the Axis. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Bulgarian language was reintroduced in schools and liturgies. A liturgy is the customary public worship done by a specific religious group according to their particular traditions The Bulgarians were initially welcomed as liberators from Serbian domination until connections were made between the imposition of the Bulgarian language and unpopular Serbian assimilation policies; the Bulgarians were quickly seen as conquerors. A region or society where several different groups are spontaneously assimilated is sometimes referred to as a Melting pot.

There were a number of groups fighting the Bulgarian occupying force, some advocating independence and others union with Bulgaria. The eventual outcome was that almost all of Vardar Banovina (i. The Vardar Banovina or Vardar Banate or in Serbo-Croat: Вардарска бановина in Cyrillic; Vardarska banovina in Latinic e. the areas which geographically became known as Vardar Macedonia) was incorporated into the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as a constituent Socialist Republic with the Macedonian language holding official status within both the Federation and Republic. Vardar Macedonia ( Macedonian and Serbian: Вардарска Македонија, Vardarska Makedonija Bulgarian: Вардарска The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: The term socialist state (or socialist republic, or workers' state) can carry one of several different (but related meanings In strictly speaking any The Macedonian language was proclaimed the official language of the Republic of Macedonia at the First Session of the Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia, held on August 2, 1944. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The first official Macedonian grammar was developed by Krume Kepeski. One of the most important contributors in the standardisation of the Macedonian literary language was Blaže Koneski. Blaže Koneski (Блаже Конески ( December 19, 1921 – December 7, 1993) (born in Nebregovo, near Prilep, The first document written in the literary standard Macedonian language is the first issue of the Nova Makedonija newspaper in 1944. Makedonska Iskra (Macedonian Spark) was the first Macedonian newspaper to be published in Australia, from 1946 to 1957. A monthly with national distribution, it commenced in Perth and later moved to Melbourne and Sydney.

Political views on the language

Main article: Political views on the Macedonian language

As with the issue of Macedonian ethnicity, the politicians, linguists and common people from Macedonia and neighbouring countries have opposing views about the existence and distinctiveness of the Macedonian language. The existence and distinctiveness of the Macedonian language is disputed among the politicians linguists and common people from Republic of Macedonia and neighboring The Macedonians (Македонци transliterated Makedonci) also referred to as Macedonian Slavs --> --> are a South Slavic people

In the ninth century AD, saints Cyril and Methodius introduced Old Church Slavonic, the first Slavic language of literacy. Saints Cyril and Methodius (Κύριλλος και Μεθόδιος Old Church Slavonic: Кѷриллъ и Меѳодїи) were two Byzantine Greek brothers born Saints Cyril and Methodius (Κύριλλος και Μεθόδιος Old Church Slavonic: Кѷриллъ и Меѳодїи) were two Byzantine Greek brothers born to make sure old Cyrillic letters are displayed properly (For example instead of just Ѣ write Ѣ Written with their newly invented Glagolitic script, this language was based largely on the dialect of Slavs spoken in Thessaloniki; this dialect is closest to present day Bulgarian and Macedonian^[39] and the official modern Macedonian view, prevalent in books printed in the Republic of Macedonia, is that Macedonian was the first official language of Slavs. The Glagolitic alphabet or Glagolitsa is the oldest known Slavic Alphabet. Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη), Thessalonica, or Salonica is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of Macedonia Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group

Bulgaria recognized the Macedonian language from 1944 until 1948, the date of the Tito-Stalin split. ^[40] This date also coincided with the first referenced efforts of Bulgarian linguists to the Serbianisation of the Macedonian language. Serbianisation ( serbianization, serbization) (србизација srbizacija, сърбизация посръбчване is a term used to describe ^[41] Although Bulgaria was the first country to recognize the independence of the Republic of Macedonia, it has since refused to recognise the existence of a separate Macedonian nation and a separate Macedonian language. Unlike Bulgaria, Serbia has acknowledged a separate Macedonian and language since the end of the Second World War.

Bulgarian linguists and scientists regard Macedonian as a dialect of the Bulgarian language. Although described as being dialects of Bulgarian prior to the establishment of the standard, the current academic consensus outside Bulgaria is that Macedonian is an autonomous language within the South Slavic dialect continuum. An autonomous language or variety is usually a Standard language that has its own established norms as opposed to a heteronomous variety ^[42]

Alternative names

Main article: Macedonian language naming dispute

Bulgarian

In most sources in and out of Bulgaria before the Second World War, the southern Slavonic dialect continuum covering the area of today's Republic of Macedonia were referred to as Bulgarian dialects. The name of the Macedonian language ( Macedonian: македонски јазик makedonski jazik) as used by the people and defined in the constitution of the The South Slavic dialect continuum covers the languages spoken from Slovenia to Northern Greece. The Republic of Macedonia (Република After WWII, the question about the Macedonian language was forgotten in the name of the Bulgaro-Yugoslavian friendship under the pressure of the Soviet Union

Greece

According to the linguistic publication Ethnologue, alternative names include "Macedonian Slavic" and (in Greece) "Slavic"^[43]. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Ethnologue Languages of the World is a web and print publication of SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics a Christian The Slavic dialects of Greece are the dialects of Bulgarian or Macedonian spoken by minority groups in the regions of Macedonia and Thrace The use of the name Macedonian for the language is considered offensive by Greeks, who assert that the northern Greek ancient Macedonian language is the only "Macedonian language. For the unrelated modern Slavic language see Macedonian language. " Greeks object to the use of the "Macedonian" name in reference to the modern Slavic language, calling it "Slavomacedonian" (Macedonian: славомакедонски јазик, Greek: σλαβομακεδονική γλώσσα), a term introduced and accepted by the Slavic-speaking community of northern Greece itself,^[44] or "Skopian", which, since the 1990s, are considered pejorative terms by ethnic Macedonians (i. The name of the Macedonian language ( Macedonian: македонски јазик makedonski jazik) as used by the people and defined in the constitution of the Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly e. people with that national identity). ^[44] Terms such as Slav Macedonian have also been used. ^[45] The European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages is of the opinion that the language spoken by the Slavophone Greeks in Greek Macedonia should in fact be called "Macedonian"^[46] and it appropriate recognises it as such. The European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages ( EBLUL) is a Non-governmental organisation promoting linguistic diversity and languages founded in 1982 Slavophone Greeks ( Greek: Σλαβόφωνοι Έλληνες are a population group in northern Greece, who traditionally speak Slavika, a dialect of Macedonia ( Μακεδονία, Makedonía,) is a geographical and historical region of Greece in southeastern Europe ^[47]

References

See also

• Ausbausprache - Abstandsprache - Dachsprache
• Balkan linguistic union
• Bulgarian language
• Macedonian alphabet
• Macedonian language naming dispute
• Political views on the Macedonian language
• Romanisation of Macedonian
• Slavic language (Greece)
• Sociolinguistics
• Torlakian dialect

Bibliography

• Comrie, Bernard & Greville Corbett (2002), "The Macedonian language", written at New York, The Slavonic Languages, Routledge Publications
• Dostál, Antonín (1965), "The Origins of the Slavonic Liturgy", Dumbarton Oaks Papers 19: 67-87
• Hill, P. Macedonian () is the official Language of the Republic of Macedonia and is a part of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. The Ausbausprache - Abstandsprache - Dachsprache ( framework is a tool developed by sociolinguists for analysing and categorising the status of language varieties The Balkan Sprachbund or linguistic area is the ensemble of Areal features —similarity in grammar syntax vocabulary and phonology—among languages of Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group The Macedonian alphabet (Македонска азбука Makedonska azbuka) is an adaptation of the Cyrillic alphabet used to write the modern Macedonian language The name of the Macedonian language ( Macedonian: македонски јазик makedonski jazik) as used by the people and defined in the constitution of the The existence and distinctiveness of the Macedonian language is disputed among the politicians linguists and common people from Republic of Macedonia and neighboring The Romanization of Macedonian is the transliteration of text in the Macedonian language from the Macedonian Cyrillic alphabet into the Latin alphabet. The Slavic dialects of Greece are the dialects of Bulgarian or Macedonian spoken by minority groups in the regions of Macedonia and Thrace Sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of any and all aspects of Society, including cultural norms expectations and context on the way Language is used Torlak ( Cyrillic: Торлачки говор Торлашки говор Latinic: Torlački govor) or simply Torlakian, is the name used (1999), ""Macedonians in Greece and Albania: A comparative study of recent developments"", Nationalities Papers 27 (1)
• Friedman, Victor (2001), "Macedonian", written at New York, in Garry, Jane & Carl Rubino, Facts about the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the Worlds Major Languages, Past and Present, Holt, 435-439
• Friedman, Victor (1998), "The implementation of standard Macedonian: problems and results", International Journal of the Sociology of Language (no. 131): 31-57
• Hoxha, Artan & Alma Gurraj (2001), "Local self-government and decentralization: case of Albania. History, reformes [sic and challenges. "], Local Self Government and Decentralization in South-East Europe:Proceedings of the Workshop held in Zagreb, 6th April 2001, 194-224, <http://www.fes.hr/E-books/pdf/Local%20Self%20Government/09.pdf>
• Lunt, Horace G. (1952), written at Skopje, Grammar of the Macedonian Literary Language
• Mahon, Milena (1998), "The Macedonian question in Bulgaria", Nations and Nationalism 4 (3): 389-407
• Poulton, Hugh (2000), written at United Kingdom, Who Are the Macedonians?, C. Nations and Nationalism is an Interdisciplinary academic Journal covering Nationalism and related issues Hurst & Co. Ltd. , ISBN 0253345987
• Seriot, Patrick (1997), "Faut-il que les langues aient un nom? Le cas du macédonien", written at Louvain, in Tabouret-Keller, Andrée, Le nom des langues. L'enjeu de la nomination des langues, vol. 1, Peeters, 167-190, <http://www2.unil.ch/slav/ling/recherche/biblio/97macedTK.html>
• Topolinjska, Z. (1998), "In place of a foreword: facts about the Republic of Macedonia and the Macedonian language", International Journal of the Sociology of Language (no. 131): 1-11
• Trudgill, Peter (1992), "Ausbau sociolinguistics and the perception of language status in contemporary Europe", International Journal of Applied Linguistics 2 (2): 167-177

Further reading

• Kramer, Christina (2003). Christina Elizabeth Kramer is Professor of Slavic and Balkan languages and Linguistics at the University of Toronto and Chair Macedonian: A Course for Beginning and Intermediate Students. , 2nd, University of Wisconsin Press.  

External links

• A grammar of Macedonian by Victor Friedman
• Macedonian - English, Greek, Albanian, German, French, Italian translator
• Macedonian language at Ethnologue
• BBC Education - Languages: Macedonian, Makedonski
• The Macedonian Language
• Macedonian - English Dictionary
• Reading and Pronouncing Macedonian: An Interactive Tutorial
• Otto Kronsteiner. The Collapse of Yugoslavia and the Future Prospects of the Macedonian Literary Language
• UCLA Language materials project: Macedonian profile
• Krste Misirkov - Za Makedonckite Raboti (Complete text of the book)
• Nature of Standard Macedonian lanuage by Mladen Srbinovski
• The Macedonian nationality
• 1920 US Census, Instructions to Enumerators, where Macedonian is listed as a principal foreign language