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Maakhir State of Somalia
ولاية ماخر الصومال
Flag of Maakhir Coat of arms of Maakhir
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: Somalia Tosow
Location of Maakhir
Capital
(and largest city)		 Badhan
Official languages Somali and Arabic
Government Federal State within Somalia
 -  President Jibrell Ali Salad
 -  Vice-President Ahmed Guure Adan
Autonomy from Somaliland, Puntland and Somalia 
 -  Proclaimed July 1, 2007 
 -  Recognition Unrecognised 
Area
 -  Total 35,000 km² 
13,514 sq mi 
Population
 -   estimate 700,000 
Currency Somali shilling (SOS)
Time zone EAT (UTC+3)
 -  Summer (DST) not observed (UTC+3)
Internet TLD .so
Calling code +252 (Somalia)

Maakhir (Somali: Gobolka Maakhir; Arabic: ماخر ‎ transliteration: Maakhir), officially the Maakhir State of Somalia (Somali: Maamul Goboleedka Maakhir, Arabic: ولاية ماخر الصومال‎ transliteration: Wilaayatu Maakhir aṣ-Ṣūmāl) is a self-proclaimed autonomous state within Somalia on an area disputed by Somaliland and Puntland. The flag of Maakhir was originally declared with the first Maakhir government though with the emergency situation in Maakhir emerging in early 2008 President Jibrell Ali Salad called The Coat of arms of Maakhir is based on the original flag design for Maakhir State of Somalia A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's Badhan (also known as Barran, Baran) is a City and district in the Sanaag region a territory in northwestern Somalia. An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory Somali ( Af Soomaali, الصوماليه is a member of the East Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken by ethnic Somalis Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. President Jibrell Ali Salaad was born 1939 in Laasqoray in Sanaag region of Somalia. Autonomy ( Greek: Auto- Nomos - nomos meaning "law" one who gives oneself his/her own Law) is the right to Self-government Puntland is a region in northeastern Somalia, centered on Garowe ( Nugaal region whose leaders declared it to be an autonomous state in 1998 Somalia ( Soomaaliya; الصومال) officially the Somali Republic ( Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, جمهورية الصومال) and formerly known Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. M^2 redirects here For other uses see M². CM2 redirects here The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is The shilling ( English) shilin ( Somali, also شلن or scellino ( Italian) has been the Currency of Somalia ISO 4217 is the International standard describing three-letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established East Africa Time, or EAT, is a time zone used in eastern Africa. Daylight saving time ( DST A country This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E Somali ( Af Soomaali, الصوماليه is a member of the East Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken by ethnic Somalis Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Different approaches and methods for the Romanization of Arabic exist Somali ( Af Soomaali, الصوماليه is a member of the East Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken by ethnic Somalis Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Different approaches and methods for the Romanization of Arabic exist Somalia ( Soomaaliya; الصومال) officially the Somali Republic ( Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, جمهورية الصومال) and formerly known Puntland is a region in northeastern Somalia, centered on Garowe ( Nugaal region whose leaders declared it to be an autonomous state in 1998 Declared in July 1, 2007, it remains unrecognized by the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Transitional Federal Government (TFG of the Somali Republic ( Dowladda federaalka kumeelgaarka) is the present internationally recognized government of Somalia

Contents

Autonomy

Maakhir is mainly inhabited by the Warsangali clan, a member of the Harti confederation of clans (along with the Dhulbahante and Majeerteen) and a clan of the Darod tribe. The Warsangali (also Warsengeli or Warsingeli) ("Son of Mohamoud Harti" is a Somali clan of the Harti group part of the Darod See also Somali clan Harti (also Haarti, meaning "strong man" ( Xaarti, هارتي is a name used to denote on the one hand a conglomeration See also Somali clan The Dhulbahante is a Somali sub clan of the Harti part of the Koombe and of Kablalax, of the See also Somali clan The Majeerteen, Majerteen or Macherten (Majerteen ماجرتين Muhammad Harti Amaleh Abdi Muhammad Abdirahman See also Somali clan The Darod ( Darood or Daarood, بني داوود is a Somali clan. The Warsangali were originally one of the principal actors in the creation of the Puntland State as a successor to the Harti Sultanates after the collapse of the central government in Somalia in 1991, but since the proclamation of the autonomous Puntland in 1998, the Warsangali have been increasingly sidelined as the Majeerteen clan has assumed a hegemonic role in the state. Sultan (سلطان is an Islamic title with several historical meanings [1]

Maakhir State proclaimed autonomy at a 1 July 2007 ceremony in Badhan in response to overlapping claims of both Somaliland and Puntland over the western Sanaag, which has led to several conflicts over control of the territory between Somaliland and Puntland. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Badhan (also known as Barran, Baran) is a City and district in the Sanaag region a territory in northwestern Somalia. Sanaag ( Somali: Sanaag) is a region ( gobol) in northern Somalia. [2] Puntland and Somaliland have both signed oil concessions in this part of Sanaag,[3] without the consent of the local leadership,[4] which also contributed to the desire of the local Warsangali to administer their own affairs, as well as resolve disputes with Mohamud Muse Hersi, the current President of Puntland. The Warsangali (also Warsengeli or Warsingeli) ("Son of Mohamoud Harti" is a Somali clan of the Harti group part of the Darod Mohamud Muse Hersi ( Maxamuud Muuse Xirsi '') is the President of Puntland since January 8, 2005. [5] In addition to most of Sanaag, Maakhir is also claiming western parts of the Bari region from Puntland.

Maakhir's template of self-governance like Puntland rests on the building block system endorsed by the International community as a way of reconstituting the collapsed state of Somalia. Puntland is a region in northeastern Somalia, centered on Garowe ( Nugaal region whose leaders declared it to be an autonomous state in 1998 This system which authorizes a local level government in Somalia is seen as a workable long-term strategy in Somalia in resolving inter-clan conflicts and building institutions such as police, court system and a local military base that protects and safeguards the humanitarian aid and the proper operation of International NGOs as well as the provisions of United Nations Development Program. Maakhir's other agenda is to provide the much-needed public services by implementing a taxation system, and to ensure governance structures for the safety and security of the port and private local enterprises whose fiscal management and ownership follow a non-intervention practice. [6] A third one is to manage through conflict in delivering essential social and economic services; seek to structure consensus around peace, internal security, stability, cooperation and unity of purpose; and build bridges of trust and social harmony across dividing political lines and between opposing interests and groupings.

Neither Somaliland or Puntland has recognised the new state. Despite rumored talks with Ali Mohammed Ghedi, the former Prime Minister of Somalia, the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia has declined to comment the status of Maakhir and seems to regard Puntland as the official authority on the region. Ali Mohamed Gedi or Mohammed Ali Ghedi ( Cali Maxamed Geedi, علي محمد جيدي (born 1951 was the Prime Minister of the Transitional [7]

History

Ground royal troops of Warsangeli Sultanate
Ground royal troops of Warsangeli Sultanate

Maakhir State of Somalia claims to be the descendant of the Sultanate of Mohamoud Ali Shire (Warsangali Sultanate) which is the oldest sultanate in Somalia with a rich history and heritage. In the late Nineteenth century an influential Sultan and Akil (tribal chief emerged and ruled the Northern part of Somalia, an area stretching as far The old capital of the Warsangali sultanate was Las Khorey.

The Sultanate of Mohamoud Ali Shire was considered by colonial authorities as having largely hegemonic authority over the other Harti sultanates, and the Warsangali played a large role in 19th century administration of Italian and British Somaliland. Italian Somalia (also known as Italian Somaliland) was a colony of the Kingdom of Italy ( Regno d'Italia) from the 1880s until 1942 in the territory British Somaliland was a British Protectorate in the north part of the Horn of Africa. As the 20th century began however, the British and Italians ended the independence of the semi-independent Sultanates, and the Harti Confederation was dissolved in the midst of Italian and British rule, ending the traditional role of the Warsangali. The illustrious Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shireh was exiled to the Seychelles – the islands to which many prominent anti-colonial leaders used to be exiled. Seychelles (seɪˈʃɛl or /seɪˈʃɛlz/ in English and seʃɛl in French) officially the Republic of Seychelles (République des Seychelles Creole [8], After independence, the Majeerteen emerged as the leaders of the Harti group. The Warsangali have however maintained their preeminent position as the traditional leaders of the Harti. This has challenged Puntland's attempts to assert its authority in Sanaag. [9]

Disputes with Puntland

The disputes between Maakhir and Puntland have centered around Puntland's refusal to recognize Maakhir's declaration of autonomy and insistence that the territory is still part of Puntland, and also Puntland's attempts to carry on business as usual, when such business is exactly what caused the declaration of autonomy in the first place.

Conflicts with Puntland over Charcoal

Maakhir banned charcoal production due to the desertification it causes to the fragile Somali environment. Desertification is the degradation of land in arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting primarily from human activities and influenced by climatic variations Puntland has ignored the ban and sent several expeditions into Maakhir, with Puntland militia protecting the charcoal traders. . Clashes between Puntland militias escorting charcoal traders and Maakhir militias attempting to stop charcoal production have occurred numerous times since the ban, in Mijayahan[10], Wa'iye and Sarmanyo. Sarmaanyo is small town in Southern Sanaag, a region ( gobol) in northern Somalia. [11]

Puntland has publicly stated it does not recognize Maakhir, and still considers Sanaag and western Bari as their territory. [12] The demand for charcoal from Arab states of the Persian Gulf, sometimes referred to as the "Black Gem" due to its profitability, has fueled the clashes. The Arab states of the Persian Gulf are made of the kingdoms of Bahrain and Saudi Arabia, the Sultanate of Oman, the States

In order to contain the charcoal expeditions, most of which are heavily armed and backed by big business interests, the Maakhir authority created a volunteer patrol force, the "Environmental Protection Corps". [13]

Blockade of Bosaso

A dispute with Puntland over the arrest of prominent Warsangeli businessmen from Bosaso prompted the Maakhir government to blockade the highway to Bosaso until the men were released. [14]

Somaliland Military Incursions

On February 25th-26th 2008, a Somaliland-aligned, well armed force laid siege to Hadaftimo and Badhan, causing a brief state of emergency before the force withdrew back to Erigavo. Maakhir responded with a military buildup in the Maakhir-controlled part of Erigavo. The situation remains tense.


Administrative Divisions

Map of Maakhir
Map of Maakhir
Pres. Jibrell Ali Salaad
Pres. Jibrell Ali Salaad

Maakhir claims the following administrative divisions currently regarded under its control:

Cities and towns

The biggest cities in the area claimed by Maakhir are Badhan, Las Khorey, Dhahar, Buraan, Hadaftimo, Hingalol, Damalla-Hagare, Eilbuh and Erigavo. Badhan (also known as Barran, Baran) is a City and district in the Sanaag region a territory in northwestern Somalia. Laasqoray (also known as Las Khorey, Laasqorey) is an ancient coastal city in the Sanaag region a territory disputed by the Puntland and Dhahar is a district in the Sanaag region a territory disputed by the Puntland and Somaliland administrative regions of Somalia Hingalol or Hingalool (also known as Xingalool, is a district in the Sanaag region in northern Somalia that is disputed between Erigabo or Erigavo ( Ceerigaabo) is the administrative Capital of the Sanaag region of Somalia.

Politics and government

Parliamentary Seats
As Somali are a largely nomadic people, parliamentary seats are designated by lineage and clan, this being their constituency. [15]
Warsangeli Seats
Subclan Seats Location
Adan Sa'iid 4 Hadaaftimo,Badhan, Laasqoray,mashaxaleed. central and Coastal sanag
Bah-Majeerteen 3 Badhan,Laasqoray, Eilbuh, Hadaaftimo,Erigavo, Central Sanaag
Gashanbur 2 Buraan, East Sanaag
Warlabe 1 Badhan, Central Sanaag
Reer Saalah 1 Midigale, Central Sanaag
Muhumud 1 Shinbirale, Western Sanaag
Rer Faatah 1 Laasqoray,Badhan, Durduri, Central and North Sanag respectively)
Ogayslabe 1 Laasqoray, Sanaag Coast
Nouh Omar 2 Erigavo,Yubbe,Gelweyte, near Mait, North Sanaag
Bahogayslabe 1 Erigavo, Carmaale, Damale Haggare, Western Sanaag
Bahidoor 1 Hingalool, South Sanaag
Jibrel Sa'iid 1 Erigavo,Darasalaam, Western Sanaag
Adan Yakub 1 Hingalool, South Sanaag
Dubays 9 Dhahar, Elayo, Bosaso, Galgala in Eastern Sanaag and Western Bari
Awramale 5 Kismayo, Bulo Haji
Other Seats
Minority Group Seats Location
Women 5 Not specified
Dir clans 2 Laasqoray, Erigavo

The disputed status between Puntland and Somaliland has also meant that Sanaag as a whole may not have received all the available and apportioned aid from non-governmental organizations (NGO)s and aid agencies. An aid agency is an organisation dedicated to distributing Aid. The newly established Maakhir government has made this issue one of their first priorities, and appealed to the Warsangali Diaspora for assistance. The term Diaspora (in Greek, διασπορά &ndash " a scattering or sowing of seeds " refers any population sharing common ethnic [16]

Government

Due to drought conditions, administrative problems and threats of invasion from Somaliland, the government of Maakhir was dissolved on the 6th of April 2008 by governmental and presidential decree. A new government will be declared by June 1st 2008. The previous government was as follows:

The two branches of government in Maakhir (the Parliament and the Executive) are led by:

State Secretaries

Maakhir State of Somalia has 17 State secretaries.

President Salad appointed 7 people to his cabinet on the 4 August 2007[17], Mr. Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Ahmed Sheikh Salah resigned from cabinet due to health reasons, and 4 more secretaries were added on September 8, 2007, then another 7 on September 8, 2007[18] establishing the following State Secretaries (called Xoghayaashan in Somali):

The parliament of Maakhir currently has 38 members. [19]

Recognition

Maakhir has received support from Asha Abdalla, who represents Sanaag in the Transitional Federal Parliament. [20] As of November 2007, the TFP itself has not indicated whether it will recognize the new state.


Image Gallery

Badhan celebrations

Badhan celebrations

Badhan celebrations

Badhan celebrations

See also

References

  1. ^ The Formation of Maakhir State of Somalia
  2. ^ Somaliland Warns Puntland Either To Withdraw Militia Forces Or Face Immediate Consequences
  3. ^ Puntland Oil & Mining Deal: The Offspring of an affair between greed and incompetence (Part I)
  4. ^ Puntland Oil and Mining Deal: (Part II)
  5. ^ The rise of Maakhir State and the fall of Puntland.
  6. ^ Laas Qorey port Operation.
  7. ^ Maakhir State of Somalia faces challenges and obstacles. Article in Markacadeey online in August 23, 2007.
  8. ^ A Touching Glimpse of History and the Reunion of a Somali Royalty
  9. ^ Somalia: Breaking into even smaller bits -by the Economist
  10. ^ Fighting Erupts As Invading Militia From ‎Puntland Are Beaten Back By ‎Somalilanders
  11. ^ Gun battle between Puntland Supported Militia and Maakhiri Forces in Southern Sanaag
  12. ^ Puntland Opposes `Makhir State'
  13. ^ Environmental Protection Corps in Maakhir State of Somalia
  14. ^ Tensions build up in Northeastern Somalia « maakhir.com
  15. ^ Raz Shirwa razshirwa@gmail.com (Journalist)
  16. ^ Jibrell has called the Diaspora to reach out to increasing IDPs in Sanaag and establish Civil Society Organisations
  17. ^ Maakhir State of Somalia names State Secretaries
  18. ^ Maakhir State of Somalia names 7 new State Secretaries
  19. ^ Maakhir State of Somalia increases its Parliament members
  20. ^ "Maakhir State gains support in Somalia parliament" (HTML), Laasqoray. net, Garowe Online, 2007-09-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Retrieved on 2007-11-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. (English) 
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