Ma al-\'Aynayn - Citizendia

Shaykh Ma al-'Aynayn (b. Sheikh, also rendered as Sheik, Cheikh, Shaikh, and other variants ( Arabic:, shaykh c:a 1830-31 in Mali, d. Mali, officially the Republic of Mali (République du Mali is a Landlocked nation in Western Africa. 1910; real name Mohamad Mustafa Ould Sheikh Mohamad Fadel) was a religious and political leader who fought French and Spanish colonization in North Africa. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Colonisation (also known as Colonization) occurs whenever any one or more species populates a new area North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan He was the son of Mohammed Fadil Mamin (founder of the Fadiliyya, a Qadiriyya Sufi brotherhood), and the elder brother of shaykh Saad Bouh, a prominent marabout (religious leader) in Mauritania. Qadiriyyah ( Arabic: القادريه, Turkish: Kadirilik) (also Transliterated Kadri, Elkadry, Kadray Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفی‌گری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Sheikh, also rendered as Sheik, Cheikh, Shaikh, and other variants ( Arabic:, shaykh A marabout (مَربوط or مُرابِط, one who is attached/garrisoned) is an Islamic religious leader and teacher in West Africa, and (historically

1 Early years
2 The anticolonial revolt
3 Claiming the Moroccan throne
4 Legacy of Ma al-'Aynayn
5 See also

Early years

In 1859, Ma al-'Aynayn (a name he received as a child, meaning "water of the eyes" in Arabic) settled in the oasis of Tindouf in present-day Algeria. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Tindouf (تندوف is the main town in Tindouf Province, Algeria. Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's The son of a famous marabout, he quickly became known as a great scholar, and was also thought to have magical powers. A marabout (مَربوط or مُرابِط, one who is attached/garrisoned) is an Islamic religious leader and teacher in West Africa, and (historically His nomad encampment attracted many students of Islamic law and bedouins asking for his blessing. Nomadic people, (from the νομάδες nomádes, "those who let pasture herds" also known as nomads, are communities of people that Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. The Bedouin, (from the Arabic (ar بدوي pl badū) are a desert-dwelling Arab Nomadic pastoralist, or previously In 1887 he was appointed as caid of the sultan of Morocco Hassan I. Year 1887 ( MDCCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Sultan (سلطان is an Islamic title with several historical meanings Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Hassan I of Morocco (الحسن الأول (b 1836 - 7 June 1894) was Sultan of Morocco from 1873 to 1894

In 1898, Ma al-'Aynayn began building the town of Smara, in what was then Spanish Sahara (today the disputed territory of Western Sahara). Smara, also Semara ( سمارا) is a city (50000 in 1999 in the Moroccan -Administered Western Sahara, with a population estimated at 42056 Spanish Sahara was the name used for the modern territory of Western Sahara when it was ruled as a territory by Spain between 1884 and 1975 Western Sahara ( Arabic: الصحراء الغربية; transliterated: as-Ṣaḥrā' al-Gharbīyah; Sahara Occidental is a territory His goal in creating the city was to make it a center of commerce between sub-Saharan Africa and Europe. Sub-Saharan Africa is a geographical term used to describe the area of the African continent which lies south of the Sahara, or those African countries Thousands of local Sahrawis assisted him in the construction, as well as the sultan Hassan I, who sent craftsmen and materials. Sultan (سلطان is an Islamic title with several historical meanings Hassan I of Morocco (الحسن الأول (b 1836 - 7 June 1894) was Sultan of Morocco from 1873 to 1894 In 1902, with the main parts of the city completed, he moved there and pronounced it his holy capital, creating among other things an important Islamic library. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. A library is a collection of information sources resources and services and the structure in which it is housed it is organized for use and maintained by a public body an institution

The anticolonial revolt

Increasingly disturbed by Western penetration of the area, which he viewed both as an intrusion by hostile foreign powers and as a Christian assault on Islam, he began agitating for resistance. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Sahrawi tribes performed ghazi raids against the foreign forces, but French troops drew ever closer, conquering one local ruler after another. Ghazw or Ghazah (plural ghazawāt) (غزو was originally an Arabic term referring to the battles in which the Islamic prophet Muhammad personally In 1904, Ma al-'Aynayn proclaimed a holy war, or jihad, against the colonizers. Jihad (جهاد ʤɪhæːd an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims. He proclaimed that the trab al-beidan (a desert area that includes today's Mauritania, Western Sahara and large swaths of Mali and Algeria) was under the Sultan's rule. While the Sultan was never given control over Ma al-'Aynayn's forces, this display of effective cooperation helped assemble a large coalition of tribes to fight the colonizers. Ma al-'Aynayn set about acquiring firearms and other materials both through channels in Morocco and through direct negotiations with rival European powers such as Germany and Spain, and quickly built up an impressive fighting force. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. A member of his Gudfiyya brotherhood in 1905 assassinated Xavier Coppolani, who was leading the French conquest of Mauritania, thereby delaying the conquest of the emirate of Adrar for a few years. The Gudfiyya (or Goudfiyya, and other spellings brotherhood was a small militant religious organization created by the Sufi Qadiriyya Shaykh AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media. Xavier Coppolani was a French military and colonial leader who was instrumental in the colonial occupation and creation of modern-day Mauritania An emirate is a political territory that is ruled by a dynastic Arab Monarch styled Emir. Adrar, a Berber word meaning "mountain" is the name of several areas in Northwest Africa Adrar Mauritania Adrar Plateau in Mauritania

Claiming the Moroccan throne

In 1906 the Sultan Abdelaziz accepted the Treaty of Algeciras, granting colonial control over much of Morocco, over Ma al-'Aynayn's enraged accusations of betrayal. Abdelaziz of Morocco (1878 - 1943 Arabic: عبد العزيز الرابع also known as Mulai Abd al-Aziz IV, served as the Sultan of Morocco from 1894 The following year Morocco began interrupting the flow of arms to the anti-French Jihad. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa The uprising crumbled as French forces under then-colonel Gouraud pushed forward, and Ma al-'Aynayn retreated to Tiznit in what today is southern Morocco. Henri Joseph Eugène Gouraud ( 17 November 1867 &ndash 16 September 1946) was a French general best known for his leadership of the Tiznit or Tiznet (تزنيت Berber) is a city in the southern Moroccan economic region of Sous-Massa-Draa (#13 founded in 1881 by the

In 1910, anarchy spread through Morocco, as the Sultanate grew ever weaker under European pressures. On March 30, 1912, the new Sultan Moulay Hafid signed a treaty with the French which contained clauses directly aimed at "shaykh Ma al-'Aynayn and the enemies of France in the Sahara". Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting Abdelhafid of Morocco (or Mulai Abd al-Hafiz) (1873 - 1937 (عبد الحفيظ served as the Sultan of Morocco from 1908 to 1912 as a member of the Alaouite The Sahara (الصحراء الكبرى aṣ-ṣaḥrā´ al-kubra, "The Great Desert" is the world's largest hot Desert and the world's second largest Ma al-'Aynayn, outraged by the Sultan's actions and concerned that Morocco would fall in European hands, decided to extend Jihad to the north. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa He was proclaimed Sultan of Morocco in June, and immediately charged northwards at the head of an army of several thousand men to overthrow Moulay Hafid. Sultan (سلطان is an Islamic title with several historical meanings Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Abdelhafid of Morocco (or Mulai Abd al-Hafiz) (1873 - 1937 (عبد الحفيظ served as the Sultan of Morocco from 1908 to 1912 as a member of the Alaouite He was intercepted on June 23, and his forces destroyed by the modern French army. Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish Ma al-'Aynayn, then about 80 years old, fled back to southern MoroccoTiznit, where he died in October of the same year. Tiznit or Tiznet (تزنيت Berber) is a city in the southern Moroccan economic region of Sous-Massa-Draa (#13 founded in 1881 by the

Legacy of Ma al-'Aynayn

A few years after Ma al-'Aynayn's death, his son El-Hiba, known as The Blue Sultan, resumed the war against the French, but was ultimately defeated. Ahmed al-Hiba (d 1919 leader of armed resistance to the French colonial power in the Western Sahara, and pretender to the sultanate of Morocco. Merebbi Rebbu, another of his sons, then rose in revolt, as would several of his grandchildren. It was not until after World War II that the independence movement really gathered momentum again.

Ma al-'Aynayn enjoyed tremendous prestige and his name is invoked by both the Polisario Front and by Moroccans for whom he embodied the unity of Morocco and the Sahara. The Polisario, Polisario Front, or Frente Polisario, from the Spanish abbreviation of Frente Po pular de Li beración de Sa There are family members of Ma al-'Aynayn which hold high offices in the Polisario Front, in Morocco and in Mauritania. The Polisario, Polisario Front, or Frente Polisario, from the Spanish abbreviation of Frente Po pular de Li beración de Sa Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Mauritania (موريتانيا Mūrītāniyā officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country

Contents

Early years

The anticolonial revolt

Claiming the Moroccan throne

Legacy of Ma al-'Aynayn

See also