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Mỹ Sơn

Name: Mỹ Sơn
Date built: 4th Century AD
Primary deity: Śiva
Architecture: Cham
Location: Duy Xuyên

Mỹ Sơn (pronounced [mi sɤn]) is a Hindu temple complex, located in the village of Duy Phú, in the administrative district of Duy Xuyên in Quảng Nam province in Central Vietnam, 69km southwest of Da Nang, and approximately 10 km from the historic town of Trà Kiệu. Shiva:(pronunciation; Sanskrit: शिव Śiva, lit "Auspicious one" One of the Trimurtis Shiva is the supreme God in the Shaiva CHAM is a Canadian Radio station, broadcasting at 820 AM on Upper Wentworth in the tower next to Limeridge Mall in Hamilton Ontario A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical A temple (from the Latin word Templum) is a structure reserved for religious or spiritual activities such as prayer and sacrifice or analogous rites Quang Nam ( Quảng Nam;) is a province on the South Central Coast of Vietnam. Tây Nguyên, translated as Western Highlands and sometimes also called Central Highlands, is one of the regions of Vietnam. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially This article is about the city of Đà Nẵng For the Vietnam War era air base see Da Nang Air Base or Đà Nẵng International Airport. It comprises many Champa temples, in a valley roughly two kilometres wide, surrounded by two mountain ranges. The kingdom of Champa ( Chăm Pa in Vietnamese or Chiêm Thành in Hán Việt records was an Indianized kingdom and controlled what It was the site of religious ceremony of kings of the Champa dynasty, and was also a burial place of Champa royals and national heroes. The Mỹ Sơn temple complex is one of the foremost temple complexes of Hinduism in South East Asia and is the foremost heritage site of this nature in Vietnam. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially

This temple complex is often popularly compared to other temple complexes in South east Asia, such as Borobodur (Indonesia), Angkor Wat (Cambodia), Pagan (Myanmar) and Ayutthaya (Thailand). Borobudur is a ninth-century Mahayana Buddhist monument in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Angkor Wat (or Angkor Vat) (អង្គរវត្ត is a Temple complex at Angkor, Cambodia, built for King Suryavarman II The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East Bagan ( formerly Pagan, is an ancient city in the Mandalay Division of Burma. Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. The Ayutthaya historical park covers the ruins of the old city of Ayutthaya, Thailand, which was founded by King Ramathibodi I in 1350 The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj As of 1999, My Son has been selected by UNESCO as a world heritage listed site, at its 23rd meeting, under the criteria C (II) as an example displaying the evolution and change in culture, and criteria C (III) as a foremost evidence of Asian civilisation which is now extinct. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16

Contents

History

Mỹ Sơn Sanctuary*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
State Party Flag of Vietnam Vietnam
Type Cultural
Criteria ii, iii
Reference 949
Region† Asia-Pacific
Inscription history
Inscription 1999  (23rd Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List.
† Region as classified by UNESCO.

The construction of My Son was likely to have been started in the 4th century [1]. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex As of 2008 there are a total of 878 World Heritage Sites located in 145 "State Parties" Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex This is a list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Asia, Australia and the Pacific ( Australia) A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 4th century (per the Julian calendar and Anno Domini / Common era) was that Century During many centuries, the temple complex had more buildings and stupas constructed of varying sizes and became the main cultural vestige of the Champa civilization in Vietnam. The kingdom of Champa ( Chăm Pa in Vietnamese or Chiêm Thành in Hán Việt records was an Indianized kingdom and controlled what Aside from religious celebrations, which allowed the dynastic royals to spiritually connect with the gods, My Son was also a cultural and religious centre and was the burial place of kings and religious leaders. The earliest discovered relics date back to the era of the great king Bhadravarman I (Phạm Hồ Đạt), who reigned from 381 until 413, who had built a hall to worship Linga and Shiva. Events By Place Roman Empire A deputation from the Roman Senate delivers to Gratianus the robe of the Pontifex Maximus For the area code see Area code 413. Events By Place Western Roman Empire May Shiva:(pronunciation; Sanskrit: शिव Śiva, lit "Auspicious one" One of the Trimurtis Shiva is the supreme God in the Shaiva My Son shows the hallmarks of a strong architectural influence from India - present in the stupas of the temples, now fading in the splendour of the past, and in cultural influences - the inscriptions on the stele are written in Pali. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country A stele (from Greek:, stēlē, ˈstiːli plural stelae,, stēlai, ˈstiːlaɪ also found Latinised singular stela Pali ( ISO 15919 / ALA-LC: Pāḷi is a Middle Indo-Aryan language or Prakrit of India.

Based on other steles, it was learnt that there was an initial wooden temple in the 4th century. A stele (from Greek:, stēlē, ˈstiːli plural stelae,, stēlai, ˈstiːlaɪ also found Latinised singular stela More than two centuries later, the temple was incinerated in a large fire. In the 7th century, King Sambhuvarman (Phạm Phạn Chi), who reigned from 577 until 629 used brick to rebuild the temple, which stands to this day (it was possibly moved from Khu Lật to Trà Kiệu). The 7th century is the period from 601 to 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Events By Place Europe Battle of Deorham: The Anglo-Saxons under Ceawlin of Wessex defeat the British Celts Events By Place Persian and Byzantine Empires September - Jerusalem is reconquered by the Byzantine Empire from Subsequent kings continued to renovate the older templates and construct more temples to worship gods. Brick and reliable materials were used to preserve the memory of this civilisation and the construction techniques used by the Cham people remain to this day difficult to understand. There still has been no comprehensive explanation as to the raw materials used to stick the bricks together, nor as to how they were lifted into place.

The stupas and tombs range from the 7th century to the 14th century - the results of tomb exhumations revealed that Cham kings were buried here since the 4th century. The 7th century is the period from 601 to 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. There are a total of over 70 buildings in the complex. The My Son complex may have been the religious and cultural centre of the Champa government whilst the government was based in Trà Kiệu or Đồng Dương.

Archaeological studies

Ruins of My Son Sanctuary
Ruins of My Son Sanctuary

After the decline of the Chiêm Thành kingdom, the My Son complex faded into oblivion through the centuries, until 1885, when it was rediscovered. Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Ten years later, researchers began detailed expeditions to the area. The research activity of French scientists may be separated into two phases. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.

In 1904, the most fundamental details about My Son were announced by Finot and Parmentier. Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on From the research work of Parmentier, it was shown that there were 68 architectural sites, which is divided into groups labelled from A, A' to N.

The art researcher F. S. Tern divided the remains of the Champa into seven styles of art by their phases of development. My Son has representation of all the styles, two of which are believed to have originated from there. In particular the A1 temple is often referred to as the architectural masterpiece of the Cham.

The French archaeologists divided the architectural works at My Son into 10 principal groups, A, A', B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K to enable a system of labelling sites by capital letter and number.

Architecture

With regards to the architecture of the temples and tombs at My Son, it is the convegence of a diverse range of styles, from the very historic to the newer variety - My Son E1 and F1 date to the 8th century, while My Son A2, C7 and F3 are similar to the style of Hòa Lai at the turn of the 9th century. The Đồng Dương style of the late 9th century is reflected in Mỹ Sơn A10, A11-13, B4, and B12, the style of Mỹ Sơn A1 of the 10th century is shared by, Mỹ Sơn B5, B6, B7, B9, C1, C2, C5, D1, D2, and D4, while the transitional Mỹ Sơn A1-Bình Định style of the early 11th century to the middle of the 12th century is exhibited in Mỹ Sơn E4, F2, and the K group of sites. Binh Dinh (in Vietnamese Bình Định; Han Tu: 平[[wikt 定|定]] is a province of Vietnam. The final style of Bình Định (from the end of the 11th century to the start of the 14th) comprises Mỹ Sơn B1 and groups G and H. Binh Dinh (in Vietnamese Bình Định; Han Tu: 平[[wikt 定|定]] is a province of Vietnam.

Remnants of Cham Kingdom at My Son.
Remnants of Cham Kingdom at My Son.

The artistic and architectural styelf of the temples can heavy influences from India. The complex consists of a major stupa (kalan) and many smaller stupas which encircle it. The stupas are of conical shape, representing the peak of Meru mountain, the residence of Hindu gods. The gates of the stupa face the East in order to accept the sun's rays. The Sun (Sol is the Star at the center of the Solar System. Many stupas exhibit ornate architecture and depictions of gods serenely surrounded by flowers. The majority of these depicitions are now decayed, however there remain a few engravings with traces of gold that the Champa used. Most of the main temples at My Son are devoted to Linga or to a staute of Shiva, the protector of the Champa dynasty. Shiva:(pronunciation; Sanskrit: शिव Śiva, lit "Auspicious one" One of the Trimurtis Shiva is the supreme God in the Shaiva Most devotees in past eras would traverse the stupas in a clockwise direction.

Despite the large influence of Hinduism, representations of Buddhism are also found at My Son, as Mahayana Buddhism had become the foremost religion of the Champa in the 10th century. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Mahayana ( Sanskrit: mahāyāna, Devanagari: महायान 'Great Vehicle' is one of the two main existing schools of Buddhism and a term for A few of the temples were constructed in this period, and in the 17th century, some of the temples and stupas were reconstructed or expanded.

The builders at My Son developed their own indigenous styles. One trick they discovered was a way to "glue" bricks together using tree resin native to central Vietnam. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially The actual method is now lost. It appears that the Champa builders set the resin in place by baking whole monuments in a fire for a few days. The kingdom of Champa ( Chăm Pa in Vietnamese or Chiêm Thành in Hán Việt records was an Indianized kingdom and controlled what Fire is the heat and light energy released during a Chemical reaction, in particular a combustion reaction. Archaeologists believe that the monuments were detailed many weeks later after the structures were thoroughly cooled [2].

Stone Temple

At the My Son complex, there is one temple constructed of stone, the foremost stone temple in Champa civilisation. The stele inscription reveals that the last stone alterations to this temple were made in 1234. A stele (from Greek:, stēlē, ˈstiːli plural stelae,, stēlai, ˈstiːlaɪ also found Latinised singular stela Today, this temple is no longer standing, although it once stood at over 30m, the tallest building in the complex. Evidence gathered from the surrounding area show that it was once part of the original temple in the 4th century.

Restoration

The restoration work began in 1937, with the work of French scientists. Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In the era 1937 to 1938, the A1 temple and smaller ones surrounding it were restored. Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. in later years, from 1939 to 1943, B5, B4, C2, C3, D1, D2 were restored. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. However, many stupas and tombs (comprising group A and stupa A1, comprising the 24m tall A1 and 6 surrounding stupas, previously in good condition), were destroyed in 1969 in the Vietnam War. Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia The surrounding area is still dangerous due to the threat of unexploded land mines and other relics of war. A land mine is an Explosive device designed to be placed on or in the ground to explode when triggered by an operator or the Proximity of a vehicle person

Damage at My Son (crater caused by bomb being dropped in Vietnam War).
Damage at My Son (crater caused by bomb being dropped in Vietnam War). The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia

The majority of the temple sites in the centre of the complex, such as the B, C and D groups survive, and although many statues, prayer thrones were removed to France or to historical museums in Vietnam, such as in Ho Chi Minh City and the Cham Museum in Da Nang, a temporary museum has been set up in two of the temples with the funding of benefactors from Germany and Poland to display images of the remaining tombs and relics. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. This article is about the city of Đà Nẵng For the Vietnam War era air base see Da Nang Air Base or Đà Nẵng International Airport. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland On March 25, 2005, Quang Nam Province held an opening ceremony, displaying the relics of My Son with an area of 5400m2 and a display house of 1000m2 accompanied by a 1km access road built with finance from Japan. Events 1199 - Richard I is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France which leads to his death on April 6. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Quang Nam ( Quảng Nam;) is a province on the South Central Coast of Vietnam. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. however, there remain worries about the architectural construction of the temples, some of which are vulnerable to collapse. From 2002 to 2004, the Ministry of Culture of Vietnam allotted around 440,000 USD to maintain the site. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " A draft plan of UNESCO was funded by the Government of Italy to the sum of USD 800,000 and the efforts of sponsors from Japan to prevent further degradation. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 The politics of Italy take place in a framework of a parliamentary, democratic Republic, and of a Multi-party system. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. These efforts are also funded by the World Monuments Fund. The World Monuments Fund (WMF is a New York -based private Non-profit organization dedicated to the preservation of historic Architecture and

References

  1. ^ My Son Sanctuary - UNESCO World Heritage Centre
  2. ^ [1] Myson map Index

External links

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