Mátyás Rákosi ( born March 9th, 1892 [1] [2] as Mátyás Rosenfeld - Died 1971) was a Hungarian communist politician, of Jewish origin and born in present-day Serbia. Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. Year 1892 ( MDCCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country He was the ruler de facto of the communist Hungary between 1945 and 1956[3] — first in his capacity as General Secretary of the Hungarian Communist Party (1945-1948) and later as General Secretary of the Hungarian Workers Party (1948-1956)[4]. The People's Republic of Hungary or Hungarian People's Republic (Magyar Népköztársaság was the official state name of Hungary from 1949 to 1989 during its Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The term General Secretary (alternatively First Secretary) denotes a leader of various unions parties churches or associations Hungarian Communist Party (in Hungarian Magyar Kommunista Párt or Kommunisták Magyarországi Pártja) was founded on November 24, 1918, and The term General Secretary (alternatively First Secretary) denotes a leader of various unions parties churches or associations The Hungarian Workers' Party ( Hungarian: Magyar Dolgozók Pártja - MDP was the ruling Communist party of Hungary from 1948 to His rule was characterised as a Stalinist type dictatorship[5][6]. Stalinism is the political regime named after Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union from 1929–1953 A dictatorship is usually defined as an autocratic Form of government in which the Government is ruled by a Dictator.
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Early life and career
Rákosi was born in Ada, a village in County Bács [7] in what was then the Austro-Hungarian Empire (now in Serbia). Born into a Jewish family, the fourth son of a grocer (his mother would give birth to seven more children) [8] he later repudiated religion and totally repudiated Judaism, consistent with Communist doctrine, which was atheistic. [9].
He served in the Austro-Hungarian Army during the First World War and was captured on the Eastern Front. The Austro-Hungarian Army was the ground force of the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy (1867 - 1918 World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Eastern Front was a theatre of war during World War I in Central and primarily Eastern Europe. After returning to Hungary, he participated in the communist government of Béla Kun; after its fall he fled, eventually to the Soviet Union. Béla Kun ( February 20 1886 – August 29 1938) born Béla Kohn, was a Hungarian Communist Politician The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 After returning to Hungary in 1924 he was imprisoned, and was released to the Soviet Union in 1940, in exchange for the Hungarian revolutionary banners captured by the Russian troops at Világos in 1849. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Şiria ( German: Hellburg, Hungarian: Világos) is a village with 8140 inhabitants in 2002 in Arad County, Romania [10]. In the Soviet Union, he became leader of the Comintern. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Comintern ( Com munist Intern ational also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organisation founded in Moscow He returned to Debrecen, Hungary, on January 30, 1945, sent by Soviet leadership, to organize the Communist Party [11].
Leader of Hungary
When the communist government was installed in Hungary, Rákosi was appointed General Secretary of the Hungarian Communist Party. The term General Secretary (alternatively First Secretary) denotes a leader of various unions parties churches or associations Hungarian Communist Party (in Hungarian Magyar Kommunista Párt or Kommunisták Magyarországi Pártja) was founded on November 24, 1918, and He was a member of the High National Council from September 27, to December 7, 1945. Events in September It is the start of the academic year in many countries in the Northern Hemisphere. Year 27 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Events in December Union Day of Romania (1 December World AIDS Day ( December 1) National Day of Year 7 ( VII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Rakosi was acting Prime Minister from February 1, to February 4, 1946 and on May 31, 1947. List of Heads of Government of Hungary (1848-Present Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Prime Ministers Count Lajos Batthyány Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In 1948, the Communists forced the Social Democrats to merge with them to form the Hungarian Workers Party. The Hungarian Social Democratic Party ( Magyarorszagi Szociáldemokrata Párt, MSZDP is a Political party in Hungary. The Hungarian Workers' Party ( Hungarian: Magyar Dolgozók Pártja - MDP was the ruling Communist party of Hungary from 1948 to At this point, Rákosi dropped all pretense of democratic government, and Hungary became an outright Communist state. Communist state is a term used by many Political scientists to describe a Form of government in which the State operates under a one-party system
Rákosi described himself as "Stalin's best Hungarian disciple" and "Stalin's best pupil. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party " He also invented the term "salami tactics", which related to his tactic of eliminating the opposition slice by slice. Salami tactics, also known as the salami-slice strategy, is a divide and conquer process of threats and alliances At the height of his rule, he developed a strong cult of personality around himself. A cult of personality or personality cult arises when a country's leader uses Mass media to create a heroic public image through unquestioning flattery and praise
Under Rakosi, an imitator of Stalinist political and economic programs, and dubbed the “bald murderer,” Hungary experienced one of the harshest dictatorships in Europe. Approximately 350,000 officials and intellectuals were purged from 1948 to 1956 [12]. Rákosi imposed totalitarian rule on Hungary — arresting, jailing and killing both real and imagined foes in various waves of Stalin-inspired political purges – as the country went into decline. László Rajk ( May 8, 1909 Székelyudvarhely &ndash October 15, 1949 Budapest) was a Hungarian Communist In August 1952 he also became prime minister of Hungary, but on June 13, 1953, to appease the Soviet Politburo, he was forced to give up the office to Imre Nagy, yet retained the office of General Secretary. List of Heads of Government of Hungary (1848-Present Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Prime Ministers Count Lajos Batthyány Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Politburo ( in Russian: Политбюро, full Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, abbreviated Imre Nagy ( June 7, 1896 – June 16 1958) was a Hungarian politician appointed Prime Minister of Hungary on two occasions Rákosi led the attacks on Nagy. On 9 March 1955, the Central Committee of the Hungarian Worker's Party condemned Nagy for "rightist deviation". Hungarian Communist Party (in Hungarian Magyar Kommunista Párt or Kommunisták Magyarországi Pártja) was founded on November 24, 1918, and Hungarian newspapers joined the attacks and Nagy was accused of being responsible for the country's economic problems and on 18 April he was dismissed from his post by a unanimous vote of the National Assembly. Rákosi once again became the leader of Hungary. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic
Economic Policy
The postwar Hungarian economy suffered from multiple challenges. Hungary agreed to pay war reparations approximating US$300 million, to the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia, and to support Soviet garrisons. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian The Hungarian National Bank in 1946 estimated the cost of reparations as "between 19 and 22 per cent of the annual national income. The Hungarian National Bank (Magyar Nemzeti Bank is the Central bank of Hungary " Moreover, Hungary's participation in the Soviet-sponsored COMECON (Council Of Mutual Economic Assistance), prevented it from trading with the West or receiving Marshall Plan aid. Postwar economic recovery reversed under the Rákosi government. The Hungarian currency experienced marked depreciation in 1946, resulting in the highest historical rates of hyperinflation known. Certain figures in this article use Scientific notation for readability By 1952, disposable real incomes sank to two-thirds of their 1938 levels; whereas in 1949, this figure had been 90 percent. Disposable income is Gross income minus Income tax on that income Real income is the Income of individuals or nations after adjusting for Inflation.
By 1953, post-war Hungarian manufacturing output fell to one-third of pre-war levels. The government used coercion and brutality to collectivize agriculture, and it squeezed profits from the country's farms to finance rapid expansion of heavy industry, which attracted more than 90% of total industrial investment. At first Hungary concentrated on producing primarily the same assortment of goods it had produced before the war, including locomotives and railroad cars. A locomotive is a railway Vehicle that provides the motive power for a Train. Despite its poor resource base and its favorable opportunities to specialize in other forms of production, Hungary developed new heavy industry in order to bolster further domestic growth and produce exports to pay for raw-material import.
Rakosi's regime also established wage controls and a two-tier price system made up of producer and consumer prices, which the government controlled separately. A wage is a compensation workers receive in exchange for their labor. In the early 1950s, the authorities used these new controls to limit domestic demand and cut relative labor costs by tripling consumer prices and holding back wages. Supply and demand is an Economic model describing effects on price and quantity in a Market. A wage is a compensation workers receive in exchange for their labor. Popular dissatisfaction mounted as the economy suffered from material shortages, export difficulties, and mounting foreign debt. External debt (or foreign debt) is that part of the total debt in a country that is owed to Creditors outside the country
Forced retirement
Rákosi was then removed as General Secretary of the Party under pressure from the Soviet Politburo in June 1956 (shortly after Nikita Khrushchev's Secret Speech), and was replaced by Ernő Gerő. Politburo, short for Political Bureau, Russian Politicheskoye Buro, is the executive organization for a number of Political parties, most notably Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (April 17 1894 – September 11 1971 served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964 following On the Personality Cult and its Consequences (О культе личности и его последствиях commonly known as the Secret Speech or the Ernő Gerő (born Ernő Singer ( July 8, 1898 - March 12, 1980) was a Hungarian To remove him from the Hungarian political scene, the Soviet Politburo forced Rákosi to move to the Soviet Union in 1956, with the official story being that he was "seeking medical attention. " He spent the rest of his life in the Kirgiz Soviet Socialist Republic. Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic redirects here For the Kazakh entity of that name see Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic. Shortly before his death, in 1970, Rákosi was finally granted permission to return to Hungary if he promised not to engage in any political activities. He refused the deal, and remained in the USSR where he died in Gorky in 1971. Nizhny Novgorod (Ни́жний Но́вгород Nižnij Novgorod) colloquially shortened as Nizhny, is the fourth largest city in Russia
After his death, his body was returned to Hungary for burial in Budapest. Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political,
References
- ^ Gábor Murányi
- ^ Mátyás Rákosi - Encyclopedia.com
- ^ Matyas Rakosi - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
- ^ Bertényi Iván - Gyapai Gábor: Magyarország rövid története (Maecenas, 2001, in Hungarian)
- ^ Hungary :: The Revolution of 1956 - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
- ^ Gyorgy Litvan | Obituaries | Guardian Unlimited
- ^ Gábor Murányi
- ^ Gábor Murányi
- ^ Reference for History of the Jews in Hungary - Search.com
- ^ Mátyás Rákosi
- ^ Mátyás Rákosi
- ^ Granville/ frm
| Preceded by — |
General Secretary of the Hungarian Communist Party 1945–1956 |
Succeeded by Ernő Gerő |
| Preceded by István Dobi |
Prime Minister of Hungary 1952–1953 |
Succeeded by Imre Nagy |