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MARC is an acronym, used in the field of library science, that stands for MAchine-Readable Cataloging. The term machine-readable (or computer-readable) refers to information Encoded in a form which can be read (i A library catalog (or library catalogue) is a register of all bibliographic items found in a Library or group of libraries such as a network of libraries The MARC standards consist of the MARC formats, which are standards for the representation and communication of bibliographic and related information in machine-readable form, and related documentation. Communication is the process of conveying information from a sender to a receiver with the use of a medium in which the communicated information is understood the same way It defines a bibliographic data format that was developed by Henriette Avram at the Library of Congress beginning in the 1960s. Bibliography (from Greek grc βιβλιογραφία bibliographia, literally "book writing" as a practice is the academic study of Books Debt AIDS Trade in Africa (or DATA) is a Multinational non-government organization founded in January 2002 in London by U2 's Henriette Davidson Avram ( October 7 1919 - April 22 2006) was a Computer programmer and Systems analyst who developed the The Library of Congress is the De facto National library of the United States and the research arm of the United States Congress It provides the protocol by which computers exchange, use, and interpret bibliographic information. In the field of Telecommunications, a communications protocol is the set of standard rules for data representation signaling authentication and error detection required to A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. Its data elements make up the foundation of most library catalogs used today. In Metadata, the term data element is an atomic unit of data that has An identification such as a Data element name A clear Data element definition A library catalog (or library catalogue) is a register of all bibliographic items found in a Library or group of libraries such as a network of libraries

The record structure of MARC is an implementation of ISO 2709, also known as ANSI/NISO Z39. ISO 2709 is an ISO standard for bibliographic descriptions entitled Format for Bibliographic Information Interchange on Magnetic Tape 2. [1] MARC records are composed of three elements: the record structure, the content designation, and the data content of the record. The record structure implements national and international standards (e. g. , Z39. 2, ISO2709). The content designation is "the codes and conventions established to identify explicitly and characterize . . . data elements within a record"[2] and support their manipulation. This article is about the data structure and the type In Computer science, a record type is a type whose values are records, i The content of data elements in MARC records is defined by standards outside the formats such as AACR2, L.C. Subject Headings, and MeSH. AACR2 stands for the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules Second Edition. The Library of Congress Subject Headings ( LCSH) comprise a Thesaurus (in the Information technology sense of subject headings maintained by Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH) is a huge Controlled vocabulary (or metadata system for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books [3]

The future of the MARC formats is a matter of some debate in the worldwide library science community. On the one hand, the storage formats are quite complex and are based on outdated technology. On the other, there is no alternative bibliographic format with an equivalent degree of granularity. See also Grain and Film grain Granularity is a measure of the size of the components or descriptions of components that make up The huge user base, billions of records in tens of thousands of individual libraries (including over 50,000,000 belonging to the OCLC consortium alone), also creates inertia. Huge is a word with a common meaning of something being obliquely big but may also refer to ''Huge'' (album, the fourth album from alternative rock band Caroline's The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose The vis insita or innate force of matter is a power of resisting by which every body as much as in it lies endeavors to preserve in its present state whether it be of rest or of moving (See also, Path dependence. Path-dependence explains how the set of decisions one faces for any given circumstance is limited by the decisions one has made in the past even though past circumstances may no longer )

Contents

MARC formats

Authority records — MARC authority records provide information about individual names, subjects, and uniform titles. A uniform is a set of standard Clothing worn by members of an organization while participating in that organization's activity An authority record establishes an authorized form of each heading, with references as appropriate from other forms of the heading.

Bibliographic records — MARC bibliographic records describe the intellectual and physical characteristics of bibliographic resources (books, sound recordings, video recordings, and so forth).

Classification records — MARC records containing classification data. For example, the Library of Congress Classification has been encoded using the MARC 21 Classification format.

Community Information records — MARC records describing a service providing agency. For example, the local homeless shelter or tax assistance provider. Homeless shelters are temporary residences for homeless people

Holdings records — MARC holdings records provide copy-specific information on a library resource (call number, shelf location, volumes held, and so forth).

MARC 21

MARC 21 is a result of the combination of the United States and Canadian MARC formats (USMARC and CAN/MARC). MARC21 is based on the ANSI standard Z39. 2, which allows users of different software products to communicate with each other and to exchange data. [4] MARC 21 was designed to redefine the original MARC record format for the 21st century and to make it more accessible to the international community. MARC 21 has formats for the following five types of data: Bibliographic Format, Authority Format, Holdings Format, Community Format, and Classification Data Format. [5] Currently MARC 21 has been implemented successfully by The British Library, the European Institutions and the major library institutions in the United States, and Canada. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page

MARC 21 allows the use of two character sets, either MARC-8 or Unicode encoded as UTF-8. In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's UTF-8 (8- Bit UCS / Unicode Transformation Format) is a variable-length Character encoding for Unicode. MARC-8 is based on ISO 2022 and allows the use of Hebrew, Cyrillic, Arabic, Greek, and East Asian scripts. ISO 2022, more formally ISO/IEC 2022 "Information Technology—Character code structure and extension techniques" is an ISO standard (equivalent to the MARC 21 in unicode (UTF-8) format allow all the languages including South Asian languages. Samples of MARC 21 record in Utf can be downloaded from the website of D.K. Agencies Pvt Ltd.

MARC variants

There are many national and international variants of MARC, including

MARC 21 is not a new format. REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː The original American version of MARC became known as USMARC in the 1980s; there was also a separate Canadian version with minor differences called CAN/MARC. After making minor changes to both formats, the USMARC and CAN/MARC specifications were merged in 1997 to create MARC 21,[6] the name intended to reflect the 21st century. The 21st century is the current century of the Christian Era or Common Era in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. The British Library has announced that it will no longer develop the UKMARC standard it had maintained since 1975 and will instead adopt MARC 21. The British Library ( BL) is the National library of the United Kingdom.

In Germany a non-MARC format called MAB (Maschinelles Austauschformat für Bibliotheken) is used. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

See also

External links

2709:1996

Notes

  1. ^ MARBI, "MARC 21 Formats. " page 1. L. O. C. 1996 http://www.loc.gov/marc/96principl.html
  2. ^ MARBI, "MARC 21 Formats. " page 1. L. O. C. 1996 http://www.loc.gov/marc/96principl.html
  3. ^ MARBI, "MARC 21 Formats. " page 2. L. O. C. 1996 http://www.loc.gov/marc/96principl.html
  4. ^ Taylor, Arlene G. The Organization of Information, page 77. Libraries Unlimited, 2004
  5. ^ Taylor, Arlene G. The Organization of Information, page 77. Libraries Unlimited, 2004
  6. ^ Format Harmonization Announcement
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