Macaronic refers to text spoken or written using a mixture of languages, sometimes including bilingual puns, particularly when the languages are used in the same context (as opposed to different segments of a text being in different languages). A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them A bilingual pun is a Pun in which a word in one language is similar to a word in another language TEXT is the band founded by Kristofer Steen David Sandström Fredrik Bäckström and Jon F Brännström The term is occasionally used of hybrid words, which are in effect internally macaronic. A hybrid word is a word which etymologically has one part derived from one language and another part derived from a different language A rough equivalent in spoken language is code-switching, a term in linguistics referring to using more than one language or dialect in conversation. Code-switching is a term in Linguistics referring to using more than one language or variety in conversation Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields

Macaronic Latin specifically is a jumbled jargon made up of vernacular words given Latin endings, or for Latin words mixed with the vernacular in a pastiche (compare dog Latin). For Wikipedia jargon see WikipediaGlossary. For hacker slang see Jargon File. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Vernacular refers to the Native language of a country or a locality The word pastiche describes a literary or other artistic Genre. Dog Latin or mock-Latin refers to the creation of a Phrase or Jargon in imitation of Latin, often by directly translating English

The term "macaronic" has derogatory overtones, and it is usually reserved for works where the mixing of languages has a humorous or satirical intent. Humour or humor (see spelling differences) is the tendency of particular cognitive experiences to provoke Laughter and provide Amusement Satire is often strictly defined as a literary genre or form; although in practice it is also found in the graphic and Performing arts In satire human Most mixed-language literature indeed appears to be of that kind. It is a matter of debate whether the term can be applied to mixed-language literature of a more serious nature and purpose.

Contents 1 History 1.1 Mixed Latin-vernacular lyrics in Medieval Europe 1.2 Latin-Italian macaronic verse 1.3 Other mixed-language lyrics 2 Modern macaronic literature 2.1 Prose 2.2 Poetry 3 See also 4 References 5 Media

History

Mixed Latin-vernacular lyrics in Medieval Europe

Texts that mixed Latin and vernacular language apparently arose throughout Europe at the end of the Middle Ages --- a time when Latin was still the working language of scholars, clerics or university students, but was losing ground to vernacular among poets, minstrels and storytellers. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Vernacular refers to the Native language of a country or a locality minstrel was a medieval European Bard who performed songs whose lyrics told stories about distant places or about real or imaginary historical events

The Carmina Burana (collected ca. Carmina Burana (ˈkarmɪna buˈraːna also known as the Burana Codex, is a Manuscript collection found in 1803 in the Bavarian monastery of 1230) contains several poems mixing Latin with Medieval German or French. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Another well-known example is the first stanza of the famous carol "In Dulci Jubilo", whose original version (written around 1328) had Latin mixed with German, with a hint of Greek. " In Dulci Jubilo " ( English "In Sweetest Rejoicing" but most commonly arranged as " Good Christian Men Rejoice " is a traditional Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly While some of those early works had a clear humorous intent, many used the language mix for lyrical effect.

Another early example in the Middle English recitals The Towneley Plays (ca. Middle English is the name given by Historical linguistics to the diverse forms of the English language spoken between the Norman invasion of 1460). In play 24 (The Talents), Pontius Pilate delivers a speech in mixed English-Latin rhyme. The Talents is play 24 of the Middle English recitals The Towneley Plays (ca

Latin-Italian macaronic verse

The term "macaronic" is believed to originate from Padua in the late 14th century, apparently from maccerone, a kind of pasta or dumpling eaten by peasants at that time. Padua ( Padova 'padova Latin: Patavium, Padoa) is a city in the Veneto, northern Italy. Pasta ( Italian for "dough" is a generic term for Italian variants of Noodles. Dumplings are "piece of Dough, sometimes filled that cooked in liquid such as water or soup" or "sweetened dough wrapped around fruit such as an apple baked (That word is also the presumed origin of the modern Italian word maccheroni. thumb|right|200px|Macaroni thumb|right|200px|Macaroni and cheese Macaroni is a kind of moderately extended machine-made dry Pasta. ) ^[1]. Its association with the genre comes from the Macaronea, a comical poem by Tifi Odasi in mixed Latin and Italian, published in 1488 or 1489. Macaronea or Carmen Macaronicum de Patavinisis ("Macaronic Song from Padua " a comical Poem by 15th century Michele di Bartolomeo degli Odasi (c1450&ndash1492 Pen name Tifi ( dagli) Odasi ( Latinized as Tifetus or Typhis Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Another example of the genre is Tosontea by Corrado of Padua, which was published at about the same time as Tisi's Macaronea.

Tisi and his contemporaries clearly intended to satirize the broken Latin used by many doctors, scholars and bureaucrats of their time. Satire is often strictly defined as a literary genre or form; although in practice it is also found in the graphic and Performing arts In satire human While this "macaronic Latin" (macaronica verba) could be due to ignorance or carelesness, it could also be the result of its speakers trying to make themselves understood by common folk without resorting to their "vulgar" language ^[2].

An important and unusual example of mixed-language text is the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili of Francesco Colonna (1499), which was basically written using Italian syntax and morphology, but using a made-up vocabulary based on roots from Latin, Greek, and occasionally others. Hypnerotomachia Poliphili (in English Poliphilo's Strife of Love in a Dream, from Greek hypnos, ‘sleep’ eros, Francesco Colonna (1433(? &ndash 1527 was an Italian Dominican Priest and Monk who was credited with the authorship of the Hypnerotomachia Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly However, while the Hypnerotomachia is contemporary with Tisi's Macaronea, its mixed language is not used for plain humor, but is rather as an aesthetic device to underscore the fantastic but refined nature of the book.

Tisi's Macaronea was a popular success, and the writing of humorous texts in Macaronic Latin became a fad in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, particularly in Italian. Humour or humor (see spelling differences) is the tendency of particular cognitive experiences to provoke Laughter and provide Amusement As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. An important example was Baldo by Teofilo Folengo, who described his own verses as "a gross, rude, and rustic mixture of flour, cheese, and butter"^{[3] [4]}. Teofilo Folengo ( November 8, 1491 - December 9, 1544) who wrote under the pseudonym of Merlino Coccajo or Merlinus Coccaius

Other mixed-language lyrics

Macaronic verse is especially common in cultures with widespread bilingualism or language contact, such as Ireland before the middle of the nineteenth century. Language contact occurs when speakers of distinct speech varieties interact Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Macaronic traditional songs, such as "Siúil A Rúin" are quite common in Ireland. Siúil A Rúin ("go my love" is a traditional Irish song with English language verses and an Irish language chorus a style known as Macaronic

Macaronic verse was also common in medieval India, where the influence of the Muslim rulers led to poems being written alternatingly in indigenous medieval Hindi verse, followed by one in the Persian language. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is This style was used by the famous poet Amir Khusro, and it also played a major role in the rise of the Urdu or Hindustani language. Ab'ul Hasan Yamīn al-Dīn Khusrow ( Hindi: hi अबुल हसन यमीनुद्दीन ख़ुसरो (1253-1325 CE better known as Amīr Khusrow Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Hindustani ( Hindi: हिन्दुस्तानी is an adjectival form of Hindustan which originally meant people from the whole geographical region of

Modern macaronic literature

Prose

Macaronic text is still used by modern Italian authors, e. g. by Carlo Emilio Gadda. Carlo Emilio Gadda ( May 14 1893 - November 21 1973) was an Italian Writer and Poet. Other examples are provided by the character Salvatore in Umberto Eco's The Name of the Rose, and the peasant hero of his Baudolino. Umberto Eco (born 5 January 1932 is an Italian Medievalist, semiotician, Philosopher, literary critic and Novelist, best The Name of the Rose, a novel by Umberto Eco, is a Historical whodunnit — a Murder mystery set in an Italian Monastery Baudolino is a 2000 novel by Umberto Eco about the adventures of a young man named Baudolino in the known and mythical Christian world of Dario Fo' s Mistero Buffo ("Comic Mystery Play") features grammelot sketches using language with macaronic elements. Dario Fo (born March 24, 1926) is an Italian satirist, Playwright, Theater director, Actor, and Composer Grammelot is a term for a style of language in satirical theatre a Gibberish with macaronic and onomatopoeic elements used in association with Pantomime

The novel The Last Samurai by Helen DeWitt^[5] includes portions of Japanese, Classical Greek and Inuktitut, although the reader is not expected to understand the passages that are not in English. The Last Samurai ( 2000) was the first Novel by American writer Helen DeWitt. Helen DeWitt (born 1957 in Takoma Park, Maryland, a suburb of Washington D is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c Inuktitut ( Inuktitut syllabics: iu-Cans ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ ( fonts required literally "like the Inuit") is the name of the varieties of

Macaronisms figure prominently in the The Trilogy by the Polish novelist, Henryk Sienkiewicz. For the general use of the term "trilogy" see Trilogy. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland

Mots D'Heures: Gousses, by Rames is a macaronic telling of Mother Goose's rhymes: the text is in false French, which read aloud sounds like the English rhymes ^[6]. Mother Goose is a well-known figure in the Literature of Fairy tales and Nursery rhymes Mother Goose is best known in the United States, in the

Poetry

Two well-known examples of modern non-humorous macaronic verse are Byron's Maid of Athens, ere we part (1810, in English with a Greek refrain) ^[7]. Maid of Athens ere we part is a poem by Lord Byron, written in 1810 and dedicated to a young girl of Athens. Year 1810 ( MDCCCX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly ; and Pearsall's translation of the In Dulci Jubilo carol (1837, in mixed English-Latin verse). Robert Lucas Pearsall ( March 14, 1795 – August 5, 1856) was an English Composer. Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common

A more recent example is the mużajki or mosaics of Maltese poet Antoine Cassar^[8] (2007), that mix English, Spanish, Maltese, Italian and French. Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands Antoine Cassar ( London, 1978 is a Maltese Poet and Translator. Maltese (Maltese Malti is the National language of Malta, and a co-official language of the country alongside English,

An example of modern humorous macaronic verse is the anonymous English-Latin poem Carmen Possum ("The Opossum's Song"), which is sometimes used as a teaching and motivational aid in elementary Latin language classes. Carmen Possum is a popular 80-line macaronic poem written in a mix of Latin and English. Other similar examples are The Motor Bus by A. D. Godley, and the anonymous Up I arose in verno tempore. Alfred Denis Godley (1856--1925 was a classical scholar and author of humorous poems

See also

• Dog Latin
• Code-switching
• Living Latin
• UEFA Champions League Anthem
• Amir Khusro
• Franglais, a mixture of French and English often used for humorous effect

References

• Posen, I. Sheldon English-French Macaronic Songs in Canada- A Research Note and Query in Folksongs [2]

Media

• What is it that roareth thus, can it be a motor bus (info), a poem by A. D. Godley performed by David W. I Sheldon Posen is a Canadian folklorist a member of Finest Kind, and a former writer of the 'Songfinder' column for Sing Out!. Alfred Denis Godley (1856--1925 was a classical scholar and author of humorous poems Solomons.
• Up I arose in verno tempore (info), anonymous poem performed by David W. Solomons.

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