| Mälaren | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Location | Sweden |
| Coordinates | |
| Basin countries | Sweden |
| Surface area | 1,140 km² |
| Average depth | 13 m |
| Max. A drainage basin is an extent of Land where Water from Rain or Snow melt drains downhill into a body of water such as a River, depth | 63 m |
| Water volume | 14 km³ |
| Islands | Selaön, Svartsjölandet (see list) |
Lake Mälaren (sv-Mälaren.ogg ) (historically occasionally referred to as Lake Malar in English) is the third-largest lake in Sweden, after Lakes Vänern and Vättern. A lake (from Latin lacus) is a Terrain feature (or Physical feature) a body of Liquid on the surface of a world that is localized to the "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Vänern (IPA) is the largest Lake in Sweden and the third largest lake in Europe. Vättern is the second largest Lake (by surface area in Sweden, after Lake Vänern. Its area is 1,140 km² and its greatest depth is 64 m. The lake drains, from southwest to northeast, into the Baltic Sea through Södertälje kanal, Hammarbyslussen, Karl Johanslussen and Norrström. The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude. The Södertälje Canal is a Canal connecting the lake Mälaren with the Baltic Sea, at the city of Södertälje. Construction Like the surrounding area Slussen, named after the lock and built simultaneous to it in 1930-1935 the lock is a concrete construction resting on Franki The easternmost bay of Mälaren, in central Stockholm, is called Riddarfjärden. Riddarfjärden, literally the Knight Firth, is a bay of Lake Mälaren in central Stockholm. The lake is located in Svealand and bounded by the provinces of Uppland, Södermanland, Närke, and Västmanland. Svealand ( or (rarely or historically Sweden Proper is the historical core region of Sweden. The provinces of Sweden, Landskap, are historical geographical and cultural regions Uppland ( is a historical province or landskap on the eastern coast of Sweden, just north of Stockholm, the capital sometimes referred to under its Latin form Sudermannia, is a historical province or landskap on the south eastern coast of Sweden. is a traditional Swedish province or landskap in middle Sweden. is a historical Swedish province, or landskap, in middle Sweden. The two largest islands in Mälaren are Selaön (91 km²) and Svartsjölandet (79 km²). Selaön is the biggest island in Mälaren, Sweden, and covers 91 km² Färingsö or Svartsjölandet is an Island of Mälaren lake in Sweden.
The viking age settlement Birka on the island of Björkö and Hovgården (on the neighbouring island Adelsö) has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1993, as has Drottningholm Palace on the island of Lovön. Viking Age is the term denoting the years from about 700 to 1066 in European history. For a group of islands in the Gulf of Finland, see Berezovye Islands. Hovgården is an archaeological site on the Lake Mälaren island of Adelsö in Ekerö Municipality in central-eastern Sweden. Adelsö is an island in the middle of Lake Mälaren in Sweden, near southern and northern Björkfjärden. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex The Drottningholm Palace is the private residence of the Swedish royal family. Lovön is an island located in the Swedish lake Mälaren in Ekerö Municipality of Stockholm County.
Contents |
Etymology
The etymological origin of the name Mälaren stems from the Old Norse word mælir appearing in historical records in the 1320s and meaning gravel. Etymology is the study of the History of Words &mdash when they entered a language from what source and how their form and meaning have changed over time Old Norse is the North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age Gravel is rock that is of a specific Particle size range In Geology, gravel is any loose rock that is larger than two millimeters (2mm The lake was previously known as Løgrinn etymologically similar to the aged verb löga, "to bathe", arguably related to lördag, "Saturday". [1][2]
Geology
By the end of the last ice age about 11,000 years ago, much of northern Europe and North America was covered by ice sheets up to 3 km thick. An ice sheet is a mass of Glacier Ice that covers surrounding terrain and is greater than 50000 km² (20000 mile²) At the end of the ice age when the glaciers retreated, the removal of the weight from the depressed land led to a post-glacial rebound. Post-glacial rebound (sometimes called continental rebound, isostatic rebound, isostatic adjustment or post-ice-age isostatic recovery) Initially the rebound was rapid, proceeding at about 7. 5 cm/year. This phase lasted for about 2,000 years, and took place as the ice was being unloaded. Once deglaciation was complete, uplift slowed to about 2. 5 cm/year, and decreased exponentially after that. Today, typical uplift rates are of the order of 1 cm/year or less, and studies suggest that rebound will continue for about another 10,000 years. The total uplift from the end of deglaciation can be up to 400 m.
As recently as the Viking Age Mälaren was a bay of the Baltic Sea, and seagoing vessels using it were able to sail far into the interior of Sweden. Viking Age is the term denoting the years from about 700 to 1066 in European history. Birka had an auspicious location due to its proximity to the trade routes through Södertälje kanal. For a group of islands in the Gulf of Finland, see Berezovye Islands. Due to the post-glacial rebound, Södertälje kanal and the mouth of Riddarfjärden bay had become so shallow by about 1200 that ships had to unload their cargos near the entrances, and progressively the bay became a lake. The decline of Birka and the subsequent foundation of Stockholm at the choke point of Riddarfjärden were in part due to the post-glacial rebound changing the topography of the Mälaren basin. The lake's surface currently averages 0. 7 meters above sea level. Mean sea level (MSL is the average (mean height of the Sea, with reference to a suitable reference surface
Mythology
According to Norse mythology, the lake was created by the goddess Gefjun when she tricked Gylfi, the Swedish king of Gylfaginning. Norse mythology comprises the indigenous pre-Christian religion, beliefs and Legends of the Scandinavian peoples including those who settled on Iceland Gefjun, Gefjon, or Gefion (possibly from Old Norse geð fiá meaning "chaste" is one of the Asynjur in Norse mythology Gylfi, Gylfe, Gylvi, or Gylve was the earliest king in Scandinavia present in Norse mythology. Gylfaginning, or the Tricking of Gylfi (c 20000 words is the first part of Snorri Sturluson 's Prose Edda after The land thusly removed by Gefjun was transported to Denmark, becoming the island of Zealand. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Zealand (also Sealand Danish: Sjælland;) is the largest Island (7031 km² of Denmark (excluding Greenland
Geography
A selection, in alphabetical order:
| Major islands | Major sections | Major cities and municipalities bordering the lake |
|---|---|---|
|
|
Ecology
The most common nesting birds on the skerries of Mälaren are also the most common in the Baltic Sea. Adelsö is an island in the middle of Lake Mälaren in Sweden, near southern and northern Björkfjärden. Ekerö is an island in Lake Mälaren, Sweden. It is the seat of Ekerö Municipality. Helgö is an island in lake Mälaren, Sweden. Ancient ruins Seldom visited today this site at Lurudden began to be settled around the year 200 Kungsholmen is an island in Lake Mälaren in Sweden, part of Stockholm City. History Lilla Essingen lies at the edge of what is generally considered central Stockholm wedged inbetween Kungsholmen and the outer suburbs Lovön is an island located in the Swedish lake Mälaren in Ekerö Municipality of Stockholm County. Munsö is a village and an island in Ekerö Municipality, Sweden Selaön is the biggest island in Mälaren, Sweden, and covers 91 km² Stora Essingen is an island and a district in the Kungsholmen borough in Stockholm, Sweden. Färingsö or Svartsjölandet is an Island of Mälaren lake in Sweden. Galten, is a town in central Denmark, located in Skanderborg municipality in Region Midtjylland in Jutland just vest of Aarhus and is more or Freden is a village and a municipality in the district of Hildesheim, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Vårbyfjärden ( Swedish for " Inlet of Vårby" is a Strait in south-eastern Lake Mälaren south-west of Stockholm in Ekoln constitutes the northernmost gulf of Lake Mälaren, Sweden. Bålsta is a town (pop 14500 in Uppland, Sweden and the seat of Håbo Municipality, Uppsala County. Hallstahammar is a town (pop 10300 in Västmanland, Sweden and the seat of Hallstahammar Municipality, Västmanland County. This article deals with the Swedish denomination for a market town Kungsängen is a suburb of Metropolitan Stockholm, and the seat of Upplands-Bro Municipality in Sweden. Kungsör is a town (pop 5600 in central Sweden and the seat of Kungsör Municipality, Västmanland County. Mariefred is a small idyllic Town in Strängnäs Municipality, Södermanland County, Sweden, with a population of 4800 ('stɔkhɔlm is Sweden 's Capital and its largest City. It is the site of the national Swedish government, the parliament, and the Strängnäs is a city in Södermanland, in south central Sweden, located by Lake Mälaren with approximately 12300 inhabitants is a city in Södermanland in east central Sweden about 30 km south of Stockholm, and is the seat of Södertälje Municipality, Torshälla is a town in Eskilstuna Municipality, Södermanland County, Sweden. Västerås is a city in central Sweden, located on the shore of Lake Mälaren in the province Västmanland, some 100 km west of Nesting refers to the process of efficiently Manufacturing parts from flat Raw material. After a survey in 2005, the ten most common species were found to be common tern, herring gull, black-headed gull, common gull, mallard, tufted duck, Canada Goose, common goldeneye, lesser black-backed gull and common sandpiper. The Common Tern ( Sterna hirundo) is a Seabird of the Tern family Sternidae The Herring Gull, Larus argentatus, is a large Gull (up to 26 inches or 66 cm long and is the most abundant and best known of all gulls along the shores of The Black-headed Gull ( Chroicocephalus ridibundus) is a small Gull which breeds in much of Europe and Asia, and also in coastal eastern For the Butterfly, see Cepora nerissa. The Common Gull, Mew Gull or Sea Mew ( Larus canus The Mallard ( Anas platyrhynchos) probably the best-known and most recognizable of all ducks is a Dabbling duck which breeds throughout the Temperate The Tufted Duck, Aythya fuligula, is a medium-sized Diving duck with a population of close to one million birds The Canada Goose ( Branta canadensis) is a Goose belonging to the Genus Branta native to North America. The Common Goldeneye ( Bucephala clangula) is a medium sized Sea duck of the genus Bucephala, the goldeneyes. The Lesser Black-backed Gull ( Larus fuscus) is a large Gull which breeds on the Atlantic coasts of Europe. thumb|left| at [[Puri]] in [[Orissa]] [[India]] The Common Sandpiper, Actitis hypoleucos, is a small Wader, 18 - 20 cm long with a 32-35 cm wingspan White-tailed eagle, Greylag goose, barnacle goose, black-throated diver, red-breasted merganser and gadwall are less common, and some of these latter are endangered in the Mälaren area. The White-tailed Eagle ( Haliaeetus albicilla)also known as the Sea Eagle, Erne (sometimes Ern) or White-tailed Sea-eagle The Barnacle Goose ( Branta leucopsis) belongs to the Genus Branta of black geese, which contains Species with largely black Black-throated Diver ( Gavia arctica) known in North America as Arctic Loon, is a medium-sized member of the Loon or diver family The Red-breasted Merganser ( Mergus serrator) is a diving Duck. The Gadwall, Anas strepera is a common and widespread Duck of the family Anatidae. Since 1994 a subspecies of great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis, nests there as well. The Great Cormorant ( Phalacrocorax carbo) known as the Great Black Cormorant across the Northern Hemisphere the Black Cormorant in Australia and the The 2005 survey tallied 23 breeding colonies with 2178 nests, of which the largest colony had 235 netsts. Most experts believe the great cormorant population has peaked and will stabilize at around 2000 nests[3].
One of the characteristic species is the osprey which has one of its strongest presences in lake Mälaren. The Osprey (Pandion haliaetus, also called Sea Hawk, is a diurnal, fish-eating Bird of prey. The osprey nests in almost all bays of the lake[3].
The Zebra mussel is considered an invasive species and is causing some problems in lake Mälaren. The zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, is a Species of small freshwater Mussel, an Aquatic Bivalve Mollusk. Introduced species|Weed Invasive species is a phrase with several definitions
Trivia
- Utter Inn, an underwater hotel designed by the artist Mikael Genberg, is physically located in the lake. Utter Inn ( Swedish) or in English Otter Inn is an art project by Mikael Genberg which offers underwater accommodation to the public A hotel is an establishment that provides paid lodging usually on a short-term basis
See also
- Mälaren Valley (Mälardalen)
- Lakes of Sweden
- Geography of Stockholm
- Almarestäket
References
- ^ Martin Stugart (2004-10-04). The Mälaren Valley (Mälardalen occasionally referred to as Stockholm-Mälaren Region ( Stockholm-Mälaren regionen) is the easternmost part of Svealand The list of lakes in Sweden contains the major lakes in the nation of Sweden. The City of Stockholm is situated on fourteen islands and on the banks to the archipelago where Lake Mälaren meets the Baltic Sea. Almarestäket, or Stäket, is a strait at the inlet of Lake Mälaren in mid-east Sweden "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 610 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas Vad betyder namnet Mälaren?. Dagens Nyheter. ( DN) ( Swedish: lit "news of the day" is a daily newspaper in Sweden. Retrieved on 2007-03-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving
- ^ Martin Stugart (2004-03-22). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. Varifrån kommer namnet Mälaren?. Dagens Nyheter. ( DN) ( Swedish: lit "news of the day" is a daily newspaper in Sweden. Retrieved on 2007-03-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving
- ^ a b Länsstyrelsen i Stockholms län - Rapport 2006:02: Mälarens Fåglar (pdf, in Swedish)
External links
- Mälarguiden - Guide to Mälaren (mostly in Swedish but a lot of maps and some English text)
- Strömma Kanalbolaget - Boat tours and ferries in Mälaren
- Castles around Mälaren
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic