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This article is about lymphoma in animals. For the disease in humans, see lymphoma. Lymphoma a type of Neoplasm that originates in Lymphocytes (a type of White blood cell in the vertebrate Immune system)
Lymphoma in a Golden Retriever
Lymphoma in a Golden Retriever

Lymphoma in animals is a type of cancer defined by a proliferation of malignant lymphocytes within solid organs such as the lymph nodes, bone marrow, liver and spleen. Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled Malignant (from the Latin roots mal- = "bad" and -genus = "born" is a medical term used to describe a severe and progressively worsening disease A lymphocyte is a type of White blood cell in the Vertebrate Immune system. A Lymph node ( lɪmf noʊd is an organ consisting of many types of cells and is a part of the Lymphatic system. Bone marrow is the flexible tissue found in the hollow interior of Bones In adults marrow in large bones produces new Blood cells It constitutes 4% of The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals The spleen is an organ found in all Vertebrate animals In humans the spleen is located in the abdomen of the body where it functions in the destruction of redundant Red The disease also may occur in the eye, skin, and gastrointestinal tract. Eyes are organs that detect Light, and send signals along the Optic nerve to the visual areas of the brain The skin is the outer covering of living tissue of an animal (or plant It is also known as lymphosarcoma.

Contents

Lymphoma in dogs

Lymphoma is one of the most common malignant tumors to occur in dogs. See also Cancer A tumor or tumour is the name for a swelling or lesion formed by an abnormal growth of cells (termed neoplastic The cause is genetic, but there also suspected environmental factors involved,[1] including in one study an increased risk with the use of the herbicide 2,4-D. Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is A herbicide is used to kill unwanted Plants Selective herbicides kill specific targets while leaving the desired Crop relatively unharmed 24-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (24-D is a common systemic Herbicide used in the control of broadleaf weeds [2] This risk was not confirmed in another study. [3]

Commonly affected breeds

Classification

The cancer is classified into low and high grade types. In Pathology, grading is a measure of the progress of Tumors and other Neoplasms Some pathology grading systems apply only to Malignant neoplasms Classification is also based on location. The four location types are multicentric, mediastinal, gastrointestinal, and extranodal (involving the kidney, central nervous system, skin, heart, or eye). The mediastinum is a non-delineated group of structures in the Thorax (chest surrounded by Loose connective tissue. In Vertebrates the central nervous system ( CNS) is the part of the Nervous system which is enclosed in the Meninges. Multicentric lymphoma, the most common type (by greater than 80 percent),[5] is found in the lymph nodes, with or without involvement in the liver, spleen, or bone marrow. Mediastinal lymphoma occurs in the lymph nodes in that area and possibly the thymus. In Human anatomy, the thymus is an organ located in the upper Anterior portion of the chest cavity just behind the Sternum. Gastrointestinal lymphoma occurs as either a solitary tumor or diffuse invasion of the stomach or intestines, with or without involvement in the surrounding lymph nodes, liver or spleen. [6] Classification is further based on involvement of B-lymphocytes or T-lymphocytes. B cells are Lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response (as opposed to the cell-mediated immune response, which is governed by T cells belong to a group of White blood cells known as Lymphocytes, and play a central role in Cell-mediated immunity. Approximately 70 percent are B-cell lymphoma. [7] Cutaneous lymphoma can be classified as epitheliotropic (closely conforming to the epidermis) or non-epitheliotropic. Epidermis is the outermost layer of the Skin. It forms the waterproof protective wrap over the body's surface and is made up of stratified squamous Epithelium with The epitheliotropic form is typically of T-cell origin and is also called mycosis fungoides. Mycosis fungoides (also known as Alibert-Bazin syndrome or granuloma fungoides is the most common form of Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. The non-epitheliotropic form is typically of B-cell origin. [8]

Signs and symptoms

General signs and symptoms include depression, fever, weight loss, loss of appetite, and vomiting. Lymphoma is the most common cancerous cause of hypercalcemia (high blood calcium levels) in dogs. Hypercalcaemia (in American English '''Hypercalcemia''' is an elevated calcium level in the Blood. Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 [9] It can lead to the above signs and symptoms plus increased water drinking, increased urination, and cardiac arrhythmias. Dysrhythmia redirects here For the American band see Dysrhythmia (band. Hypercalcemia in these cases is caused by secretion of parathyroid hormone-related protein. Parathyroid hormone-related protein (or PTHrP

Multicentric lymphoma presents as painless enlargement of the peripheral lymph nodes. This is seen in areas such as under the jaw, the armpits, the groin, and behind the knees. Enlargement of the liver and spleen causes the abdomen to distend. Mediastinal lymphoma can cause fluid to collect around the lungs, leading to coughing and difficulty breathing. Hypercalcemia is most commonly associated with this type. [10]

Gastrointestinal lymphoma causes vomiting, diarrhea, and melena (digested blood in the stool). In Medicine, melena or melaena refers to the black "tarry" Feces that are associated with gastrointestinal Hemorrhage. Low serum albumin levels and hypercalcemia can also occur. Serum albumin, often referred to simply as albumin, is the most abundant Plasma protein in humans and other Mammals Albumin is essential for maintaining [6]

Lymphoma of the skin is an uncommon occurrence. The epitheliotropic form typically appears as itchy inflammation of the skin progressing to nodules and plaques. The non-epitheliotropic form can have a wide variety of appearances, from a single lump to large areas of bruised, ulcerated, hairless skin. Ulcers are healing wounds that develop on the skin mucous membranes or eye [8] The epitheliotropic form must be differentiated from similar appearing conditions such as pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid, and lupus erythematosus. Pemphigus (from the Greek pemphix: bubble or blister is an Autoimmune disease of the Skin and mucous membranes that causes vesicles Bullous pemphigoid, also referred to as BP, is a chronic autoimmune Skin disease, involving the formation of Blisters below the surface of the Systemic lupus erythematosus ( SLE or lupus,) is a chronic autoimmune disease that can be fatal though with recent medical advances fatalities are becoming [11]

Signs for lymphoma in other sites depend on the location. Central nervous system involvement can cause seizures or paralysis. An epileptic seizure is caused by excessive and/or hypersynchronous electrical Neuronal activity and is usually self-limiting Paralysed redirects here For other uses see xx Paralysed (disambiguation Paralysis is the complete loss of Muscle function Eye involvement, seen in 20 to 25 percent of cases,[12] can lead to glaucoma, uveitis, bleeding within the eye, retinal detachment, and blindness. Glaucoma is a group of diseases of the Optic nerve involving loss of retinal ganglion cells in a characteristic pattern of optic neuropathy. Uveitis specifically refers to Inflammation of the middle layer of the Eye, termed the " Uvea " but in common usage may refer to any inflammatory Retinal detachment is a disorder of the Eye in which the Retina peels away from its underlying layer of support tissue Lymphoma in the bone marrow causes anemia, low platelet count, and low white blood cell count. Anemia ( AmE) or anæmia/anaemia ( BrE) (from the Ancient Greek grc-Latn anaîmia, meaning “without blood” is defined as a qualitative Platelets, or Thrombocytes, are small cytoplasmic bodies derived from cells They circulate in the Blood of Mammals and are involved

Diagnosis

Cytology of lymphoma in a dog
Cytology of lymphoma in a dog

Biopsy of affected lymph nodes or organs confirms the diagnosis, although a needle aspiration of an affected lymph node can increase suspicion of the disease. A biopsy (in Greek: βίος life and όψη look/appearance is a Medical test involving the removal of cells or tissues X-rays, ultrasound, blood analysis, and bone marrow biopsy reveal other locations of the cancer. X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of Electromagnetic radiation. Not to be confused with Supersonic. Ultrasound is cyclic Sound pressure with a Frequency greater than the upper The stage of the disease is important to treatment and prognosis. Prognosis (older Greek πρόγνωσις modern Greek πρόγνωση - literally fore-knowing foreseeing) is a medical term denoting the

Each stage is divided into those with systemic symptoms (loss of appetite, weight loss, etc. ) and those without.

Treatment

Complete cure is rare with lymphoma and treatment tends to be palliative, but long remission times are possible with chemotherapy. Palliative care (from Latin palliare to cloak is any form of medical care or treatment that concentrates on reducing the severity of Disease Symptoms Remission is the state of absence of Disease activity in patients with known Chronic illness. Chemotherapy, in its most general sense refers to treatment of disease by chemicals that kill cells specifically those of micro-organisms or Cancer. With effective protocols, average first remission times are 6 to 8 months. Second remissions are shorter and harder to accomplish. Average survival is 9 to 12 months. The most common treatment is a combination of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone, L-asparaginase, and doxorubicin. Cyclophosphamide (the generic name for Cytoxan Neosar Revimmune also known as cytophosphane is a Nitrogen mustard alkylating agent, from the oxazophorines group Vincristine (brand name Oncovin also known as leurocristine, is a vinca Alkaloid from the Madagascar periwinkle ( Catharanthus roseus, Prednisone is a synthetic Corticosteroid drug that is usually taken orally but can be delivered by Intramuscular injection and can be used for a great number Asparaginase ( is an Enzyme that catalyzes the Hydrolysis of Asparagine to Aspartic acid. Doxorubicin ( INN,; trade name Adriamycin; also known as hydroxydaunorubicin) is a drug used in cancer Chemotherapy. [1] Other chemotherapy drugs such as chlorambucil, lomustine (CCNU), cytosine arabinoside, and mitoxantrone are sometimes used in the treatment of lymphoma by themselves or in substitution for other drugs. Chlorambucil (marketed as Leukeran by GlaxoSmithKline) is a Chemotherapy drug that has been mainly used in the treatment of Chronic lymphocytic Lomustine (or "CCNU"(Marketed under the name CeeNU in US is an alkylating nitrosourea compound used in Chemotherapy. Cytarabine, or cytosine arabinoside, is a Chemotherapy agent used mainly in the treatment of hematological malignancies such as Leukemia Mitoxantrone is an Anthracenedione (not an anthracycline Antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of certain types of cancer mostly metastatic Breast cancer In most cases, appropriate treatment protocols cause few side effects, but white blood cell counts must be monitored.

Allogenic stem cell transplantation (as is commonly done in humans) has recently shown to be a possible treatment option for dogs. [13] Most of the basic research on transplantation biology was generated in dogs.

When cost is a factor, prednisone used alone can improve the symptoms dramatically, but it does not significantly affect the survival rate. The average survival times of dogs treated with prednisone and untreated dogs are both one to two months. [1] Using prednisone alone can cause the cancer to become resistant to other chemotherapy agents, so it should only be used if more aggressive treatment is not an option.

Isotretinoin can be used to treat cutaneous lymphoma. Isotretinoin ( INN) (aɪsoʊtrɨˈtɪnoʊɨn or /ˌaɪsoʊtrɨˈtɪnoʊɨn/ is a Medication used for the treatment of severe acne. [8]

Prognosis

Untreated dogs have an average survival time of sixty days. [14] Lymphoma with a histologic high grade generally respond better to treatment but have shorter survival times than dogs with low grade lymphoma. Histology (from the Greek = 'tissue' is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of Plants and [6] Dogs with B-lymphocyte tumors have a longer survival time than T-lymphocyte tumors. [1] Mediastinal lymphoma has a poorer prognosis than other types, especially those with hypercalcemia. [12] Otherwise, the stage of the disease is the best prognostic factor.

Lymphoma in cats

Lymphoma is the most common malignancy diagnosed in cats. [15] Lymphoma in young cats occurs most frequently following infection with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) or to a lesser degree feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Feline leukemia virus ( FeLV) is a Retrovirus that infects Cats As a retrovirus the genetic information of FeLV is carried by RNA instead Feline immunodeficiency virus ( FIV) occasionally referred to as Feline or Cat AIDS is a Lentivirus that affects domesticated These cats tend to have involvement of lymph nodes, spine, or mediastinum. Cats with FeLV are 62 times more likely to develop lymphoma, and cats with both FeLV and FIV are 77 times more likely. [16] Younger cats tend to have T-cell lymphoma and older cats tend to have B-cell lymphoma. [17] Cats living with smokers are more than twice as likely to develop lymphoma. [18] Older cats tend to have gastrointestinal lymphoma without FeLV infection,[19] although tests more sensitive to low level FeLV infections and replication-defective FeLV have found that many of these cats have been previously exposed. [20] The same forms of lymphoma that are found in dogs also occur in cats, but gastrointestinal is the most common type. Lymphoma of the kidney is the most common kidney tumor in cats, and lymphoma is also the most common heart tumor. [1]

Classification

Gastrointestinal lymphoma is classified into low grade, intermediate grade, and high grade. Low grade types include lymphocytic and small cell lymphoma. Small cell lymphoma (or small lymphocytic lymphoma) is a type of follicular B-cell lymphoma. High grade types include lymphoblastic, immunoblastic, and large cell lymphoma. Lymphoblasts are immature cells which typically differentiate to form mature Lymphocytes Normally lymphoblasts are found in the bone marrow but in Acute lymphoblastic Large cell is a term used in Oncology. It doesn't refer to a particular type of cell rather it refers to cells that are larger than would be normally expected for that type Low grade lymphoma is only found in the small intestine, while large grade can commonly be found in the stomach. [21]

Symptoms

Cats that develop lymphoma are much more likely to develop more severe symptoms than dogs. Whereas dogs often appear healthy initially except for swollen lymph nodes, cats will often be physically ill. The symptoms correspond closely to the location of the lymphoma. The most common sites for alimentary (gastrointestinal) lymphoma are, in decreasing frequency, the small intestine, the stomach, the junction of the ileum, cecum, and colon. In Biology the small Intestine is the part of the Gastrointestinal tract (gut between the Stomach and the Large intestine, and comprises In Human anatomy, the stomach is a J-shaped hollow muscular organ of the Gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of Digestion, following In Anatomy of the Digestive system, the ileum is the final section of the Small intestine. The cecum or caecum (from the Latin caecus meaning Blind) is a pouch connected to the Ascending colon of the Large The colon is a storage tube for solid wastes The main function of the colon appears to be extraction of Water and salts from Feces. Cats with the alimentary form of lymphoma often present with weight loss, rough hair coat, loss of appetite, vomiting and diarrhea, although vomiting and diarrhea are commonly absent as symptoms. [22] The tumor can also cause life-threatening blockage of the intestine. Cats with the mediastinal form often have respiratory distress and fluid in the lung cavity. If lymphoma develops in the kidney, the cat may have increased water consumption and increased urination. Lymphoma of the kidney presents as bilateral kidney enlargement and failure. If the lymphoma is located in the nose, the cat may have discharge from the nose and facial swelling. Lymphoma of the heart causes congestive heart failure, pericardial effusion, and cardiac arrhythmias. Heart failure is a Cardiac condition that occurs when a problem with the structure or function of the Heart impairs its ability to supply Pericardial effusion ("fluid around the heart" is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the Pericardial cavity. Dysrhythmia redirects here For the American band see Dysrhythmia (band. Ocular lymphoma in cats often presents as anterior uveitis (inflammation of the inside of the eye). Uveitis specifically refers to Inflammation of the middle layer of the Eye, termed the " Uvea " but in common usage may refer to any inflammatory [23] Cats who are also infected with FeLV often present with pale mucous membranes due to anemia. Anemia is a common problem in all cats with lymphoma, but hypercalcemia is rare.

Diagnosis is similar to dogs, except cats should be tested for FeLV and FIV. It is important to differentiate the alimentary form of lymphoma from inflammatory bowel disease because the signs are so similar in cats. In Medicine, inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD) is a group of inflammatory conditions of the large intestine and Small intestine A biopsy is necessary to do this. [24]

Treatment and prognosis

Chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for lymphoma in cats. Chemotherapy, in its most general sense refers to treatment of disease by chemicals that kill cells specifically those of micro-organisms or Cancer. Most of the drugs used in dogs are used in cats, but the most common protocol uses cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisolone. [15] Gastrointestinal lymphoma has also commonly been treated with a combination of prednisolone and high dose pulse chlorambucil with success. Chlorambucil (marketed as Leukeran by GlaxoSmithKline) is a Chemotherapy drug that has been mainly used in the treatment of Chronic lymphocytic [21] The white blood cell count must be monitored. Remission and survival times are comparable to dogs. Lower stage lymphoma has a better prognosis. Multicentric lymphoma has a better response to treatment than the gastrointestinal form, but infection with FeLV worsens the prognosis. [1]

Lymphoma in ferrets

Lymphoma is common in ferrets and is the most common cancer in young ferrets. The ferret is a domestic Mammal of the type Mustela putorius furo. There is some evidence that a retrovirus may play a role in the development of lymphoma like in cats. A retrovirus is any Virus belonging to the viral family Retroviridae. [25] The most commonly affected tissues are the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, intestine, mediastinum, bone marrow, lung, and kidney.

In young ferrets, the disease progresses rapidly. The most common symptom is difficulty breathing caused by enlargement of the thymus. In Human anatomy, the thymus is an organ located in the upper Anterior portion of the chest cavity just behind the Sternum. [26] Other symptoms include loss of appetite, weight loss, weakness, depression, and coughing. It can also masquerade as a chronic disease such as an upper respiratory infection or gastrointestinal disease. In older ferrets, lymphoma is usually chronic and can exhibit no symptoms for years. [27] Symptoms seen are the same as in young ferrets, plus splenomegaly, abdominal masses, and peripheral lymph node enlargement. Splenomegaly is an enlargement of the Spleen, which usually lies in the left upper quadrant (LUQ of the Human abdomen.

Diagnosis is through biopsy and x-rays. There may also be an increased lymphocyte count. A lymphocyte is a type of White blood cell in the Vertebrate Immune system. Treatment includes surgery for solitary tumors, splenectomy (when the spleen is very large), and chemotherapy. A splenectomy is a procedure that involves the removal of the Spleen by operative means The most common protocol uses prednisone, vincristine, and cyclophosphamide. [28] Doxorubicin is used in some cases. Chemotherapy in relatively healthy ferrets is tolerated very well, but possible side effects include loss of appetite, depression, weakness, vomiting, and loss of whiskers. The white blood cell count must be monitored. Prednisone used alone can work very well for weeks to months, but it may cause resistance to other chemotherapy agents. Alternative treatments include vitamin C and Pau d'Arco (a bark extract). Vitamin C or L-ascorbate is an Essential nutrient for a large number of higher primate species a small number of other Mammalian Yellow Lapacho ( Tabebuia serratifolia, also known as Yellow Poui or ipê-roxo) is a tree native to forests throughout Central [28]

The prognosis for lymphoma in ferrets depends on the their health and the location of the cancer. Lymphoma in the mediastinum, spleen, skin, and peripheral lymph nodes has the best prognosis, while lymphoma in the intestine, liver, abdominal lymph nodes, and bone marrow has the worst. [28]

References

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  2. ^ Zahm S, Blair A (1992). "Pesticides and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma". Cancer Res 52 (19 Suppl): 5485s-5488s. PMID 1394159.  
  3. ^ Kaneene J, Miller R (1999). "Re-analysis of 2,4-D use and the occurrence of canine malignant lymphoma". Vet Hum Toxicol 41 (3): 164–70. PMID 10349709.  
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  13. ^ Lupu M, Sullivan E, Westfall T, Little M, Weigler B, Moore P, Stroup P, Zellmer E, Kuhr C, Storb R (2006). "Use of multigeneration-family molecular dog leukocyte antigen typing to select a hematopoietic cell transplant donor for a dog with T-cell lymphoma". J Am Vet Med Assoc 228 (5): 728–32. doi:10.2460/javma.228.5.728. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 16506937.  
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  15. ^ a b Feline Leukemia Virus and Related Diseases: Introduction. The Merck Veterinary Manual (2006). Retrieved on 2007-01-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted
  16. ^ Ettinger, Stephen J. ;Feldman, Edward C. (1995). Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 4th ed. , W. B. Saunders Company. ISBN 0-7216-6795-3.  
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  18. ^ O'Rourke, Kate (November 1, 2002). Lymphoma risk in cats more than doubles if owners are smokers. JAVMA News. Retrieved on 2006-08-20. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine
  19. ^ Gastrointestinal Neoplasia. The Merck Veterinary Manual (2006). Retrieved on 2007-01-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted
  20. ^ Richter, Keith P. (2006). Feline gastrointestinal lymphoma. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference. Retrieved on 2007-01-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted
  21. ^ a b Matz, Michael E. (Jan. 2007). "Chronic Vomiting in a Cat". Clinician's Brief 5 (1): 29–31. North American Veterinary Conference.  
  22. ^ Gaschen, Frédéric (2006). Small Intestinal Diarrhea: Causes and Treatment. Proceedings of the 31st World Congress of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association. Retrieved on 2007-01-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted
  23. ^ van der Woerdt, Alexandra (June 2007). "Iris Nodule in a Cat". Clinician's Brief 5 (6): 7–8. North American Veterinary Conference.  
  24. ^ Evans S, Bonczynski J, Broussard J, Han E, Baer K (2006). "Comparison of endoscopic and full-thickness biopsy specimens for diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease and alimentary tract lymphoma in cats". J Am Vet Med Assoc 229 (9): 1447–50. doi:10.2460/javma.229.9.1447. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 17078807.  
  25. ^ Hernández-Divers, Sonia M. (2005). Ferret Diseases. Proceedings of the 30th World Congress of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association. Retrieved on 2007-01-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted
  26. ^ Mayer, Joerg (2006). Update on ferret lymphoma. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference. Retrieved on 2007-01-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted
  27. ^ Ferret Neoplasia. The Merck Veterinary Manual (2006). Retrieved on 2007-01-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC
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