M. S. Swaminathan
M. S. Swaminathan
Born	August 7, 1925 Kumbakonam, Tamilnadu
Nationality	Indian
Fields	agriculture scientist
Known for	high-yielding varieties of wheat in India

Monkombu Sambasivan Swaminathan (Tamil: மொன்கொம்பு சாம்பசிவன் சுவாமிநாதன்) is an Indian agriculture scientist, born August 7, 1925, in Kumbakonam, Tamilnadu, The second of four sons of a surgeon. Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Kumbakonam (கும்பகோணம் is a town and a Municipality in the Thanjavur district Tamil Nadu ( Tamil:, Country of the Tamils, t̪ɐmɨɻ n̪aːɽɯ is one of the 28 states of India. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Agricultural science is a broad multidisciplinary field that encompasses the parts of exact natural economic and Social sciences that are used in the practice and understanding High-yielding varieties (HYVs are any of a group of genetically enhanced Cultivars of crops such as Rice, Maize and Wheat that have an increased Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. Tamil (ta தமிழ்; t̪əmɨɻ is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Agricultural science is a broad multidisciplinary field that encompasses the parts of exact natural economic and Social sciences that are used in the practice and understanding Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Kumbakonam (கும்பகோணம் is a town and a Municipality in the Thanjavur district Tamil Nadu ( Tamil:, Country of the Tamils, t̪ɐmɨɻ n̪aːɽɯ is one of the 28 states of India. His ancestral home is the island village of Monkompu, Alleppey District, Kerala. For the town with the same name see Alappuzha. Alappuzha is one of the 14 districts in the state of Kerala in India. Kerala ( Malayalam: {{Kerala in Malayalam}};

He is known as "Father of the Green Revolution in India" , for his leadership and success in introducing and further developing high-yielding varieties of wheat in India. The introduction of high-yielding varieties of seeds after 1965 and the increased use of Fertilizers and Irrigation are known collectively as the Green Revolution High-yielding varieties (HYVs are any of a group of genetically enhanced Cultivars of crops such as Rice, Maize and Wheat that have an increased Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. He is founder and Chairman of the MS Swaminathan Research Foundation, leading the 'Evergreen Revolution'. The M S Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF is a non-profit NGO trust based in Chennai, India.

He is a visionary whose dream is to rid the world of hunger and poverty. Dr. Swaminathan is widely respected for his effective advocacy of sustainable development, especially using environmentally sustainable agriculture, sustainable food security and the preservation of biodiversity. Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present Sustainable agriculture integrates three main goals environmental Stewardship, Farm Profitability and prosperous Farming communities Food security refers to the availability of food and one's access to it Biodiversity is the variation of Life forms within a given Ecosystem, Biome or for the entire Earth.

His motto is "if conservation of natural resources goes wrong, nothing else will have a chance to go right. " He said, in 2005, that: "I am firmly convinced that hunger and deprivation can be eliminated sooner than most people consider feasible, provided there is a synergy among technology, public policy and social action". Synergy (from the Greek el-Latn syn-ergo, el συνεργός meaning working together is the term used to describe a situation where the final outcome He often answers serious questions and requests with the reply: "Why Not?". ^[1]

He is married to Mina Swaminathan who he met in 1951 while they were both studying at Cambridge. They have three daughters: Chennai-based TB researcher Soumya Swaminathan, Kolkata-based economist Madhura Swaminathan and Nitya Rao, who works on gender issues. Dr. Swaminathan lives in Chennai, Tamilnadu with his wife. He has five grandchildren.

Contents 1 Education 2 Professional achievements 3 Publications 4 Awards and recognition 5 Critics 6 Family 7 Current Work 8 Further reading 9 References 10 External links

Education

M. S. Swaminathan’s childhood was happy and secure and he was strongly influenced by the strong moral character and work ethic of his parents. When Swaminathan was a 11 years old, his father died unexpectedly. Swaminathan bonded with and learned much from his uncle, a teacher and scholar of English literature, Tamil and Sanskrit at Madras University. The University of Madras is one of the three oldest Universities in India (along with the University of Calcutta and the University of Mumbai His early schooling was at the Native High School and later at the Little Flower Catholic High School in Kumbakonam. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Kumbakonam (கும்பகோணம் is a town and a Municipality in the Thanjavur district He was only 15 years old when he graduated from high school in 1940. He went to college at Maharajas College in Trivandrum and earned a Bachelor’s degree (B.Sc.) in zoology. INTRODUCTION The Maharaja's College Ernakulam is one of the best and biggest centers of learning and higher education in the state of Kerala Thiruvananthapuram ( Malayalam: തിരുവനന്തപുരം Tiruvanantapuraṁ) also known as Trivandrum, is the capital of the A Bachelor of Science ( BS, BSc or BSc in the UK; less commonly S Zoology (from Greek ζῷον, zoon, "animal" + λόγος, " Logos " "knowledge" is the branch of

Swaminathan was strongly influenced by Mahatma Gandhi’s unique belief in ahimsa or non-violence to achieve Purna swaraj (total freedom) and swadeshi, (self-reliance) on both a personal and national level. Ahimsa ( Devanagari: sa अहिंसा IAST ahiṃsā is a Sanskrit term meaning Non-violence (literally the avoidance of violence - The Swadeshi ( Hindi: स्वदेशी movement, part of the Indian independence movement, was a successful economic strategy to remove the British During this time of wartime food shortages he chose a career in agriculture and enrolled in Coimbatore Agricultural College where he graduated as class valedictorian with another B. The Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU came into being on June 1 1971. Valedictorian is an academic title typically conferred upon the highest ranked student among those being graduated from an educational institution Sc, this time in Agricultural Science. Agricultural science is a broad multidisciplinary field that encompasses the parts of exact natural economic and Social sciences that are used in the practice and understanding He learned an important lesson while doing field extension work at Coimbatore: Men and women toiling daily in the fields know their jobs better than a scientific expert. "Trust the judgement of farmers. "

In 1947, the year of Indian independance he moved to the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) in New Delhi as a post-graduate student in genetics and plant breeding and obtained his post-graduate degree there with high distinction in Cytogenetics in 1949. The term " Indian independence movement " is diffuse incorporating various national and regional campaigns agitations and efforts of both Nonviolent and Militant The Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI is the institute for advanced education in Agriculture in India. New Delhi (नई दिल्ली ਨਵੀਂ ਦਿੱਲੀ نئی دلی is the Capital city of India. Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is Plant breeding is the art and science of changing the genetics of plants for the benefit of humankind Cytogenetics is a branch of Genetics that is concerned with the study of chromosomes and cell division

He began his lifelong association with UNESCO by receiving a UNESCO Fellowship to continue his IARI research on potato genetics at the Wageningen Agricultural University, Institute of Genetics in the Netherlands. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Here he succeeded in standardizing procedures for transferring genes from a wide range of wild species of Solanum to the cultivated potato, Solanum tuberosum. In 1950, he moved to study at the Plant Breeding Institute of the University of Cambridge School of Agriculture. The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the He earned his Ph.D degree here in 1952, for his thesis, "Species Differentiation, and the Nature of Polyploidy in certain species of the genus Solanum – section Tuberarium". "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. Polyploidy occurs in cells and Organisms when there are more than two homologous sets of Chromosomes. His work presented a new concept of the species relationships within the tuber-bearing Solanums.

Degrees in hand, Swaminathan accepted a post-doctoral research associateship at the University of Wisconsin, Department of Genetics to help set up a USDA Potato Research Station. Despite his strong personal and professional satisfaction with the research work in Wisconsin, he declined the strong offer of a full time faculty position there, because his purpose of getting an excellent foreign education was to equip himself for serving the cause of Indian agriculture. He returned to India in early 1954.

Professional achievements

Dr. Swaminathan has worked worldwide in collaboration with colleagues and students on a wide range of problems in basic and applied Plant breeding, agricultural research and development and the conservation of natural resources. Plant breeding is the art and science of changing the genetics of plants for the benefit of humankind To conserve habitat life for wild species and prevent their Extinction or reduction in range is a priority of a great many groups that cannot be easily characterized in terms Natural resources are naturally occurring substances that are considered valuable in their relatively unmodified ( natural) form Some of his key skills are leading Consensus decision-making, building organizational structures and networking of organizations. In Typography, leading (ˈlɛdɪŋ rhymes with heading) refers to the amount of added vertical Spacing between lines of type WikipediaConsensus here as this is the article namespace and that information is irrelevant to the reader An organizational structure is a mostly hierarchical concept of subordination of entities that collaborate and contribute to serve one common aim A social network is a Social structure made of nodes (which are generally individuals or organizations that are tied by one or more specific types of interdependency such as

His professional career began in 1949:

• 1949-55 - Research on potato (Solanum tuberosum), wheat (Triticum aestivum), rice (Oryza sativa), and jute genetics. The potato is a Starchy Tuberous crop Vegetable from the perennial Solanum tuberosum of the Solanaceae Common wheat, Triticum aestivum, (also known as bread wheat) is a cultivated wheat species Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many Jute is a long soft shiny Vegetable fiber that can be spun into coarse strong threads
• 1955–72 - Field research on Mexican dwarf wheat varieties. Teach Cytogenetics, Radiation Genetics, and Mutation Breeding and build up the wheat and rice germplasm collections at Indian Agricultural Research Institute IARI. Cytogenetics is a branch of Genetics that is concerned with the study of chromosomes and cell division A germplasm is a collection of genetic resources for an organism The Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI is the institute for advanced education in Agriculture in India.
• 1970–80 - Director-General, Indian Council of Agricultural Research ICAR,

Established the National Bureau of Plant, Animal, and Fish Genetic Resources of India. Indian Council of Agricultural Research ( ICAR) New Delhi, India is an autonomous organisation under the Department of Agricultural Research and Education ^[2],
Established the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (changed in 2006 to Bioversity International)^[3]).
Principal Secretary in the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, Transformed the Pre-investment Forest Survey Programme into the Forest Survey of India. ^[4].

• 1981–85 - Independent Chairman, FAO Council, Rome, played a significant role in establishing the Commission on Plant Genetic Resources. Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known ^[5]

Developed the concept of Farmers' Rights and the text of the International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources (IUPGR).
President of the International Congress of Genetics. ^[6] (1983).

• 1982–88 - Director General, IRRI, organized the International Rice Germplasm Centre IRGC. The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI is an autonomous Non-profit, Agricultural Research and training organization with offices in more The Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution ( Sepáh e Pásdárán e Enqeláb e Eslámi) is an ideologically motivated branch of the Islamic Republic of Iran's
• 1984-90 - President of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources IUCN, develop the Convention on Biological Diversity CBD.
• 1986-99 - Chairman of the editorial advisory board, World Resources Institute, Washington, D. The World Resources Institute (WRI is an environmental Think tank founded in 1982 based in Washington D C. , conceived and produced the first "World Resources Report". ^[7]
• 1988-91 - Chairman of the International Steering Committee of the Keystone International Dialogue on Plant Genetic Resources,^[8] regarding the availability, use, exchange and protection of plant germplasm.
• 1988-96 - President, World Wide Fund for Nature–India WWF,^[9] Organized the Indira Gandhi Conservation Monitoring Centre. ^[10]. Organize the Community Biodiversity Conservation Programme. ^[11].
• 1988-99 - Chairman/Trustee, Commonwealth Secretariat Expert Group,^[12] organized the Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development,^[13] for the sustainable and equitable management of tropical rainforests in Guyana. The Commonwealth Secretariat is the main intergovernmental agency and central institution of the Commonwealth of Nations. Guyana (ɡaɪˈænə or /ɡiːˈɑːnə/ officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and previously known as British Guiana, is the only Nation state The President of Guyana wrote in 1994 “there would have been no Iwokrama without Swaminathan. ”
• 1990-93 - Founder/President, International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems (ISME)^[14]
• 1988-98 - Chaired various committees of the Government of India to prepare draft legislations relating to biodiversity (Biodiversity Act)^[15] and breeders’ and farmers’ rights (Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act).
• 1994 - Chairman of the Commission on Genetic Diversity of the World Humanity Action Trust. ^[16]. Established a Technical Resource Centre at MSSRF for the implementation of equity provisions of CBD and FAO’s Farmers’ Rights.
• 1994 onwards - Chairman of the Genetic Resources Policy Committee (GRPC) of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), development of policies for the management of the ex situ collections of International Agricultural Research Centers. The Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR was originally created at the initiative of the Rockefeller Foundation, which had sponsored international
• 1999 - Introduced the concept of trusteeship management of Biosphere reserves. A biosphere reserve is an international Conservation designation given by UNESCO under its Programme on Implemented the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Trust, with financial support from the Global Environment Facility (GEF). The Gulf of Mannar is a large shallow bay that is an arm of the Laccadive Sea in the Indian Ocean. The Global Environment Facility (GEF claims to unite 178 countries in partnership with international institutions non-governmental organizations (NGOs and the private sector to
• 2001 - Chairman of the Regional Steering Committee for the India – Bangladesh joint Project on Biodiversity Management in the Sundarbans World Heritage Site, funded by the UN Foundation and UNDP. The Sundarbans National Park ( Bengali: সুন্দরবন জাতীয় উদ্যান Shundorbôn Jatio Uddan) is a National Park, The United Nations Foundation was created in 1998 with Entrepreneur and Philanthropist Ted Turner’s historic $ 1 billion gift to
• 2002 - President of the Nobel Peace Prize-winning Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs which work towards reducing the danger of armed conflict and to seek solutions to global security threats. The Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs is an International organization that brings together scholars and public figures to work toward reducing the danger War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units Global Security redirects here For the website of that name see GlobalSecurity ^[17]
• 2002 - 2005 - Co-chairman with Dr. Pedro Sanchezof the UN Millennium Task Force on Hunger,^[18], a comprehensive global action plan for fighting poverty, disease and environmental degradation in developing countries.
• Over 68 students have done their Ph. D thesis work under his guidance:

On the occasion of Dr. Norman Borlaug's receipt of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970, he said of Dr. Norman Ernest Borlaug (born March 25 1914 is an American Agronomist, Humanitarian, Nobel laureate, and has been called the father of the The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Swaminathan: "The green revolution has been a team effort and much of the credit for its spectacular development must go to Indian officials, Organizations, Scientists and farmers. However, to you, Dr. Swaminathan, a great deal of the credit must go for first recognizing the potential value of the Mexican dwarfs. Had this not occurred, it is quite possible that there would not have been a green revolution in Asia".

On the occasion of the presentation of the First World Food Prize^[19] to Dr. The World Food Prize is an international award recognizing the achievements of individuals who have advanced human development by improving the quality quantity or availability of Swaminathan in October 1987, Mr. Javier Perez de Cuellar - Secretary General of the United Nations, wrote: "Dr. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Swaminathan is a living legend. His contributions to Agricultural Science have made an indelible mark on food production in India and elsewhere in the developing world. By any standards, he will go into the annals of history as a world scientist of rare distinction".

Swaminathan has been described by the United Nations Environment Programme as "the Father of Economic Ecology". The UN Environment Programme (or UNEP) coordinates United Nations environmental activities assisting developing countries in implementing environmentally sound policies Ecological economics is a Transdisciplinary field of academic research within Economics that aims to address the interdependence between human economies and natural

He was one of three from India included in TIME Magazine's 1999 list of the "20 most influential Asian people of the 20th century", the other two being Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore. ^[20].

Following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, he advised India to plant new mangrove groves along the shoreline to minimize damage from future tsunamis. The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was an undersea Earthquake that occurred at 005853 UTC on December 26 2004 with an Epicentre off the west coast of Mangroves (generally are Trees and Shrubs that grow in saline coastal habitats in the Tropics and Subtropics. A tsunami ((tsuːˈnɑːmi is a series of waves created when

Dr. Swaminathan was the featured speaker at The 2006 Norman E. Borlaug International Symposium: in Des Moines, Iowa on, October 19, 2006. The State of Iowa ( is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. Events 202 BCE - The Battle of Zama results in the defeat of Carthage and Hannibal. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. He was sponsored by Humanities Iowa, an affiliate of the National Endowment for the Humanities. Dr. Swaminathan presented The "Third Annual Governor's Lecture" and spoke on "THE GREEN REVOLUTION REDUX: Can we replicate the single greatest period of food production in all human history?" Read full text:^[21], See: Powerpoint Presentation,^[22] Hear:^[23] about the cultural and social foundations of the Green Revolution in India and the role of historic leaders in India, such as Mahatma Gandhi, in inspiring the Green Revolution there by calling for the alleviation of widespread hunger. Microsoft PowerPoint is a proprietary Presentation program developed by Microsoft. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી moɦən̪d̪äs kəɾəmʧən̪d̪ gän̪d̪ʱi (2 October 1869 – 30 January He also talked about the links between Gandhi and the great Iowa scientist George Washington Carver. George Washington Carver (January 1864 – January 5 1943 was an African American Scientist, Botanist, Educator, and Inventor ^[24],

Swaminathan is a Fellow of the Royal Society of London the U. The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660 S. National Academy of Sciences, the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Italian Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Sciences (NAS is a corporation in the United States whose members serve Pro bono as "advisers to the nation on science The Russian Academy of Sciences (Российская Академия Наук Rossi'iskaya Akade'miya Nau'k, shortened to PAH RAN) consists of the National The Chinese Academy of Sciences ( CAS) ( formerly known as Academia Sinica (not to be confused with the Republic of China 's (Taiwan Academia

Publications

Dr Swaminathan is a prolific scientific researcher and writer. He published 46 single author papers between 1950 and 1980. Out of 118 two author papers, he was first author of 80. Out of 63 three author papers he was first author of 15. Out of 21 four author papers he was first author of 9. In total he had 254 papers to his credit, 155 of which he was the single author or first author. His scientific papers are in the fields of crop improvement (95), cytogenetics and genetics (87) and phylogenetics (72). Agronomy is the science and technology of using plants for food fuel feed and fiber Cytogenetics is a branch of Genetics that is concerned with the study of chromosomes and cell division Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is His most frequent publishers were: Indian Journal of Genetics (46), Current Science (36), Nature (12) and Radiation Botany (12). ^[25] Some of the papers are listed below.

In addition he has written a few books around the general theme of his life's work, biodiversity and sustainable agriculture for alleviation of hunger.

Dr. Swaminathan's books include

• "An Evergreen Revolution", 2006 ^[26].
• "I Predict: A Century of Hope Towards an Era of Harmony with Nature and Freedom from Hunger", (1999) ^[27]
• "Gender Dimensions in Biodiversity Management", (ed. ) (1998) ^[28]
• "Implementing the Benefit Sharing Provisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity: Challenges and opportunities" (1997)^[29]
• "Agrobiodiversity and Farmers' Rights", 1996 ^[30]
• "Sustainable Agriculture: Towards Food Security" ^[31]
• "Farmers’ Rights and Plant Genetic Resources: A dialogue. " (ed. ) (1995) ^[32]
• "Wheat Revolution: a Dialogue" (ed) (1993) ^[33]

Research reports

He has published laboratory research results in several scientific journals and increasingly writes for a wider audience in environmental journals. For a broader class of publications which include scientific journals see Academic journal. Environmental journalism is the collection verification production distribution and exhibition of information regarding current events trends issues and people that are associated Some of his publications are available online in abstract or full text. ^[34] and. ^[35]

• First author: Swaminathan MS.
  • "CHOPRA VL, BHASKARAN, Cytological aberrations observed in barley embryos cultured in irradiated potato mash. ", Radiat Res. 1962 Feb;16:182-8.
  • "Murty BR. , Aspects of Asynapsis in Plants. I. Random and Non Random Chromosome Associations. ", Genetics. 1959 Nov;44(6):1271-80.
  • "NINAN T, MAGOON ML. Effects of virus infection on microsporogenesis and seed fertility in Capsicum. ", Genetica. 1959;30:63-9.
  • "MURTY BR. , Effect of x-radiation on pollen tube growth and seed setting in crosses between Nicotiana tabacum and N. rustica. ", Z Vererbungsl. , 1959;90:393-9.
  • "GANESAN AT. , Kinetics of mitosis in yeasts. ", Nature. 1958 August 30;182(4635):610-1. Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and
  • "Nature of Polyploidy in Some 48-Chromosome Species of the Genus Solanum, Section, Tuberarium. ", Genetics. 1954 Jan;39(1):59-76.
• Second author
  • GANESAN AT, SWAMINATHAN MS. , "Staining the nucleus in yeasts. ", Stain Technol. 1958 May;33(3):115-21.
  • NATARAJAN AT, SWAMINATHAN MS. , "Chromosome spreading induced by vegetable oils. ", Stain Technol. 1957 Jan;32(1):43-5.
  • HOWARD HW, SWAMINATHAN MS. , "The cytology of haploid plants of Solanum demissum. ", Genetica. 1953;26(5-6):381-91.
  • PRAKKEN R, SWAMINATHAN MS. , "Cytological behaviour of some inter-specific hybrids in the genus Solanum, sect. Tuberarium. ", Genetica. 1952;26(1):77-101.
• Third author
  • CHOPRA VL, KAPOOR ML, SWAMINATHAN MS. , "EFFECTS OF PRE- & POST-TREATMENTS WITH S-2-AMINOETHYLISOTHIOURONIUM BROMIDE HYDROBROMIDE ON THE FREQUENCY OF CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS & CHLOROPHYLL MUTATIONS INDUCED BY X-RAYS IN BARLEY. ", Indian J Exp Biol. 1965 Apr;3:123-5.
  • NIRULA S, BHASKARAN S, SWAMINATHAN MS. , "Effect of linear differentiation of chromosomes on the proportionality between chromosome length and DNA content. ", Exp Cell Res. 1961 Jun;24:160-2.
• Fourth author
  • Latha R, Rubia L, Bennett J, Swaminathan MS. , "Allele mining for stress tolerance genes in Oryza species and related germplasm. ", Mol Biotechnol. 2004 Jun;27(2):101-8.
  • PAI RA, UPADHYA MD, BHASKARAN S, SWAMINATHAN MS. , "Chromosome diminution and evolution of polyploid species in Triticum. Chromosoma. ", 1961;12:398-409.
  • Siddiq EA, Kaul AK, Puri RP, Singh VP, Swaminathan MS. , "Mutagen-induced variability in protein characters in Oryza sativa. ", Mutat Res. 1970 Jul;10(1):81-4.

Environmental articles

• First author: Swaminathan MS.
  • "Nutrition in the third millennium: countries in transition. ", Forum Nutr. 2003;56:18-24. </ref>
  • "Bio-diversity: an effective safety net against environmental pollution. ", Environ Pollut. 2003;126(3):287-91.
  • "CGIAR statement on UN treaty. ", Nat Biotechnol. 2002 Jun;20(6):547.
  • "Ecology and equity: key determinants of sustainable water security. ", Water Sci Technol. 2001;43(4):35-44.
  • "An evergreen revolution. ",Biologist (London). 2000 Apr;47(2):85-9.
  • "Science in response to basic human needs. ", Science. 2000 January 21;287(5452):425. Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade.
  • "The ecology of hope. ", People Planet. 1999;8(4):6-9.
  • "Convocation address. ", IIPS News. 1998 Jul;39(2 3):2-8.
  • ""Farmers' Rights and Plant Genetic Resources. "", 1998. ^[36]
  • "Forward: Regional Workshop on the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Coral Reefs",^[37], 1997
  • "Perspectives for crop protection in sustainable agriculture. ", Ciba Found Symp. 1993;177:257-67; discussion 267-72.
  • "DNA in medicine. Agricultural production. ", Lancet. 1984 December 8;2(8415):1329-32. Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe.
  • "Nutrition and agricultural development: new frontiers. ", Food Nutr (Roma). 1984;10(1):33-41.
  • "The age of algeny, genetic destruction of yield barriers and agricultural transformation. ", (1968). ^[38]

• Second author
  • Kesavan PC, Swaminathan MS. , "Managing extreme natural disasters in coastal areas. ", Philos Transact A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2006 August 15;364(1845):2191-216. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed
  • Sanchez PA, Swaminathan MS. , "Hunger in Africa: the link between unhealthy people and unhealthy soils. ", Lancet. 2005 January 29-February 4;365(9457):442-4. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. 5: Sanchez PA, Swaminathan MS. , Public health. Cutting world hunger in half. ", Science. 2005 January 21;307(5708):357-9. Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade.
• Third author
  • Raven P, Fauquet C, Swaminathan MS, Borlaug N, Samper C. , "Where next for genome sequencing?", Science. 2006 January 27;311(5760):468. Events 98 - Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva.

Awards and recognition

Dr. Swaminathan has received several outstanding awards and prizes. These prizes include large sums of money, which has helped sustain and expand his work.

• Four Freedoms Award for demonstrating achievement of the principles of Freedom of speech, Freedom of Religion, Freedom from want and Freedom from fear, 2000
• Planet and Humanity Medal of the International Geographical Union awarded "in recognition of his

unique success in outstanding scientific research and its application, leading to Asia’s Green Revolution. The Four Freedoms Award is an annual liberal inclined award presented to those men and women who have "demonstrated" an achievement to the principles lined out in the Four His endeavors to combat hunger and food shortages by promoting new seed varieties and applying these with ecologically sound principles and sustainable agriculture are all part of his profound humanitarian ethos, which reminds scientists and politicians worldwide of their responsibilities for stewardship of nature and humanity on our common Planet Earth. " 2000

• UNEP Sasakawa Environment Prize Laureate for outstanding contributions to the
  protection and management of the environment. The UN Environment Programme (or UNEP) coordinates United Nations environmental activities assisting developing countries in implementing environmentally sound policies Co - winner with Paul and Anne Ehrlich 1994, $200,000 prize. Paul Ralph Ehrlich (born May 29 1932 in Philadelphia Pennsylvania) is a renowned Entomologist specializing in Lepidoptera (butterflies ^[39]
• The Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement "in recognition of life-long contributions to increasing

biological productivity on an ecologically sustainable basis, and to promoting the conservation of biological diversity”1991

• Honda Prize,^[40] for achieving outstanding results in the field of ecotechnology, 1991
• Padma Vibhushan 1989
• World Food Prize for advancing human development through increased quantity, guality or accessibility of food, 1987
• Golden Heart Presidential Award of the Philippines, conferred by President Corazon Aquino "in

recognition of his contribution in resolving a wide range of problems in basic and applied genetics and agricultural research and development in the Philippines, for his accomplishments in the area of agricultural science and research highly beneficial to Filipino farmers, and for having expanded considerably the International Rice Research Institute’s capacity for upstream research to bring the fruits of recent advances in science and technology to Asian rice farmers. The Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement is an award for Environmental science, Energy, and Medicine. Ecotechnology is an applied science that seeks to fulfill human needs while causing minimal ecological disrupution by harnessing and subtly manipulating natural forces to leverage their The Padma Vibhushan is India 's second highest civilian honour The World Food Prize is an international award recognizing the achievements of individuals who have advanced human development by improving the quality quantity or availability of The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP María Corazón Cojuangco-Aquino (born María Corazón Sumulong Cojuangco on January 25, 1933) widely known as Cory Aquino, was the 11th "1987

• Albert Einstein World Science Award by the World Cultural Council for research which has brought true benefit and well being to mankind. Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical ^[41]. 1986

• Borlaug Award, given by Coromandel Fertilizers in profound appreciation of his catalytic role in providing deep insights and inspiring fellow scientists to set goals . . . for evolving a strategy for agriculture rooted in science, but tempered by a concern for ecology and human values 1979
• Padma Bhushan 1972
• Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership 1971
• Padma Shri 1967

He holds 46 honorary Doctorate degrees from universities around the world. The Padma Bhushan award is an Indian civilian decoration established on January 2, 1954 by the President of India. The Ramon Magsaysay Award was established in April 1957 by the trustees of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund (RBF based in New York City. Padma Shri (also spelt Padma Shree, Padmashree, Padma Sree and Padma Sri) is an award given by the Government of India generally A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement

National Awards
He has been honored with several awards in India for his work to benefit the country.

• Dupont-Solae Award for his contribution to the field of food and nutrition security 2004^[42]
• Life Time Achievement Award from BioSpectrum 2003^[43]
• Indira Gandhi Gold Plaque by the Asiatic Society for his significant contribution towards human progress. The Asiatic Society was founded by Sir William Jones ( 1746 - 1794) on January 15, 1784 in a meeting presided over by Sir Robert 2002
• Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development "for his outstanding contribution in the domain of plant genetics and ensuring food security to hundreds of millions of citizens in the developing world. The Indira Gandhi Prize or the Indira Gandhi Peace Prize or the Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace Disarmament and Development is the prestigious award " This prestigious award honors those outstanding global citizens who have made a significant contribution to humanity’s material and cultural progress. 2000
• The Indian National Science Academy awarded him Millennium Scientist Award 2001, Asutosh Mookerjee Memorial Award for 1999-2000, Shatabdi Puraskar award in the field of Agricultural Sciences 1999, Jawaharlal Nehru Birth Centenary Award 1992, B. The Indian National Science Academy (INSA is the apex body of Indian scientists representing all branches of science & technology P. Pal Memorial Award of the 1998, Meghnad Saha Medal 1981, Silver Jubilee Commemoration Medal for contributions to genetics and agricultural research 1971.
• Lokmanya Tilak Award by the Tilak Smarak Trust, in recognition of his contribution to the green revolution in India and for his outstanding scientific and environmental works. 2001^[44]
• Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development in recognition of creative efforts toward promoting international peace, development and a new international economic order; ensuring that scientific discoveries are used for the larger good of humanity, and enlarging the scope of freedom. The Indira Gandhi Prize or the Indira Gandhi Peace Prize or the Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace Disarmament and Development is the prestigious award 2000
• Millennium Alumnus Award by the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University 2000
• Prof P N Mehra Memorial Award 1999
• Legend in his Lifetime Award by the World Wilderness Trust- India 1999^[45]
• Dr. The Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU came into being on June 1 1971. B. P. Pal Medal for unique contributions to agricultural research and development of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, India 1997
• V. Gangadharan Award for outstanding contributions to National Development 1997
• Dr. B. P. Pal Medal for unique contributions to agricultural research and development of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, India 1997
• V. Gangadharan Award for outstanding contributions to National Development 1997
• Lal Bahadur Shastri Deshgaurav Samman 1992
• Dr. J. C. Bose Medal, Bose Institute 1989^[46]
• Krishi Ratna Award for “devotion to the cause of agroscience, and for being the benefactor of the farming

community,” instituted by the Bharat Krishak Samaj (Indian Farmer's Society)/World Agriculture Fair Memorial Trust Society, and presented by President Giani Zail Singh of India 1986

• Rathindranath Tagore Prize of Visva Bharati University 1981
• R. Visva Bharati University, Santiniketan is a Central University in India and is located in the Indian state of West Bengal D. Misra Medal of the Indian Environmental Society 1981^[47]
• Barclay Medal of the Asiatic Society for contributions to genetics 1978
• Moudgil Prize of the Bureau of Indian Standards for contributions to standardisation 1978
• Birbal Sahni Medal of the Indian Botanical Society for contributions to Applied Botany 1965. The Asiatic Society was founded by Sir William Jones ( 1746 - 1794) on January 15, 1784 in a meeting presided over by Sir Robert Headline text The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS, the National Standards Body of India is involved in the development of technical standards (popularly known as Indian ^[48]
• Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award for contributions to Biological Sciences 1961

International Awards
He has been honored with recognition from several international organizations for spreading the benefits of his work to other countries. The Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar (SSB Prizes are awarded annually by the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research ( CSIR) for notable and outstanding research

• UNESCO Mahatma Gandhi Gold Medal for his outstanding work in extending the benefits of biotechnology to marginalized and poverty-stricken populations in developing countries and in securing a sound basis for sustainable agricultural, environmental and rural development 1999
• Henry Shaw Medal awarded by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden in consideration of important service to humanity through emphasis on sustainability in agriculture - USA 1998
• Ordre du Merite Agricole, Govt of France to honour services of the highest quality rendered to the cause of agriculture 1997
• Highest award for International Cooperation on Environment and Development, Govt of China for outstanding contributions to the lofty cause of environmental protection and development, and for his signal accomplishments in the field of international cooperation 1997
• Global Environmental Leadership Award “for encouraging village-level responses to environmental issues” by the Climate Institute 1995
• World Academy of Art and Science 1994
• Asian Regional Award by the Asian Productivity Organization APO 1994
• Charles Darwin International Science and Environment Medal 1993
• Commandeur of the Order of the Golden Ark of the Netherlands 1990
• The VOLVO Environment Prize for his outstanding research and devoted work in turning Indian food production from a deficit to a much increased supply. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી moɦən̪d̪äs kəɾəmʧən̪d̪ gän̪d̪ʱi (2 October 1869 – 30 January United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 The Missouri Botanical Garden is a Botanical garden located in St This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Cooperative Institute for Climate Science (CICS fosters research collaborations between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA/ Office of Oceanic 1990. ^[49]
• Association for Women's Rights in Development (AWID) international award for significant contributions to promoting the knowledge, skill, and technological empowerment of women in agriculture and for his pioneering role in mainstreaming gender considerations in agriculture and rural development 1985. Note This article provides definition of Rural development See Rural Development for Rural Development Agency of the United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ^[50]
• Bicentenary Medal of the University of Georgia, U. The University of Georgia ( UGA) is a public research University located in Athens, Georgia, the oldest and largest of the S. A. 1985
• Bennett Commonwealth Prize of the Royal Society of Arts for significant contributions to Household Nutrition Security 1984
• Mendel Memorial Medal of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences for contributions to Plant Genetics 1965

Critics

Despite these awards and honors, the credibility of Swaminathan and his promotion of biotechnology remains open to question by some. The Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts Manufactures and Commerce ( RSA) is a British multi-disciplinary institution based in London. The Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences was established in 1953 to be the scientific center for Czechoslovakia. Biotechnology is Technology based on Biology, especially when used in Agriculture, Food science, and Medicine. His record retains some controversy. There are cases of scientific fraud and scandals involving the suicide of a fellow scientist at the (ICAR). Indian Council of Agricultural Research ( ICAR) New Delhi, India is an autonomous organisation under the Department of Agricultural Research and Education ^[51] The first among those who came to expose many of the claims made by MS Swaminathan was Claude Alvares. Claude Alvares is a renowned Environmentalist based in Goa, India. In his article The Great Gene Robbery 23 March 1986 The Illustrated Weekly. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Alvares provided enough evidences to show that most of the research that were initiated by him and International Rice Research Institute were not original. ^[52]

In the recent years Shiv Vishwanathan in an EPW [47]article writes he is a sociological phenomenon.

He is paradigm, exemplar, dissenter, critic and alternative. . . . . . Swaminathan always assimilates the new. Earlier Claude Alvares had given a better picture as follows

Strangely, he has become more and more akin to HYV of the seeds he sells. Like them, he is capable of high-yielding varieties of phrase and word. At a Gandhi seminar, he will speak of the relevance of Gandhi. At a meeting in Madras on the necessity of combine harvesters. At another meeting on appropriate technology, he will plump for organic manures. At a talk in London, he will speak on the necessity of chemical fertilizers. He will label slum dwellers ‘ecological refugees’, and advertise his career as a quest for ‘imparting an ecological basis to productivity improvement. ’ This, after presiding over, and indiscriminately furthering, one of the ecologically most devastating technologies of modern times – the HYV package of the Green revolution.

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Family

M. S. Swaminathan is married to Mina Swaminthan, a keen theatre person and supporter of woman's rights, who he met in 1951 while they were both studying at Cambridge. They have three daughters - Soumya Swaminathan, Madhura Swaminathan and Nitya Rao. Soumya is a doctor by profession and practices in Chennai. Madhura is an economist based in Kolkata and Nitya is based in England, teaching at the UEA. He has 5 grandchildren: Anandi (20), Shreya (18), Kalyani (16), Akshay (15) and Madhavtipu (11).

He lives in Chennai,Tamil Nadu with his wife.

Current Work

• He currently holds the UNESCO -Cousteau Chair^[53] in Ecotechnology at the M. Ecotechnology is an applied science that seeks to fulfill human needs while causing minimal ecological disrupution by harnessing and subtly manipulating natural forces to leverage their S. Swaminathan Research Foundation in Chennai, India.
• He is the chairman of the National Commission on Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Security of India (National Commission on Farmers). ^[54].
• He is currently spearheading a movement to bridge the Digital divide called, "Mission 2007: Every Village a Knowledge Centre". The term digital divide refers to the gap between those people with effective access to Digital and Information technology and those without ^[55]. ^[56]
  • Bruce Alberts, President of the U. Dr Bruce Alberts (b 14 April 1938, Chicago) is an American Biochemist. S. National Academy of Sciences said of Dr. Swaminathan: "At 80, M. S. retains all the energy and idealism of his youth, and he continues to inspire good behavior and more idealism
    from millions of his fellow human beings on this Earth. For that, we can all be thankful". ^[57]

Further reading

• "Biodiversity and Poverty – Natural Resources and the Millennium Goals", M. S. Swaminathan speech and a discussion, University of Berne, Auditorium Maximum, Wednesday, 8/24/2005. Speech, Full text:
• An insightful biography, "M. S. Swaminathan - One Man’s Quest for a Hunger-Free World" was written in 2002 by Gita Gopalkrishnanhas, Education Development Center Inc. , Sri Venkatesa Printing House, Chennai, pp. 132 ISBN 8172762607 Full text:.
• To learn the most about M. S. Swaminathan, the book to read is: "Scientist and Humanist: M. S. Swaminathan" by R. D. Iyer,
  Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Mumbai, 2002. pp. 245 Excerpt with photos
• "The Man Who Harvests Sunshine – The Modern Gandhi: M. S. Swaminathan. " Andréi Erdélyi. Tertia Kiadó, H-1158, Budapest, Kubelsberg Kunóu36, 2002, 167 pp.
• "Toward a Hunger-Free World: Life and Work of M. S. Swaminathan. " Anwar Dil (ed. ). Intercultural Forum, Dar-ul-Afia, 13756 Via Tres Vistas, San Diego, 2004. pp. 640
• "Science and Agriculture: M. S. Swaminathan and the Movement for Self- Reliance. " S. Ramanujam et al. (eds). Venus Printers and Publishers, B-62/8 Naraina Industrial Estate, Phase II, New Delhi 110 028. 2002. pp402.
• The last 4 books are reviewed in Current Science vol. 89, NO. 2, 8/25/2005 by T. N. Anathakrishnan Review of last 4 books
• To understand the influences that have shaped Dr. Swaminathan, Read these classics:
  • Jawaharlal Nehru. "The Discovery of India" First published in 1946 by Signet Press, Calcutta. Reprint, Oxford University Press, 1985.
  • Louis Fischer. "The Life of Mahatma Gandhi", First published in 1951 by Jonathan Cape. Reprint, Granada Publishing, 1982.
  • Paul Brunton, "A Search in Secret India", First published in 1934. Reprint, B. I. Publications, Bombay, 1970. Especially Chapter IX, “The Hill of the Holy Beacon. ”

References

External links

• Listen:(8:46) to Dr. M. S. Swaminathan speaking at
  U. N. World Summit on Sustainable Development, p.83August 27, 2002]
• Prof MS Swaminathan's Inspiring Talk on Biotechnology and Food Security at BITS Pilani Rajasthan
• Green Revolution Champion Prof MS Swaminathan at BITS Pilani
• Proud to be an Indian Prof MS Swaminathan lectures at BITS Pilani ...
• Prof M S Swaminathan Talk on Biotechnology and Food Security at BITS Pilani Rajasthan
• Evergreen Prof MS Swaminathan lectures at BITS Pilani Rajasthan
• Evergreen Prof MS Swaminathan speech at BITS Pilani Rajasthan
• BITS Pilani Rajasthan Prof V Lakshminarayanan Memorial Lecture 2007 – Curtain Raiser
• Prof V Lakshminarayanan Memorial Lecture 2007 at BITS Pilani Rajasthan – Curtain Raiser
• Curtain Raiser: Prof V Lakshminarayanan Memorial Lecture 2007 at BITS Pilani Rajasthan

Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar.

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