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Lyari
Country Pakistan
State Sindh
Major city Karachi
Length 50 km (30 mi) approx. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Sindh ( Sindhī: سنڌ Urdu: سندھ is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States
Discharge at Arabian Sea
Source Rain catchment area
Mouth
 - location Karachi
 - elevation 0 m (0 ft)

Lyari River (Urdu:لیاری ندی) is a small ephemeral stream that flows through the Pakistani megacity of Karachi from north east to the center and drains into the Arabian Sea at the Monora channel. The Arabian Sea ( Arabic: بحر العرب transliterated: Baḥr al-'Arab Sanskrit: सिन्धु सागर transliterated: (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Ephemeral things (from Greek εφήμερος - ephemeros, literally "lasting only one day" are transitory existing only briefly A stream is a body of Water with a current, confined within a bed and stream-banks Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and A megacity is generally defined as a Metropolitan area with a total Population in excess of 10 million people (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million The Arabian Sea ( Arabic: بحر العرب transliterated: Baḥr al-'Arab Sanskrit: सिन्धु सागर transliterated: Manora or Manoro (جزیرہ منوڑا is a small island (25 km² located just south of the Port of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. It is one of the two rivers of Karachi, the other one being Malir River. Malir River (دریائے ملير is located in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. The river is about 50 kilometres (30 miles) long. The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States As a seasonal river it carrys the collected water after the rains in the catchment area. [1]

Contents

History

Until 1950s, the river held clean water and fish, with farming activities on its banks. Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Water of sufficient quality to serve as drinking water is termed potable water whether it is used for drinking or not Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two [2] However, after the independence of Pakistan from British colonialism in 1947, when Karachi was announced as the capital city of the new country, a large influx of refugees from various Indian states as well as from other provinces of Pakistan came to live in the city. Pakistan 's Independence day (also known as Yaum-e-Azadi ( Urdu: یومِ آذادی) is observed on 14 August, the day on which Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race India is a union of states comprising twenty-eight states and seven union territories. Currently the internationally recognized territory of Pakistan is subdivided into four provinces and two territories With rapid growth of the city's economy, industry, and population, the river's ecology was transformed and it gradually continued to discharge waste water, sewage and industrial effluents. Karachi is the financial and commercial capital of Pakistan it accounts for a lion's share of Pakistan's revenue generation Karachi is the largest and most populous city in Pakistan. The Population and demographic distribution in the Megacity Ecology (from Greek grc οἶκος oikos, "house(hold" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Distinguish from Wastwater (a lake in the Lake District in northwest England Sewage is the mainly liquid Waste containing some solids produced by humans which typically consists of washing water Feces, Urine, laundry waste and other Effluent is an outflowing of water from a natural body of water or from a man-made structure

(Re)developments along the river

With many squatter settlements groomed in the river's surroundings, the occasional floods started causing human and property loss. Squatting is the act of occupying an abandoned or unoccupied space or Building that the squatter does not own rent or otherwise have permission to use Especially, after the havoc caused by the torrential rains in 1977, need was realised to build flood barriers along the river. Floodgates are adjustable gates used to control water flow in reservoir, River, Stream, or Levee systems In 1986, a proposal was made to build an expressway through the city that would run along the riverbanks of Lyari. An expressway is a Divided highway for high-speed traffic with at least partial Control of access. Lyari Town is one of the eighteen constituent towns of the city of Karachi, in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. The plan was abandoned because an estimated 100,000 people would have to be relocated. [3] However, the flood incidents continued in 1990s. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar)

Lyari Expressway

Main article: Lyari Expressway

The project comprises a 16. Lyari Expressway is a highway currently under construction along the Lyari River in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 5 kilometre (10¼ mile) stretch of elevated expressway running along both sides of the river, cutting through the city to Karachi Port, as an extension/alternative to the Northern Bypass. The Port of Karachi ( Urdu: بندر گاہ كراچى) is Pakistan 's largest and busiest seaport, handling The M10 is a motorway located in Sindh province Pakistan, however it mostly referred to as the Karachi Northern Bypass. The work commenced in 2002 without any public consensus, as a result of which large numbers of houses and schools were demolished on the reasons of Informal settlements. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Consensus has two common meanings One is a general agreement among the members of a given group or Community, each of which exercises some discretion in Shanty towns (also called Squatter camps or Favelas are settlements (sometimes illegal or unauthorized of impoverished people who live in improvised The measures were strongly opposed by affected population, community groups, civil society organizations and NGOs on the grounds that at least 200,000 families would have to be displaced from the development sites in addition to the economic and environmental costs. Civil society is composed of the totality of voluntary civic and social organizations and institutions that form the basis of a functioning Society as opposed to the force-backed [4] A number of cost effective alternatives were also proposed by local activists and organizations. [5] However, the project continued with the additions of Lyari Expressway Resettlement Project as a relocation plan to move the affected families to the purpose-built areas in Hawk's Bay and Taiser Town, in the city's suburbs. Lyari Expressway Resettlement Project (LERP was launched for Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Taiser Town or Taiser Town Scheme-45 is one of the neighborhoods of Malir Development Authority in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. South San Jose (cropjpg||thumb|A suburban development in San Jose California.

Other developments and extensions

Apart from the eviction and resettlement of Lyari Expressway, redevelopment plans have also been carried out under the Lyari River Development Scheme[6] in other towns along the river such as Gulberg, North Nazimabad, Saddar, Jamshed, Gulshan-e-Iqbal and Liaquatabad. North Nazimabad Town ( Urdu: شمالی ناظم آباد) is a Town in the northern part of Karachi, named as such in reference to it Saddar is one of the neighbourhoods of Saddar Town in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Gulshan-e-Iqbal ( Urdu: گلشن اقبال) is a large residential and commercial neighbourhood of Gulshan Town in Karachi, Sindh Liaquatabad Town ( Urdu: لیا قت آباد) is a town in the central part of Karachi, Pakistan named after Liaquat Ali Khan [7]

Pollution

The river is the main contributor to an estimated amount of 200 million Imperial gallons (909. The word million In standard English, the -lli- in million is pronounced with an l-sound followed by a Imperial units or the Imperial system is a collection of units first defined in the British Weights and Measures Act of 1824 218 million litres)[8] of raw sewage that enters the Arabian Sea. The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of Volume. Distinguish from Wastwater (a lake in the Lake District in northwest England The Arabian Sea ( Arabic: بحر العرب transliterated: Baḥr al-'Arab Sanskrit: सिन्धु सागर transliterated: [9] The only non-saline input is the local run-off from rainfall. Freshwater is a word that refers to bodies of water such as Ponds lakes rivers and streams containing low concentrations of dissolved Salts and other Total dissolved A large number of industries including leather tanning units, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, refineries, chemical, textile, paper and pulp, engineering works and thermal power stations, located along the river, regularly discharge their untreated industrial waste. Tanning is the process of converting Putrescible skin into non-putrescible Leather, usually with Tannin, an Acidic Chemical compound Petrochemicals are chemical products made from raw materials of Petroleum or other Hydrocarbon origin A refinery is composed of a group of Chemical engineering unit processes and Unit operations used for Refining certain materials or converting A chemical substance is a Material with a definite chemical composition. A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon printing upon or packaging Wood pulp is a dry fibrous material prepared by chemically or mechanically separating the fibers which make up Wood. Engineering is the Discipline and Profession of applying technical and scientific Knowledge and A thermal power station is a Power plant in which the prime mover is Steam driven Industrial waste is a type of waste produced by industrial activity, such as that of factories, mills and mines. [10] With the growing amount of organic nutrients in the river water, the marine ecology along the coastal shelf has been alarmingly affected. Organic matter (or organic material) is Matter that has come from a once-living Organism; is capable of A nutrient is food or chemicals that an organism needs to live and grow or a substance used in an organism's metabolism which must be taken in from its environment Marine biology is the scientific study of living Organisms in the Ocean or other marine or Brackish bodies of water The continental shelf is the extended perimeter of each Continent and associated Coastal plain, which is covered during interglacial periods such The spillage due to tidal action also continues to affect the mangroves along the Karachi coast. Mangroves (generally are Trees and Shrubs that grow in saline coastal habitats in the Tropics and Subtropics. The Port of Karachi ( Urdu: بندر گاہ كراچى) is Pakistan 's largest and busiest seaport, handling [11] The pollutants along with other environmental perturbations have also proved to be harmful to the biodiversity of marine species along Karachi Fish Harbour[12] including green turtle, seabirds and marine mammals. Biodiversity is the variation of Life forms within a given Ecosystem, Biome or for the entire Earth. Marine is an Umbrella term. As an adjective it is usually applicable to things relating to the Sea or Ocean, such as Marine biology, Marine Karachi Fish Harbour is located in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. It is in West Karachi near the main port "Chelonia" redirects here It is also the name of the Superorder uniting turtles tortoises and terrapins ( Testudines) with the "proto-turtle" Seabirds are Birds that have adapted to life within the marine environment Marine mammals are a diverse group of roughly 120 species of Mammal that are primarily Ocean -dwelling or depend on the ocean for food [13]

See also

References

  1. ^ S Nazneen and F Begum (1988) Hydrological studies of Lyari River. "Chelonia" redirects here It is also the name of the Superorder uniting turtles tortoises and terrapins ( Testudines) with the "proto-turtle" Lyari Town is one of the eighteen constituent towns of the city of Karachi, in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. Lyari Town is one of the eighteen constituent towns of the city of Karachi, in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. Lyari Town is one of the eighteen constituent towns of the city of Karachi, in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. Lyari Expressway Resettlement Project (LERP was launched for Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Malir River (دریائے ملير is located in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Gujjar Nala or Gujjar Stream (گجر نالہ is a small Ephemeral Stream that flows through the Pakistani Megacity of Karachi Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 26-29.
  2. ^ R Asif (2002), Lyari Expressway: woes of displaced families. Dawn (newspaper). Dawn is Pakistan 's oldest best known and most widely-read English-language newspaper 8 August. Retrieved on 10 January, 2008
  3. ^ Z Mustafa (2006), "Lyari Expressway: Boon or Bane", Dawn (newspaper). Dawn is Pakistan 's oldest best known and most widely-read English-language newspaper 8 March 2006. Retrieved on 10 January, 2008
  4. ^ A Hasan (2005), The political and institutional blockages to good governance: The case of the Lyari expressway in Karachi, Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 127-141
  5. ^ A Hasan (2002), Lyari Expressway: Concerns and Proposals of the Urban Resource Centre, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi. Nadirshaw Edulji Dinshaw University of Engineering and Technology (NED University of Engineering and Technology is the only public-sector Engineering University in Karachi City which
  6. ^ D E Dowall (1991), The Karachi Development Authority: Failing to Get the Prices Right. Land Economics, Vol. 67, No. 4, pp. 462-471
  7. ^ Lyari Expressway in Pakistan: Violence and Evictions. Urban Resource Centre.
  8. ^ N Burt (1997), Environmental Assessment and Protection of Karachi Harbour
  9. ^ B U Haq, G Kullenberg, and J H Stel (eds. ) (1997), Coastal Zone Management Imperative for Maritime Developing Nations (Coastal Systems and Continental Margins). Springer. Axel Springer AG is one of the largest newspaper publishing companies in Europe, having over 150 newspapers and magazines in over 30 countries including ISBN 978-0792347651
  10. ^ J E Hardoy, D Mitlin, D Satterthwaite (1993), The Environmental Problems of Third World Cities. Earthscan. Earthscan is an English language independent publisher of books and journals on climate change sustainable development and other environmental technology ISBN 978-1853831461
  11. ^ M Beg, N Mahmood, S Naeem, and A Yousufzai (1984) Land-based pollution and the marine environment of Karachi coast. Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. Vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 199-205.
  12. ^ S Saifullah and M Moazzam (1978) Species Composition and Seasonal Occurrence of Centric Diatoms in a Polluted Marine Environment. Pakistan Journal of Botany Vol 10, No 1, p 53-64, June.
  13. ^ A Hasan and S I Ahmad (2006), Some Observations on Birds and Marine Mammals of Karachi Coast. Zoological Survey of Pakistan, 17. pp. 15-20

External links

Wildlife of Pakistan: Flora and Fauna and their natural Habitats. Marine pollution is the harmful effect caused by the entry into the ocean of chemicals particles, or Plastic debris.
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