Lyric poetry refers to either poetry that has the form and musical quality of a song, or a usually short poem that expresses personal feelings, which may or may not be set to music. ^[1] Aristotle, in Poetics, contrasted lyric poetry with drama and epic poetry. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Aristotle 's Poetics ( Greek: Ποιητικός, c 335 BCE aims to give an account of what he calls 'poetry' (for him the term includes the Drama is the specific mode of Fiction represented in Performance. An epic is a lengthy Narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation An example would be a poem that expresses feelings and may be a song that could be performed to an audience.

Forms

Although arguably the most popular form of lyric poetry in the Western tradition is the 14-line sonnet, either in its Petrarchan or its Shakespearean form, lyric poetry appears in a variety of forms. The sonnet is one of the poetic forms that can be found in Lyric poetry from Europe. The Sonnet is a fourteen-line poem finding its origins in Italy around 1235 AD Ballades and villanelles are other forms of the lyric. The ballade (bəˈlɑːd not to be confused with the Ballad) is a verse form typically consisting of three eight-line Stanzas each with a consistent A villanelle is a poetic form which entered English-language poetry in the 1800s from the imitation of French models ^[2]

Ancient Hebrew poetry relied on repetition, alliteration, and chiasmus for many of its effects. In Rhetoric, chiasmus is the Figure of speech in which two or more Clauses are related to each other through a reversal of structures in order to make a Although much Greek and Roman classical poetry was written in forms with set meters and strophes, Pindar's odes seem as formless to the ear accustomed to rhyme and meter as such modern poetry as Rilke's Duino Elegies. Pindar (ˈpɪndɚ (or Pindarus, Greek:) (probably born 522 BC in Cynoscephalae a village in Boeotia; died 443 BC in Argos) was an Ancient Rainer Maria Rilke (also Rainer Maria von Rilke (4 December 1875 &ndash 29 December 1926 is considered one of the German language 's greatest 20th century Poets

In some cases, the form and theme are wed, as in the courtly love aubade or dawn song in which lovers are forced to part after a night of love, often with the watchman's refrain telling them it is time to go. An aubade is a Poem or Song of or about lovers separating at dawn

A common feature of lyric forms is the refrain, whether just one line or several, that ends or follows each strophe. A refrain (from Vulgar Latin refringere, "to repeat" and later from Old French refraindre) is the Line or lines that are The refrain is repeated throughout the poem, either exactly or with slight variation.

Meters

Much lyric poetry depends on regular meter based either on number of syllables or on stress. The most common meters are as follows:

• Iambic - two syllables, with the long or stressed syllable following the short or unstressed syllable. An iamb or iambus is a Metrical foot used in various types of Poetry.
• Trochaic - two syllables, with the short or unstressed syllable following the long or stressed syllable. A trochee or choree, choreus, is a Metrical foot used in formal Poetry.
• Anapestic - three syllables, with the first two short or unstressed and the last long or stressed. An anapaest or anapest, also called antidactylus, is a Metrical foot used in formal Poetry.
• Dactylic - three syllables, with the first one long or stressed and the other two short or unstressed.

Some forms have a combination of meters, often using a different meter for the refrain.

Each meter can have any number of elements, called feet. The most common meter in English is iambic pentameter, with five iambs per line. The most common in French is the alexandrin, with twelve syllables. In English, the alexandrine is iambic hexameter. An alexandrine is a line of poetic meter comprising 12 Syllables Alexandrines are common in the German literature of the Baroque period and

History of lyric poetry

The Classical period

Lyric poetry for the ancient Greeks had a precise and technical meaning: verse that was accompanied by the lyre. The lyric poet was classified as distinct from the writer of plays (which were spoken rather than sung), the writer of trochaic and iambic verses (which were recited), from the writer of elegies (which were accompanied by the flute, rather than the lyre) and the writer of epics. A trochee or choree, choreus, is a Metrical foot used in formal Poetry. An iamb or iambus is a Metrical foot used in various types of Poetry. ^[3] The scholars of Hellenistic Alexandria identified nine lyric poets worthy of critical study. This article focuses on the cultural aspects of the Hellenistic age for the historical aspects see Hellenistic period. Alexandria ( Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه Eskendereyya; Standard Arabic: ar الإسكندرية Al-Iskandariyya; Ἀλεξάνδρεια The nine lyric poets ( nine melic poets) were a canon of archaic Greek Composers esteemed by the scholars of Hellenistic Alexandria These archaic Greek musician-poets included Sappho, Pindar, Anacreon and Alcaeus. The archaic period in Greece ( 750 BC 480 BC) is a period of Ancient Greek history Sappho (ˈsæfoʊ in English Attic Greek el Σαπφώ sapːʰɔː Aeolic Greek el Ψάπφω) was an Ancient Greek lyric Pindar (ˈpɪndɚ (or Pindarus, Greek:) (probably born 522 BC in Cynoscephalae a village in Boeotia; died 443 BC in Argos) was an Ancient Anacreon ( Greek) (570 BC-488 BC was a Greek lyric Poet, notable for his drinking songs and hymns The metrical forms characteristic of ancient Greek sung verse are strophes, antistrophes and epodes. Strophe ( Greek στροφή, turn bend twist, see also Phrase) is a concept in versification which properly Antistrophe ( Greek αντιστροφή, turn back) is the portion of an Ode sung by the chorus in its returning movement from west to east Epode, in verse, is the third part of an Ode, which followed the Strophe and the Antistrophe, and completed the movement ^[4] The Roman poet Catullus was influenced by Sappho as well as the Neoteric poets who had turned away from epic poetry to more personal themes. For persons with a Cognomen "Catulus" see Lutatius Gaius Valerius Catullus (ca Sappho (ˈsæfoʊ in English Attic Greek el Σαπφώ sapːʰɔː Aeolic Greek el Ψάπφω) was an Ancient Greek lyric The Neotericoi (νεωτερικοί Greek for "new poets" Neoterics or the Neoteric period refers to Avant-garde poets and their An epic is a lengthy Narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation Horace was another notable Roman poet. Quintus Horatius Flaccus, ( Venosa, December 8, 65 BC - Rome, November 27, 8 BC known in the English-speaking world as Horace

In China, an anthology of poems by Qu Yuan and Song Yu. Biography Qu Yuan born in the Xiling Gorge area of what is today western Hubei province was a minister in the government of the state of Chu descended from nobility Song Yu ( fl 3rd century BCE) was a well-known Chinese poet in the State of Chu. , Songs of Chu, defined a new form of poetry that came from the area of Chu during the Warring States period. Chu Ci ( also known as Songs of the South or Songs of Chu, is an anthology Chǔ ( 楚) was a kingdom in what is now central and southern China during the Spring and Autumn period ( 722 - 481 BC) and The Warring States Period ( also known as the Era of Warring States covers the period from some time in the 5th century BC to the unification of China by the As a new literary style, chu ci abandoned the classic four-character verses used in poems of Shi Jing and adopted verses with varying lengths. Shi Jing ( translated variously as the Classic of Poetry, the Book of Songs or the Book of Odes, is the earliest This gave it more rhythm and latitude in expression.

Middle ages

Originating in 10th century Persian, a ghazal is a poetic form consisting of couplets which share a rhyme and a refrain. In Poetry, the ghazal ( Arabic / Persian / Urdu: غزل; Hindi: ग़ज़ल Turkish gazel) is a A couplet is a pair of lines of verse. It usually consists of two lines that rhyme and have the same meter This article is about the poetic technique For the form of ice see Rime ice. A refrain (from Vulgar Latin refringere, "to repeat" and later from Old French refraindre) is the Line or lines that are Formally it consists of a short lyric composed in a single metre with a single rhyme throughout. The central subject is love. Notable exponents include: Hafez, Amir Khusro, Auhadi of Maragheh, Alisher Navoi, Obeid e zakani, Khaqani Shirvani, Anvari, Farid al-Din Attar, Omar Khayyam, and Rudaki. Khwāja Šamsu d-Dīn Muḥammad Hāfez-e Šīrāzī, or simply Hāfez ( was a Persian mystic and Poet. Ab'ul Hasan Yamīn al-Dīn Khusrow ( Hindi: hi अबुल हसन यमीनुद्दीन ख़ुसरो (1253-1325 CE better known as Amīr Khusrow Auhaduddin Auhadi Maragheie (also written Ohadi) (1271&ndash1338 was a Persian poet of Maragha, Azarbaijan. Nizām al-Din ʿAlī Shīr Herawī ( Chagatai / Alisher Navoiy ( 9 February 1441 &ndash 3 January 1501) was a Central Asian Nejam od-Din Obeyde Zâkâni (نجم الدین عبید زاکانی or simply Ubayd-i Zākāni (عبيد زاکانى d Khāqāni or Khāghāni ( 1121 / 1122) &ndash 1190) (Persian خاقانی a Persian poet who was born in Shirvan, under the Anvari (1126–1189 full name Awhad ad-Din 'Ali ibn Mohammad Khavarani or Awhad ad-Din 'Ali ibn Mahmud ( was one of the greatest Persian Poets Abū Hamīd bin Abū Bakr Ibrāhīm (born 1145-46 in Nishapur &ndash died c For the Thoroughbred racehorse see Omar Khayyam (horse Ghiyās od-Dīn Abol-Fath Omār ibn Ebrāhīm Khayyām Neyshābūri (غیاث الدین Abdullah Jafar Ibn Mohammad Rudaki, (ابوعبدالله جعفر ابن محمد رودکی entitledآدم الشعرا Ādam ul-Shoara or Adam of Poets also written

Lyric in European literature of the medieval or Renaissance period means simply a poem which has been written to be set to music. A poem's particular structure, function or theme is not specified by the term. ^[5] The lyric poetry of Europe in this period was created largely without reference to the classical past, by the pioneers of courtly poetry and courtly love. Courtly love was a Medieval European conception of ennobling love which found its genesis in the ducal and princely courts of Aquitaine, Provence ^[6] The troubadors, travelling composers and performers of songs, began to flourish during the 11th century and were often imitated in the 13th. A troubadour ( IPA:, originally) was a composer and performer of Occitan Lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages (1100&ndash1350 Trouvères were poet-composers who were roughly contemporary with and influenced by the troubadours but who composed their works in the northern dialects of France. Trouvère ( MWCD: /trü'ver trü'vər/ sometimes spelled trouveur, is the Northern French ( Langue d'oïl) form of the word Troubadour There are a number of languages of France. The French language is by far the most widely spoken and the only Official language of France, but several The first known trouvère was Chrétien de Troyes (fl. Chrétien de Troyes was a French poet and Trouvère who flourished in the late 12th century. 1160s-80s). The dominant form of German lyric poetry in the period was the Minnesang, "a love lyric based essentially on a fictitious relationship between a knight and his high-born lady". Minnesang was the tradition of lyric and Song writing in Germany which flourished in the 12th century and continued into the 14th century ^[7] Initially imitating the lyrics of the French troubadours and trouvères, Minnesang soon established a distinctive tradition. ^[8]

A bhajan or kirtan is a Hindu devotional song. A Bhajan is a type of Hindu Devotional Song, often simple lyrical and expressing love for the Divine. Kirtan ( Sanskrit - "to repeat" is call-and-response chanting performed in India's devotional traditions A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical A song is a Musical composition. Songs contain vocal parts that are performed 'sung' and generally feature Words ( Lyrics) commonly followed Bhajans are often simple songs in lyrical language expressing emotions of love for the Divine. A song is a Musical composition. Songs contain vocal parts that are performed 'sung' and generally feature Words ( Lyrics) commonly followed Divinity and divine (sometimes 'the Divinity' or 'the Divine' are broadly applied but loosely defined terms used variously within different faiths and belief systems — Notable exponents include: Kabir, Surdas and Tulsidas. Al-Kabir "the Great" is also one of the 99 names of God in Islam Surdas (1479-1586 was a Hindu devotional poet singer and a saint ( sant) who followed the Shuddhadvaita school of Brahmavada Gosvāmī Tulsīdās (1532-1623 Devanāgarī: तुलसीदास may be written as Tulasī Dāsa depending on if the name is transcribed

Hebrew singer-poets of the Middle ages include: Yehuda Halevi, Solomon ibn Gabirol and Abraham ibn Ezra. Yehuda Halevi, in full Yehuda ben Shemuel Ha-Levi, also Judah Halevi, or Judah ben Samuel Halevi ( Hebrew: יהודה הלוי) (c Solomon ibn Gabirol, also Solomon ben Judah ( שלמה בן יהודה אבן גבירול, Shelomo ben Yehuda ibn Gevirol; أبو أيوب سليمان Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra ( Hebrew: אברהם אבן עזרא or ראב"ע, also known as Abenezra) (1092 or 1093–1167 was one of the

Chinese Sanqu poetry was a Chinese poetic genre from the Jin Dynasty, 1115–1234, through the Yuan Dynasty, (1271-1368), to the following Ming period. Chinese Sanqu poetry (Chinese 散曲 or San-ch’ü poetry. Sanqu Dramatic Lyrics were a notable Chinese poetic genre from the Jin-Yuan (1115-1368 to the following This is an article for the Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115–1234 For other Chinese dynasties whose names are also rendered "Jin" in Pinyin, see Jin Dynasty The Yuan Dynasty ( Pinyin: Yuáncháo Dai Ön Ulus (Дай Юан Улс was a ruling Dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led Playwrights like Ma Zhiyuan (c. Ma Zhiyuan ( ca 1260—1325 Courtesy name Dongli (东篱 was a Chinese poet and celebrated Playwright, a native of Tadu 大都 Beijing 2170-1330) and Guan Hanqing (c. Guan Hanqing ( fl 14th century CE sobriquet "the Oldman of the Studio" (齋叟 Zhāisǒu was a Chinese playwright in Yuan Dynasty. 1300) were well-established writers of Sanqu Dramatic Lyrics. This poetry was composed in the vernacular or semi-vernacular.

In Italy, Petrarch developed the sonnet form inherited from Giacomo da Lentini and which Dante had widely used in his Vita Nova . Francesco Petrarca ( July 20, 1304 – July 19, 1374) known in English as Petrarch, was an Italian scholar Giacomo da Lentini, also known as Jacopo ( il) Notaro, was an Italian poet of the 13th century. In 1327, the sight of a woman called Laura in the church of Sainte-Claire d'Avignon awoke in him a lasting passion, celebrated in the Rime sparse ("Scattered rhymes"). Later, Renaissance poets who copied Petrarch's style named this collection of 366 poems Il Canzoniere ("Song Book"). Il Canzoniere (English "Song Book" also known as the Rime Sparse (English "Scattered Rhymes" is a poetical collection by the Italian The realistic presentation of Laura in his poems contrasts with the clichés of troubadours and courtly love. A troubadour ( IPA:, originally) was a composer and performer of Occitan Lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages (1100&ndash1350 Courtly love was a Medieval European conception of ennobling love which found its genesis in the ducal and princely courts of Aquitaine, Provence

Sixteenth century

Thomas Campion wrote lute songs. Thomas Campion, (sometimes Campian) (12 February 1567 &ndash 1 March 1620 was an English Composer, poet and Physician. The lute song was a generic form of music in the late Renaissance and very early Baroque eras generally consisting of a singer accompanying himself on a Lute Sir Philip Sidney, Edmund Spenser and William Shakespeare helped popularize the sonnet. Sir Philip Sidney ( November 30, 1554 &ndash October 17, 1586) became one of the Elizabethan Age's most prominent figures Edmund Spenser (c 1552 &ndash 13 January, 1599) was an important English Poet and Poet Laureate best known for The William Shakespeare ( baptised

In France, La Pléiade aimed to break with earlier traditions of French poetry (especially Marot and the grands rhétoriqueurs), and, maintaining that French (like the Tuscan of Petrarch and Dante) was a worthy language for literary expression, to attempt to ennoble the French language by imitating the Ancients. This article is about French poetry For other uses see Pleiades (disambiguation The Pléiade is the name given to a group of 16th-century Clément Marot (23 November 1496 – 12 September 1544 was a French Poet of the Renaissance period The Grands Rhétoriqueurs or simply the "Rhétoriqueurs" is the name given to a group of poets from 1460 to 1520 (or from François Villon to Clément Marot Francesco Petrarca ( July 20, 1304 – July 19, 1374) known in English as Petrarch, was an Italian scholar Among the models favoured by the Pléiade were Pindar, Anacreon, Alcaeus, Horace and Ovid. Pindar (ˈpɪndɚ (or Pindarus, Greek:) (probably born 522 BC in Cynoscephalae a village in Boeotia; died 443 BC in Argos) was an Ancient Anacreon ( Greek) (570 BC-488 BC was a Greek lyric Poet, notable for his drinking songs and hymns Quintus Horatius Flaccus, ( Venosa, December 8, 65 BC - Rome, November 27, 8 BC known in the English-speaking world as Horace Publius Ovidius Naso ( March 20, 43 BC – 17 AD was a Roman poet known to the English -speaking world as Ovid who wrote on many topics including The forms that dominate the poetic production of these poets are the Petrarchan sonnet cycle and the Horatian/Anacreontic ode. Francesco Petrarca ( July 20, 1304 – July 19, 1374) known in English as Petrarch, was an Italian scholar A sonnet cycle is a group of Sonnets arranged to address a particular person or theme and designed to be read both as a collection of fully-realized individual poems and as Quintus Horatius Flaccus, ( Venosa, December 8, 65 BC - Rome, November 27, 8 BC known in the English-speaking world as Horace Anacreon ( Greek) (570 BC-488 BC was a Greek lyric Poet, notable for his drinking songs and hymns Ode (from the Ancient Greek) is a form of stately and elaborate lyrical verse. The group included: Pierre de Ronsard, Joachim du Bellay and Jean-Antoine de Baïf. Pierre de Ronsard ( 11 September, 1524 – December 1585 was a French Poet and "prince of poets" (as his own generation in France Joachim du Bellay (c 1522 &ndash January 1, 1560) was a French Poet, Critic, and a member of the Pléiade. Jean Antoine de Baïf ( February 19, 1532 - September 19, 1589) was a French Poet and member of the

Spanish devotional poetry adapts the lyric for religious purposes. Notable poets include: Teresa of Avila, Saint John of the Cross, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Garcilaso de la Vega, Lope de Vega. For other saints with similar names please see Saint Teresa. Saint Teresa of Ávila, known in religion as Saint Teresa of Jesus and For another saint who lived around the same time and area see John of Avila. Sor Juana ( November 12, 1651 1648 according to some biographers &ndash April 17, 1695) also known as Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz For the Peruvian writer Garcilaso de la Vega see Inca Garcilaso de la Vega Garcilaso de la Vega (c Lope de Vega (also Félix Lope de Vega y Carpio or Lope Félix de Vega Carpio) ( 25 November 1562 &ndash 27 August 1635

Seventeenth century

Lyric is the dominant poetic idiom in seventeenth century English poetry from John Donne to Andrew Marvell. John Donne (pronounced like done, dʌn 1572 – 31 March 1631 was a Jacobean poet preacher and a major representative of the Metaphysical poets Andrew Marvell ( 31 March 1621 &ndash 16 August 1678) was an English metaphysical poet, and the son of a Church of ^[9] The poems of this period are short, rarely tell a story and are intense in expression. ^[9] Notable poets of the era include Donne, Ben Jonson, Robert Herrick, George Herbert, Aphra Behn, Thomas Carew, John Suckling, Richard Lovelace, John Milton, Richard Crashaw, Henry Vaughan and Marvell. Benjamin Jonson ( c 11 June 1572 &ndash 6 August 1637) was an English Renaissance Dramatist Robert Herrick (baptized August 24 1591 &ndashburied 15 October 1674) was a 17th century English Poet. George Herbert ( April 3, 1593 &ndash March 1, 1633) was a Welsh Poet, Orator and a Priest. Thomas Carew (pronounced like "Carey" (1595 – March 22, 1640) was an English Poet. Sir John Suckling ( February 10 1609 &ndash June 1 1642) was an English Cavalier poet whose best known poem may be Richard Lovelace (1618–1657 was an English poet in the seventeenth century John Milton ( 9 December, 1608 – 8 November, 1674) was an English Poet, Prose Polemicist and Richard Crashaw (c 1613 - 25 August 1649) English Poet, styled "the divine" was part of the Seventeenth-century Henry Vaughan ( April 17, 1622 − April 28, 1695) was a Welsh Metaphysical poet and a Doctor

A German lyric poet of the period is Martin Opitz. Martin Opitz von Boberfeld ( December 23, 1597 &ndash August 20, 1639) was a German Poet, regarded as the greatest of that Matsuo Bashō is a Japanese lyric poet. was the most famous poet of the Edo period in Japan During his lifetime Bashō was recognized for his works in the collaborative haikai no renga form today

Eighteenth century

In the eighteenth century lyric poetry declined in England and France. The atmosphere of the English coffee-house or French salon, where literature was discussed, was not congenial to lyric poetry. ^[10] Exceptions include the lyrics of Robert Burns, William Cowper, Thomas Gray and Oliver Goldsmith. Robert Burns (25 January 1759 – 21 July 1796 (also known as Rabbie Burns, Scotland's favourite son, the Ploughman Poet, the Bard of Ayrshire William Cowper (pronounced " Cooper " ˈkuːpɚ (26 November 1731 – 25 April 1800was an English Poet and Hymnodist. Thomas Gray ( December 26, 1716 – July 30, 1771) was an English Poet, classical scholar and professor at Cambridge Oliver Goldsmith (10 November 1730 or 1728 &ndash 4 April 1774 was an Anglo-Irish writer poet and Physician known for his Novel The Vicar

German lyric poets of the period include Johann Wolfgang Goethe, Novalis, Friedrich Schiller, Johann Heinrich Voß. ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfgaŋ fɔn ˈgøːtə (in English generally ˈgɝːtə 28 August 1749 22 March 1832 was a German writer Novalis (noˈvaːlɪs was the Pseudonym of Georg Philipp Friedrich Freiherr von Hardenberg ( May 2, 1772 - March 25, 1801 Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller krɪstɔf friːtʁɪç fɔn ʃɪləʁ/ʃɪlɐ (10 November 1759 9 May 1805 was a German Poet, Philosopher Johann Heinrich Voss (Johann Heinrich Voß ˈfɔs 20 February, 1751 &ndash 29 March, 1826) was a German - Obotrite Kobayashi Issa is a Japanese lyric poet. ( June 15, 1763 - January 5, 1828) Japanese poet and Buddhist priest known for his Haiku poems and journals

Nineteenth century

In Europe the lyric emerges as the principal poetic form of the nineteenth century, and comes to be seen as synonymous with poetry itself. Benjamin Robert Haydon ( 26 January 1786 – 22 June 1846) was an English historical painter and Writer. ^[11] Romantic lyric poetry consists of first-person accounts of the thoughts and feelings of a specific moment; feelings are extreme, but personal. Romanticism largely began as a reaction against the prevailing Enlightenment ideals of the day ^[12]

The traditional form of the sonnet is revived in Britain, with William Wordsworth writing more sonnets than any other British poet. ^[11] Other important Romantic lyric writers of the period include Samuel Taylor Coleridge, John Keats and George Gordon, Lord Byron. Samuel Taylor Coleridge ( 21 October 1772 &ndash 25 July 1834) was an English Poet, Critic and philosopher Later in the century the Victorian lyric is more linguistically self-conscious and defensive than the Romantic lyric. Victorian literature is the literature produced during the reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901 and corresponds to the Victorian era. ^[13] Victorian lyric poets include Alfred Lord Tennyson and Christina Rossetti. Alfred Tennyson 1st Baron Tennyson (6 August 1809 – 6 October 1892 was Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom and remains one of the most popular English poets Christina Georgina Rossetti ( December 5, 1830 &ndash December 29, 1894) was an English Poet, who wrote a variety of romantic devotional

Lyric poetry was popular with the German reading public between 1830 and 1890, as shown in the number of poetry anthologies published in the period. ^[14] According to Georg Lukacs, the verse of Joseph von Eichendorff exemplifies the German Romantic revival of the folk-song tradition, initiated by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Johann Gottfried Herder and receiving new impetus with the publication of Achim von Arnim and Clemens Brentano's collection of Folk Songs, Des Knaben Wunderhorn. György Lukács (pronounced in IPA dyɶrdyə ˈlukɑtʃ) ( April 13, 1885 – June 4, 1971) was a Hungarian Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff ( March 10, 1788 – November 26, 1857) was a German Poet and Novelist ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfgaŋ fɔn ˈgøːtə (in English generally ˈgɝːtə 28 August 1749 22 March 1832 was a German writer Johann Gottfried von Herder ( August 25, 1744 December 18, 1803) was a German philosopher, Poet, and Literary Ludwig Achim (or Joachim) von Arnim ( January 26, 1781 &ndash January 21, 1831) was a German Poet Clemens Brentano, or Klemens Brentano ( September 9, 1778 &ndash July 28, 1842) was a German Poet and Des Knaben Wunderhorn ( German, lit The Youth's Magic Horn, referring to a magical device like the Cornucopia) is a collection of ^[15]

The nineteenth century in France sees a confident recovery of the lyric voice after its relative demise in the eighteenth century. ^[16] The lyric becomes the dominant mode in French poetry of this period. ^[17] Charles Baudelaire is, for Walter Benjamin, the last European example of lyric poetry "successful on a mass scale. Walter Bendix Schönflies Benjamin ( July 15, 1892 &ndash September 27, 1940) was a German - Jewish Marxist "^[18]

The eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries constitute the period of the rise of Russian lyric poetry, exemplified by Aleksandr Pushkin. ^[19] The Swedish "Phosphorists" were influenced by the Romantic movement and their chief poet, Per Daniel Amadeus Atterbom produced many lyric poems. Per Daniel Amadeus Atterbom ( January 19 1790 &ndash July 21 1855) was a Swedish romantic poet and a member of the Swedish Academy ^[20] Italian lyric poets of the period include Ugo Foscolo, Giacomo Leopardi, Giovanni Pascoli and Gabriele D'Annunzio. Ugo Foscolo ( February 6, 1778 - September 10, 1827) was an Italian writer and poet Giacomo Taldegardo Francesco di Sales Saverio Pietro Leopardi Conte ( June 29, 1798 &ndash June 14, 1837) was an Italian Poet, Giovanni Pascoli ( December 31, 1855 — April 6, 1912) was an Italian Poet and classical Scholar. Gabriele d'Annunzio ( 12 March 1863 &ndash 1 March 1938) was an Italian Poet, Journalist, Novelist Japanese lyric poets include Taneda Santoka, Masaoka Shiki and Ishikawa Takuboku. was the Pen-name of a Japanese author and Haiku Poet. He is known for his Free verse haiku. was the Pen-name of a Japanese author, Poet, Literary critic, and Journalist in Meiji period Japan was a Japanese poet. He died of Tuberculosis on April 13, 1912. Spanish lyric poets include Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, Rosalía de Castro and José de Espronceda. Gustavo Adolfo Domínguez Bastida, better known as Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, ( Seville February 17, 1836 &ndash Madrid December Rosalía Castro de Murguía better known as Rosalía de Castro ( 24 February 1837 &ndash 15 July 1885) was a Galician writer José de Espronceda, baptised José Ignacio Javier Oriol Encarnación de Espronceda y Delgado ( March 25, 1808 - May 23, 1842) was

Twentieth century

In the early years of the twentieth century rhymed lyric poetry, usually expressing the feelings of the poet, was the dominant poetic form in America,^[21] Europe and the British colonies. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. The English Georgian poets such as A. E. Housman, Walter de la Mare and Edmund Blunden used the lyric form. Georgian Poetry was the title of a series of anthologies showcasing the work of a school of English Poetry that established itself during the Alfred Edward Housman (ˈhaʊsmən 26 March 1859 – 30 April 1936 usually known as A Walter John de la Mare (surname pronounced /ˈdɛləˌmeə(ɹ/ OM CH ( 25 April 1873 &ndash 22 June 1956) was an Edmund Charles Blunden, MC ( November 1, 1896 - January 20, 1974) was an English poet author and critic The Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore was praised by William Butler Yeats for his lyric poetry and compared with the troubadour poets, when the two met in 1912. ^[22]

The relevance and acceptability of the lyric in the modern age was, though, called into question by modernism, the growing mechanization of human experience and the harsh realities of war. Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century After the Second World War the form was again championed by the New Criticism, and in the late twentieth century lyric once again became a mainstream poetic form. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including New Criticism was a dominant trend in English and American Literary criticism of the mid twentieth century from the 1920s to the early 1960s

Modernism

The dominance of lyric was challenged by American experimental modernists such as Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, H.D. and William Carlos Williams, who rejected the English lyric form of the nineteenth century, feeling that it relied too heavily on melodious language, rather than complexity of thought. Ezra Weston Loomis Pound ( Hailey, Idaho Territory, United States October 30 1885 – Venice, Italy November 1 1972 was an American Expatriate Thomas Stearns Eliot, OM (September 26 1888 – January 4 1965 was a poet Dramatist, and Literary critic. HD (September 10 1886 – September 27 1961 born Hilda Doolittle, was an American poet, Novelist and Memoirist She is best known William Carlos Williams ( 17 September 1883 &ndash 4 March 1963) was an American poet closely associated with modernism ^[23] Wallace Stevens and Hart Crane, however, were modernists who also worked within the tradition of post-Romantic lyric poetry. Wallace Stevens ( October 2, 1879 – August 2, 1955) was a major American Modernist Poet. Harold Hart Crane ( July 21, 1899 – April 27, 1932) was an American Poet.

Defenders of lyric poetry in the early twentieth century saw it as an ally in the fight against mechanization, standardization and the commodification of human activities. ^[24] The poetry of Guillaume Apollinaire represents an alternative view, that mechanization could extend the repertoire of lyric poetry. Guillaume Apollinaire (in French ɡijom apɔliˈnɛʁ ( August 26, 1880 &ndash November 9, 1918) was a French Poet ^[24]

The First World War

The tension between the traditional subjects of lyric poetry and the horrors of war are expressed in the War Poetry of Wilfred Owen, Siegfried Sassoon and Ivor Gurney. The term war poet came into currency during and after World War I. Wilfred Edward Salter Owen MC (18 March 1893 &ndash 4 November 1918 was an English Poet and Soldier, regarded by many as one of the leading Siegfried Loraine Sassoon, CBE MC ( 8 September 1886 &ndash 1 September 1967) was an English poet and Author Ivor Gurney ( August 28, 1890 - December 26, 1937) was an English Composer and War poet. Owen’s poem Strange Meeting has been described as “a dream of a conversation with a dead lyric poet, or possibly even dead lyric itself. ”^[25] The Irish poet William Butler Yeats's work up to 1917 is predominantly dramatic and lyric love poetry, but after the First World War he explores the political subjects of Irish independence, nationalism and civil war. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All ^[26]

New Criticism

The American New Criticism returned to the lyric in the 1950s, advocating a poetry that made conventional use of rhyme, meter and stanzas, and was modestly personal in the lyric tradition. New Criticism was a dominant trend in English and American Literary criticism of the mid twentieth century from the 1920s to the early 1960s ^[27] Lyric poets consistent with the New Criticism ethos include Robert Frost and Robert Lowell. Robert Lee Frost (March 26 1874 &ndash January 29 1963 was an American Poet. Robert Lowell (March 1 1917&ndashSeptember 12 1977 born Robert Traill Spence Lowell IV, was an American Poet whose works confessional in nature ^[28] In the 1950s long personal epics, such as Allen Ginsberg's Howl were a reaction against the well-wrought short lyric of the New Criticism. Irwin Allen Ginsberg (ˈgɪnzbɝg (June 3 1926 &ndash April 5 1997 was an American Poet. Howl and Other Poems is a collection of poetry by Allen Ginsberg. ^[29]

Confessional poetry

Lyric poetry dealing with relationships, sex and domestic life constituted the new mainstream of American poetry in the late twentieth century, influenced by the confessional poets of the 1950s and 60s, such as Sylvia Plath and Anne Sexton. Confessional poetry trafficks in intimate and sometimes unflattering information about details of the poet's personal life such as in poems about illness sexuality and despondence Sylvia Plath (October 27 1932 &ndash February 11 1963 was an American Poet, Novelist and Short story Writer. Anne Sexton ( November 9, 1928, Newton Massachusetts — October 4, 1974, Weston Massachusetts) born Anne Gray ^[30]

Other notable twentieth century lyric poets

Other notable twentieth century lyric poets include: Robert Graves, Geoffrey Hill, Ted Hughes (UK), P.K. Page, George Bowering (Canada); Paul Eluard, Max Jacob, Paul Valéry (France); Gottfried Benn, Paul Celan, Stefan George, Rainer Maria Rilke (Germany); Yehuda Amichai, Leah Goldberg (Israeli); Eugenio Montale, Giuseppe Ungaretti (Italy); Czesław Miłosz (Poland); Fernando Pessoa (Portugal); Alexander Blok, Anna Akhmatova, Marina Tsvetaeva, Osip Mandelstam, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Joseph Brodsky (Russia); Rubén Darío(Nicaragua); Federico García Lorca, Antonio Machado (Spain), Gabriela Mistral, Pablo Neruda (Chile), Octavio Paz (Mexico); Nazim Hikmet (Turkey); Jibanananda Das (Bengali). Robert Graves (24 July 1895 &ndash 7 December 1985 was an English Poet, Translator and Novelist. For the British aeronautical engineer and professor see Geoffrey T Edward James Hughes OM ( 17 August 1930 &ndash 28 October 1998) was an English Poet and children's Patricia Kathleen Page, CC, OBC, DLitt (born November 23, 1916) commonly known as P George Harry Bowering (born December 1, 1935) is a prolific Canadian Novelist, Poet, Historian, and Biographer Paul Éluard was the Pen name of Eugène Émile Paul Grindel ( 14 December 1895 – 18 November 1952) a French Max Jacob ( July 12, 1876 &ndash March 5, 1944) was a French Poet, painter, Writer, and critic Ambroise-Paul-Toussaint-Jules Valéry (French pɔl valeˈʁi October 30, 1871 – July 20, 1945) was a French Poet Gottfried Benn ( 2 May 1886 &ndash 7 July 1956) was a German Essayist, Novelist and Expressionist Paul Celan (ˈpaʊl tseˈlaːn November 23, 1920 – approximately April 20, 1970) was the most frequently used Pseudonym of Stefan Anton George ( July 12, 1868 &ndash December 4, 1933) was a German Poet, editor and Translator Rainer Maria Rilke (also Rainer Maria von Rilke (4 December 1875 &ndash 29 December 1926 is considered one of the German language 's greatest 20th century Poets Yehuda Amichai (May 3 1924 - September 22 2000 Hebrew יהודה עמיחי was an Israeli Poet. Leah Goldberg (לאה גולדברג May 29, 1911 — January 15, 1970) was a prolific Hebrew poet and a translator and researcher Eugenio Montale ( October 12, 1896 — September 12, 1981) was an Italian Poet, prose writer editor and translator Giuseppe Ungaretti ( February 8, 1888 &ndash June 2, 1970) was an Italian modernist poet journalist essayist critic Czesław Miłosz; ( June 30, 1911 — August 14, 2004) was a Polish Poet, prose writer and Translator Fernando António Nogueira Pessoa (fɨɾˈnɐ̃du pɨˈsoɐ (b Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Blok (Александр Александрович Блок &ndash August 7, 1921 waswas one of the most gifted lyrical poets produced by Russia Anna Akhmatova (А́нна Ахма́това real name А́нна Андре́евна Горе́нко ( — March 5 1966 was the Pen name of Anna Andreevna Gorenko Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva (Мари́на Ива́новна Цвета́ева Marina Ivanovna Cvetaeva ( &ndash 31 August 1941 was a Russian and Soviet Poet Osip Emilyevich Mandelstam (also spelled Mandelshtam) (О́сип Эми́льевич Мандельшта́м ( &ndash December 27, 1938) was a Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky (Влади́мир Влади́мирович Маяко́вский ( &ndash April 14, 1930) was a Russian poet and Joseph Brodsky ( May 24, 1940 — January 28, 1996) born Iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky (Иосиф Александрович Бродский Félix Rubén García Sarmiento also known as Rubén Darío (Metapa January 18, 1867 &ndash Leon February 6, 1916) was a Federico García Lorca' ( 5 June 1898 &ndash 19 August 1936) was a Spanish Poet and dramatist also remembered as Antonio Cipriano José María y Francisco de Santa Ana Machado y Ruiz, known as Antonio Machado ( July 26, 1875 &ndash February 22, Gabriela Mistral ( April 7, 1889 — January 10, 1957) was the Pseudonym of Lucila de María del Perpetuo Socorro Godoy Alcayaga Pablo Neruda ( July 12, 1904 – September 23, 1973) was the pen name and later legal name of the Chilean writer and politician Octavio Peazy Paz " ( March 31, 1914 – April 19, 1998) was a Mexican Writer, Poet, and diplomat Nazım Hikmet Ran ( November 20, 1901 – June 3, 1963) commonly known as Nazım Hikmet (nɑːˌzɯm hikˈmɛt was a Turkish Jibanananda Das ( Bangla: জীবনানন্দ দাশ ( 17 February, 1899 - 22 October, 1954) is the most popular

References

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