L’viv Львів
View of the historic Old Town of Lviv. Lviv's Old Town (Старе Місто Львова Stare Misto L’vova; Stare Miasto we Lwowie is the historic centre of the western Ukrainian city of
Coat of arms
Motto: "Semper fidelis"
Map of Ukraine (blue) with Lviv (red) highlighted. The Coat of arms of the city of Lviv features a golden lion beneath a city gate in a blue field A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group " Semper Fidelis " is Latin for "Always faithful" Best known to Americans as the motto of the United States Marine Corps (often "
Coordinates: 49°51′0″N 24°01′0″E / 49.85, 24.01667
Country	Ukraine
Oblast	Lviv Oblast
Raion	Lviv City Municipality
Founded	13th century
Magdeburg law	1353
Government
- City Chairman	Andriy Sadovyi
Area
- City	171. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Oblast (во́бласць oblast о́бласт oblast о́бласть област/ oblast; oblasť област о́бласть is a type of Administrative division Lviv Oblast (Львівська область translit L’vivs’ka oblast’; also referred to as L’vivshchyna - Львівщина For the manufactured regenerated fiber see Rayon A raion (or rayon) (райо́н ra'jon rayon раён რაიონი Magdeburg Rights (Magdeburger Recht or Magdeburg Law were a set of German town laws regulating the degree of internal autonomy within cities and villages granted with Andriy Sadovyi (Андрій Садовий is a Ukrainian Politician. Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. 01 km² (66 sq mi)
Elevation	296 m (971 ft)
Population (2007)
- City	735,000
- Density	4,298/km² (11,131. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 8/sq mi)
- Metro	1,040,000
Time zone	EET (UTC+2)
- Summer (DST)	EEST (UTC+3)
Postal code	79000
Area code(s)	+380 32(2)
Licence plate	BC (before 2004: ТА,ТВ,ТН,ТС)
Sister cities	Corning, Freiburg, Kraków, Novi Sad, Przemyśl, Whitstable, Winnipeg
Website: http://www.city-adm.lviv.ua

Lviv (Ukrainian: Львів, L’viv [l^jviw], Polish: Lwów; German: Lemberg; Russian: Львов, L'vov; see also other names) is a major city in western Ukraine, the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast, and designated as its own raion (district) within that oblast. A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central UTC+2 corresponds to the following Time zones Eastern European Time Egypt Standard Time Central Africa Time Daylight saving time ( DST UTC+3 is used in the following locations Moscow Time Eastern European Summer Time West Asian Summer Time A telephone numbering plan is a plan for allocating Telephone number ranges to countries regions areas and exchanges and to non-fixed telephone networks A vehicle registration plate is a metal or plastic plate attached to a Motor vehicle or trailer for official identification purposes Corning is a City in Steuben County, New York, United States, on the Chemung River. Kraków, in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow (ˈkrækaʊ M-W: krăk'ou krāk'ō is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland Novi Sad ( Cyrillic: Нови Сад 'nɔviː 'saːd; Hungarian: Újvidék Slovak Przemyśl (Перемишль Peremyshl, Prömsel פּשעמישל- Pshemishl) is a city in south-eastern Poland with 67847 inhabitants (2005 Whitstable ( is a seaside town in northeast Kent, southeast England Winnipeg (ˈwɪnɨpɛg is the capital and largest city in the Canadian province of Manitoba, and 7th largest municipality in Canada with a population Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages I J K L Lviv --> Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Lviv Oblast (Львівська область translit L’vivs’ka oblast’; also referred to as L’vivshchyna - Львівщина For the manufactured regenerated fiber see Rayon A raion (or rayon) (райо́н ra'jon rayon раён რაიონი Districts are a type of Administrative division, in some countries managed by a Local government. Oblast (во́бласць oblast о́бласт oblast о́бласть област/ oblast; oblasť област о́бласть is a type of Administrative division It is regarded as one of the main cultural centres of Ukraine. The Culture of Ukraine is a result of influence over millennia from the West and East with an assortment of strong culturally-identified Ethnic groups In 2001, it had 725,000 inhabitants, of whom 88 per cent were Ukrainians, 9 per cent Russians (down from 16 percent in 1989) and 1 per cent Poles. Ukrainians (Українці Ukrayintsi,) are an East Slavic Ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly— Citizens The Russian people (Русские— Russkie) are an East Slavic Ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. ^[1] A further 200,000 people commuted daily from suburbs.

The city has many industries and institutions of higher education such as the Lviv University and the Lviv Polytechnic. History Beginnings The University was founded on January 20 1661 when the King John II Casimir of Poland issued the diploma granting the city's Lviv Polytechnic National University ( Львівська політехніка Національний університет, Politechnika Lwowska Национальный It has a philharmonic orchestra and The Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet. The Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet (Львівський Державний академічний театр опери та балету імені Соломії Крушельницької The historic city centre is on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Lviv's Old Town (Старе Місто Львова Stare Misto L’vova; Stare Miasto we Lwowie is the historic centre of the western Ukrainian city of This is a list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Europe. Asia Minor, Cyprus, all of the Aegean Islands, the Canaries Lviv celebrated its 750th anniversary with a son et lumière in the city centre in September 2006. Son et lumière ( French, lit " Sound and Light " or a sound and light show is a form of nighttime Entertainment that is

Contents 1 Geography 1.1 Location 1.2 Climate 2 History 3 Government 3.1 Administrative division 4 Transport 4.1 Buses 4.2 Tramways 4.3 Trolleybuses 4.4 Railways 4.5 Airport 5 Culture 5.1 Architecture 5.2 Monuments in Lviv 5.3 Religion 5.4 Arts 5.5 Theatre and opera 5.6 Museums and art galleries 5.7 Music 5.8 Universities and academia 5.9 Mathematics 5.10 Prints and media 5.11 Films and books featuring Lviv 5.12 Sports 5.13 Sister cities 6 Economy 7 Education 7.1 Universities 8 Tourist attractions 9 References 10 See also 11 External links

Geography

Location

Lviv is on the edge of the Roztochia Upland, about 70 km from the Polish border and about 160 km (100 miles) from the eastern Carpathian Mountains. Roztocze (Розточчя Roztochia) is a range of hills in east-central Poland and western Ukraine which rises from the Lublin Upland and Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians (Carpaţi Czech, Polish and Slovak: Karpaty; Ukrainian: Карпати The average altitude of Lviv is 296 m above sea level, although it has many hills. Mean sea level (MSL is the average (mean height of the Sea, with reference to a suitable reference surface Its highest point is the Vysokyi Zamok (High Castle), 409 m above sea level. The Lviv High Castle or Lviv Castle Hill (Високий замок / Замкова гора Vysokyi zamok / Zamkova hora; Wysoki Zamek Высокий This has a commanding view of the historic city centre with its distinctive green-domed churches and intricate architecture.

The old walled city was at the foothills of the High Castle on the banks of the river Poltva. The Poltva River (Полтва Pełtew is a river in the western Ukrainian Oblast of Lviv and a tributary of the Western Bug. In the 13th century, the river was used to transport goods. In the early 20th century, it was covered over in areas where it flows through the city. The river flows directly beneath the central street of Lviv, Freedom Avenue (Prospect Svobody) and the famous Opera House. The Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet (Львівський Державний академічний театр опери та балету імені Соломії Крушельницької

Climate

Lviv's climate is moderate continental. Continental climate is a Climate that is characterized by Winter Temperatures cold enough to support a fixed period of Snow cover each Year The average temperatures are −4°C (27°F) in January and +18°C (65 °F) in June. Average annual rainfall is 660 mm (26 inches), with a notable deficit in summer. Cloud coverage averages 66 days per year.

History

Main article: History of Lviv

Lviv was founded by King Danylo Halytskiy of the Ruthenian principality of Halych-Volhynia, and named in honor of his son, Lev. Daniel of Galicia or Daniil Romanovich (Данило Галицький Danylo Halytskyi (1201&ndash1264 King of Galicia ( Galich or The term Ruthenians (Русини Rusyny) is a culturally loaded term and has different meanings according to the context in which it is used The Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia ( Ruthenian: sla Галицко-Волинскоє Королѣвство Regnum Galiciæ et Lodomeriæ or Galicia-Vladimir, was Lev I of Galicia (Лев Данилович Lev Danylovich (born ca When Danylo died Lev made Lviv the capital of Halich-Volhynia. The city is first mentioned in theHalych-Volhynian Chronicle,which dates from 1256. The Galician-Volhynian Chronicle is a historical record covering 1201 – 1291 in the history of the Principality of Galicia-Volhynia (in modern Ukraine It was captured by Poland in 1349 and, in 1356, Casimir III of Poland brought in German burghers and granted the Magdeburg rights which implied that all city matters were to be resolved by a council, elected by the wealthy citizens. Casimir III the Great (Kazimierz Wielki April 30 1310 – November 5 1370 last King of Poland from the Piast dynasty (1333–1370 was the son of King Władysław Magdeburg Rights (Magdeburger Recht or Magdeburg Law were a set of German town laws regulating the degree of internal autonomy within cities and villages granted with The city council seal of the 14th century stated: S(igillum): Civitatis Lembvrgensis. As part of Poland (and later the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth), Lviv became the capital of the Ruthenian Voivodeship. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic Ruthenia Voivodeship (Palatinatus russiae województwo ruskie 1366&ndash1772 was an administrative division of the Kingdom of Poland (see Kingdom of Poland [1320–1385]

As Lviv prospered, it became religiously and ethnically diverse. The 17th century brought invading armies of Swedes, Hungarians from Transylvania, Russians and Cossacks to its gates. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Zaporozhian Cossacks (Запорожці Zaporozhtsi,were Cossacks who lived in Zaporizhia, in Central Ukraine However, Lviv was the only major city of Poland that was not captured by the invaders. In 1672 it was besieged by the Turks, who also failed to conquer it. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Lviv was captured for the first time by a foreign army in 1704, when Swedish troops under King Charles XII entered the city after a siege.

In 1772, following the First Partition of Poland, the city known in German as Lemberg became the capital of the Austrian Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. The First Partition of Poland or First Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in 1772 as the first of three partitions that ended the existence The Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria official (Königreich Galizien und Lodomerien mit dem Großherzogtum Krakau und den Herzogtümern Auschwitz und Zator official It was captured by the Russian army in September 1914 but retaken by Austria-Hungary in June the following year.

With the collapse of the Habsburg Empire at the end of World War I Lviv became an arena of conflict between the local Ukrainian and Polish populations. Habsburg Monarchy (alternatively Habsburg Empire) refers to the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor Between the World Wars, it was the third largest Polish city (after Warsaw and Łódź) and the seat of the Lwów Voivodeship. Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. Łódź is Poland 's third largest city with population of 753192 in 2007 (lost its second rank to Krakow in 2007 Lwów Voivodeship (Województwo lwowskie was an administrative unit of interwar Poland (1918-1939 Lviv and its population suffered greatly from the two world wars and the Holocaust. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as After the war, the Soviet Union expelled most of the ethnic Polish population, which was resettled in the Recovered Territories, little remains of Polish culture in Lviv except for the Italian influenced architecture^[2]. Recovered or Regained Territories (Ziemie Odzyskane was the official term used by the Polish post-war authorities to denote those territories which were transferred

Lviv remains today one of the main centres of Ukrainian culture, and the origin of much of the nation's political class.

Government

Administrative division

Lviv is divided into six raions (districts), each with its own administrative bodies:

• Halytskyi (Галицький район)
• Zaliznychnyi (Залізничний район)
• Lychakivskyi (Личаківський район)
• Sykhivskyi (Сихівський район)
• Frankivskyi (Франківський район)
• Shevchenkivskyi (Шевченківський район)

Notable suburbs include:

• Vynnyky (місто Винники)
• Briukhovychi (селище Брюховичі)
• Rudne (селище Рудне)

Transport

Buses

The public bus network is not well-developed: it has few lines. A cheap alternative is the marshrutki, small private buses which go where the city buses do not. Marshrutka ( Bulgarian, маршру́тка mɘr'ʂrutkɘ from marshrutnoye taksi (Mаршрутное такси is a Share taxi in Marshrutki have no fixed stops or timetable but are cheaper and fast. The marshrutki also run on suburban lines to most nearby towns, e. g. to Shehyni at the Polish border. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland

Tramways

Main article: Lviv tram

The first tramway lines were opened on 5 May 1880 and the last horse-powered line was electrified on 31 May 1894. A tram, tramcar, trolley, trolley car, or streetcar is a railborne vehicle, of lighter weight and construction than a Train In 1922 the tramways were switched to driving on the right-hand side. After World War II and the annexation of the city by the Soviet Union, several lines were closed but most of infrastructure was preserved. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The trackage is narrow-gauge, unusual for the Soviet Union, but explained by the fact that the system was built while the city was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and needs to run on narrow medieval streets in the centre of town.

The Lviv tramway now runs about 220 cars on 75 km of track, most of which is in very poor condition. The trams are in fair condition but can be very full during rush hours.

Trolleybuses

After the war and expulsion of most of the population, the city grew rapidly, due to evacuees returning from Russia and the Soviet Government's vigorous development of heavy industry. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 This included transfer of entire factories from the Urals and other distant places to the newly "liberated" (acquired) territories of the USSR, including Lviv.

The city centre tramway lines were replaced with trolleybuses on 27 November 1952. Later, new lines were opened to the blocks of flats at the city outskirts. The network now runs 200 trolleybuses, mostly of the 1960s 14Tr type.

Railways

Modern Lviv remains a hub on which nine railways converge, providing local and international services. Several trains cross the nearby Polish-Ukrainian border (mostly via Przemyśl). Przemyśl (Перемишль Peremyshl, Prömsel פּשעמישל- Pshemishl) is a city in south-eastern Poland with 67847 inhabitants (2005 There are good connections to Slovakia (Košice) and Hungary (Budapest). Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Košice (; Hungarian: Kassa; (also known by other alternative names) is a city in eastern Slovakia. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, By western standards, the trains are slow. Many routes have overnight trains with sleeping compartments.

Airport

Lviv International Airport (LWO)^[3] is 6 km from the city centre. Lviv International Airport (Міжнародний аеропорт "Львів" is an airport in Lviv Ukraine.

Culture

L’viv - the Ensemble of the Historic Centre*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
State Party	Ukraine
Type	Cultural
Criteria	ii, v
Reference	865
Region†	Europe and North America
Inscription history
Inscription	1998  (22nd Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. † Region as classified by UNESCO.

Lviv's historic centre has been on the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage list since 1998. Lviv's Old Town (Старе Місто Львова Stare Misto L’vova; Stare Miasto we Lwowie is the historic centre of the western Ukrainian city of A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex As of 2008 there are a total of 878 World Heritage Sites located in 145 "State Parties" Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex This is a list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Europe. Asia Minor, Cyprus, all of the Aegean Islands, the Canaries A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex Lviv's Old Town (Старе Місто Львова Stare Misto L’vova; Stare Miasto we Lwowie is the historic centre of the western Ukrainian city of United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 UNESCO gave the following reasons^[4] for its selection:

Criterion II: In its urban fabric and its architecture, Lviv is an outstanding example of the fusion of the architectural and artistic traditions of eastern Europe with those of Italy and Germany.

Criterion V: The political and commercial role of Lviv attracted to it a number of ethnic groups with different cultural and religious traditions, who established separate yet interdependent communities within the city, evidence for which is still discernible in the modern townscape.

Architecture

Lviv's historic churches, synagogues, buildings and relics date from the 13th century. In recent centuries, it was spared some of the invasions and wars that destroyed other Ukrainian cities. Its architecture reflects various European styles and periods. After the fires of 1527 and 1556 Lviv lost most of its gothic-style buildings, but it retains many buildings in renaissance, baroque, and classic styles. See also Gothic art Gothic architecture is a style of Architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. Renaissance architecture is the architecture of the period between the early 15th and early 17th centuries in different regions of Europe in which there was a Baroque architecture, starting in the early 17th century in Italy, took the humanist Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical The term Classical architecture has a specific Archaeological meaning relating to the architecture of Classical Greece There are works by artists of the Vienna Secession, Art Nouveau, and Art Deco styles. The Vienna Secession (also known as the Union of Austrian Artists, or Vereiningung Bildender Künstler Österreichs) was formed in 1897 by a group of Austrian artists Art Nouveau ( nu vo anglicised /ˈɑːt nuːvəu/ ( French for 'new art' also known as Jugendstil ( German for 'youth style' is an international Art Deco was a popular international design movement from 1925 until 1939 affecting the decorative arts such as Architecture, Interior design, and Industrial

The buildings have many stone sculptures and carvings, particularly on large doors, hundreds of years old. The remains of old churches dot the central cityscape. Some three- to five-storey buildings have hidden inner courtyards and grottoes in various states of repair. Some cemeteries are of interest, for example the Lychakivskiy Cemetery. Lychakivskiy Cemetery (Cmentarz Łyczakowski Личаківський цвинтар translit Leaving the central area, the architectural style changes radically as Soviet-era high-rise blocks dominate. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 In the centre, the Soviet era is reflected mainly in a few modern-style national monuments and sculptures.

Monuments in Lviv

Every day the book market takes places around the monument to Ivan Fedorov. Nikifor ( 1895 - October 10 1968) (also known as Nikifor Krynicki and Epifaniusz Drowniak 1) was a Polish The Good Soldier Švejk (spelled Schweik or Schwejk in many translations and pronounced or "shvayk" in plain English transcription is Adam Bernard Mickiewicz (pronounced ] in Belarusian, Адам Міцкевіч; in Lithuanian, Adomas Bernardas Mickevičius; December Ioan Potcoavă (or Ivan Pidkova - Іван Підкова in Ukrainian; also known as Ioan Sarpega, Ioan Creţul, and allegedly baptized Taras Hryhorovych Shevchenko (Тарáс Григóрович Шевчéнко ( &ndash) was a Ukrainian Poet, Artist and humanist. Ivan Trush (Іван Труш pronounced as Troosh) was a Ukrainian impressionist painter a master of landscape and portraiture an art critic and active Pope Jan Kiliński (1760-1819 was one of the commanders of the Kościuszko Uprising. Ivan Yakovych Franko (Івáн Якович Франкó ( &ndash) was a Ukrainian poet writer social and literary critic journalist economist and political activist Daniel of Galicia or Daniil Romanovich (Данило Галицький Danylo Halytskyi (1201&ndash1264 King of Galicia ( Galich or In Christian hagiography Saint George is one of the most venerated saints in the Anglican Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Mykhailo Serhiyovych Hrushevsky (Михайло Сергійович Грушевський Chełm ( — Kislovodsk, 26 November, 1934) was A monument is a structure either explicitly created to commemorate a person or important event or which has become important to a social group as a part of their remembrance of past Ivan Fedorov (later changed to Fedorovych (Ива́н Фёдоров i'van 'fʲodɘrɘf (born around 1510 died December 14, 1583 in Lviv) was one of He was a Russian typographer in the 16th century who fled Moscow and found a new home in Lviv. New ideas came to Lviv during the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In the 19th century, many publishing houses, newspapers and magazines were established. Diverse literature written in Lviv contributed to Austrian, Ukrainian, Yiddish and Polish literature. Translation work took place between these diverse cultures, creating a truly unique European culture that transcended borders. The annual Lviv Book Fair continues this tradition.

Religion

From its establishment Lemberg was a city of religious variety and conflicts between different faiths. At one point over 60 churches existed in the city. The largest Christian churches have existed in the city since the 13th century. The three major Christian groups (the Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Lviv, the German-speaking and Polish Catholics, and the Armenian Church) have each had a diocesan seat in Lviv since the 16th century. The Archeparchy of Lviv is an Archeparchy of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. In the 1700s the Orthodox community took their allegiance to the Pope in Rome and became the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and History Before the Union of Brest See also History of Christianity in Ukraine The Ukrainian Catholic church did not exist as such until the This bond was forcibly dissolved in 1946 by the Soviet authorities, while the Roman Catholic community was forced out by the expulsion of the Polish population. Since 1989 religious life in Lviv has experienced a revival.

Lviv is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lviv, the centre of the Roman Catholic Church in Ukraine and (until 21 August 2005) was the centre of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. The Archdiocese of Lviv of the Latins ( Latin: Archidioecesis Leopolitanus Latinorum) is a Metropolitan archdiocese of the Latin rite of The Catholic Church in Ukraine is part of the worldwide Roman Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope and Curia in Rome. History Before the Union of Brest See also History of Christianity in Ukraine The Ukrainian Catholic church did not exist as such until the About 35 per cent of religious buildings belong to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, 11. 5 per cent to the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, 9 per cent to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Kiev Patriarchate and 6 per cent to the Roman Catholic Church. The Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC is one of the three major Orthodox Churches in Ukraine

Until 2005 Lviv was the only city with two Cardinals: Lubomyr Husar (UGCC) and Marian Jaworski (RCC). A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. Lubomyr Husar MSU (Любомир Гузар (born 26 February 1933) is the Major archbishop of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church History Before the Union of Brest See also History of Christianity in Ukraine The Ukrainian Catholic church did not exist as such until the Marian Jaworski (Мар'ян Яворський born August 21, 1926) is a Cardinal Priest and Archbishop of Lviv of the Latins in the Roman

In June 2001 Pope John Paul II visited the Latin Cathedral, St. George's Cathedral, and the Armenian Cathedral. Pope The Archcathedral Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, in Lviv, Ukraine, usually called simply the Latin Cathedral (Katedra Łacińska St George's Cathedral (Собор святого Юра translit The Armenian Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Հայկական տաճարВірменський собор Katedra ormiańska in Lviv, Ukraine

Lviv historically had a large and active Jewish community, as witnessed today by its synagogues. Until 1941 at least 45 synagogues and prayer houses existed. A synagogue (from Greek: grc συναγωγή transliterated synagogē, "assembly" he בית כנסת beit knesset, "house of Even in the 16th century, two separate communities existed. One lived in today's old town, the other one in the Krakowskie Przedmieście. In the 19th century a more differentiated community started to spread out. Liberal Jews sought more cultural assimilation and spoke German and Polish. On the other hand, Orthodox and Hasidic Jews tried to retain the old traditions. Between 1941 and 1944 the Nazis in effect completely destroyed the centuries-old Jewish tradition of Lviv. Most synagogues were destroyed, the Jewish population forced into a ghetto, from which they were later transported into concentration camps where they were murdered. ^[5]

Under the Soviet Union synagogues remained closed and were used as storage facilities or movie houses. Only since the fall of the Iron Curtain has the remainder of the Jewish community experienced a faint revival.

Arts

The "Group Artes" was a young movement founded in 1929. Many of the artists studied in Paris and had travelled throughout in Europe. They worked and experimented in different areas of modern art: Futurism, Cubism, New Objectivity and Surrealism. Futurism was an Art movement that originated in Italy in the early 20th century Cubism was a 20th century Avant-garde Art movement, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, that revolutionized European The New Objectivity, or Neue Sachlichkeit (new dispassion was an art movement that arose in Germany in the early 1920s as an outgrowth of and in opposition to Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members A lot of cooperation took place between avant-garde musicians and authors. Altogether thirteen exhibitions by Artes took place in Warsaw, Kraków, Łódz and Lviv. The Nazi occupation put an end to this group. Otto Hahn was executed in 1942 in Lviv, Aleksander Riemer murdered in 1943 in Auschwitz. Henryk Streng and Margit Reich-Sielska were able to escape the Shoah. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as Most of the surviving members of Artes lived in Poland after 1945. Only Margit Reich-Sielska (1900–1980) and Roman Sielksi (1903–1990) stayed in Soviet Lviv.

Theatre and opera

Lviv is historically strong on culture. In 1842 the Skarbek-Theatre was opened, making it the third largest theatre in Central Europe. In 1903 the sumptuous opera house (at that time called the City-Theatre) was opened, emulating the Vienna State Opera house. The Vienna State Opera ( Wiener Staatsoper) located in Vienna, Austria, is one of the most important Opera houses - and opera companies - in The house initially offered a changing repertoire such as classical dramas in German and Polish language, opera, operetta, comedy, and theatre. The opera house is named after the diva Salomea Krushelnytska, who worked here. Solomiya Krusceniski (ukrСоломія Крушельницька (23

Museums and art galleries

The most notable of the museums and art galleries are the National Gallery, the Museum of Religion (formerly the Museum of Atheism) and the National Museum (formerly the Museum of Industry).

Music

Music and radio have a strong tradition and deep roots in Lviv. The classical pianist Mieczysław Horszowski (1892–1993) was born here. Mieczysław Horszowski ( June 23, 1892 - May 22, 1993) was a Polish pianist The opera diva Salomea Kruszelnicka in the 1920s to 1930s called Lviv her home. Solomiya Krusceniski (ukrСоломія Крушельницька (23 "Polskie Radio Lwów" was a Polish radio station that went on-air on 15 January 1930. The programme proved very popular in Poland. Classical music and entertainment was aired, as well as lectures, readings, youth-programmes, news and liturgical services on Sunday.

Popular throughout Poland was the "Comic Lviv Wave", a cabaret-revue with musical pieces. Cabaret is a form of entertainment featuring Comedy, Song, Dance, and Theatre, distinguished mainly by the performance venue &mdash a Restaurant Jewish artists contributed a great part to this artistic activity. Composers such as Henryk Wars and songwriter Emanuel Szlechter, the actor Mieczysław Monderer and Adolf Fleischer ("Aprikosenkranz und Untenbaum") were working in Lviv. Henryk Wars (birth name Warszawski or Warszowski December 29 1902, Warsaw - September 1 1977, USA) was a Polish Emanuel Szlechter (also Schlechter 1906-1943 Polish pre-war lyricist and screenwriter The most famous stars of the shows were Henrik Vogelfänger and Kazimierz Wajda, who together appeared as the comic duo "Szczepko and Tonko", who were similar to Laurel and Hardy. Henrik Vogelfänger was a Polish Actor. He worked and lived in Lviv. Kazimierz Wajda (1905-1955 was a Polish Actor. He worked and lived in Lvov (modern Lviv Ukraine then Lwów Poland Laurel and Hardy were the popular American -based comedy team of thin British-born Stan Laurel (1890-1965 and heavy American-born Oliver Hardy (1892-1957

After World War II, many of the Jewish artists and entertainers were either killed or fled; the Polish artists had to leave for the new Poland that had the Oder-Neisse Line and the Curzon Line as its frontiers as a result of the Yalta Conference. The Oder-Neisse line (Granica na Odrze i Nysie Łużyckiej Oder-Neiße-Grenze was drawn in the aftermath of World War II as the eastern border of Germany and The Curzon Line was a Demarcation line proposed in 1920 by the British Foreign Secretary George Nathaniel Curzon 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston The Yalta Conference, sometimes called the Crimea Conference and Codenamed the Argonaut Conference, was the wartime meeting from 4 February

Lviv is the hometown of the Eurovision Song Contest 2004 winner Ruslana, who has since become well known in Europe. ^[6]

Universities and academia

Lviv University is one of the oldest in Central Europe. Its founding goes back as a Jesuit school in 1608. The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order Its prestige greatly increased through the work of philosopher Kazimierz Twardowski (1866–1938), one of the founders of the Lwów-Warsaw School of Logic. Kazimierz Jerzy Skrzypna-Twardowski, Ritter von Ogończyk ( October 20, 1866, Vienna, Austria – February 11, 1938 The Lwów–Warsaw School of Logic was headed by Kazimierz Twardowski, who had been a student of Franz Brentano and is regarded as the "father of Polish logic This school of thought set benchmarks for academic research and education in Poland. Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency Very well-known were the mathematicians Stefan Banach, Juliusz Schauder and Stanislaw Ulam, who turned Lviv in the 1930s into the "World Centre of Functional Analysis". Stefan Banach ( Ukrainian: Степан Степанович Банах 1892–1945 was a Polish Mathematician who worked in interwar Poland and in Juliusz Paweł Schauder (1899-1943 was a Polish mathematician of Jewish origin known for his work in Functional analysis, Partial differential Stanisław Marcin Ulam ( April 13, 1909 &ndash May 13, 1984) was a Polish Mathematician who participated in the Manhattan Although the scientists faced many obstacles at the universities, their share in Lviv academia was very substantial.

Mathematics

Lviv is the home of the Scottish Café, where, in the 1930s and the early 1940s, Polish mathematicians from the Lwów School of Mathematics met and spent their afternoons discussing mathematical problems. The Scottish Café (Kawiarnia Szkocka Шотла́ндська кав'я́рня Шотла́ндское кафе was the café in Lwów (now Lviv) where A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and research is the field of Mathematics. The Lwów School of Mathematics (lwowska szkoła matematyczna Львівська математична школа was a group of Mathematicians who worked between the Stanisław Ulam (later, a participant in the Manhattan Project and the proposer of the Teller-Ulam design of thermonuclear weapons), Stefan Banach (one of the founders of functional analysis), Hugo Steinhaus, Karol Borsuk, Kazimierz Kuratowski, Mark Kac, and many other famous mathematicians would gather there. Stanisław Marcin Ulam ( April 13, 1909 &ndash May 13, 1984) was a Polish Mathematician who participated in the Manhattan The World War II Manhattan Project developed the first Nuclear weapon (atomic bomb The Teller–Ulam design is a Nuclear weapon design which is used in Megaton -range Thermonuclear weapons and is more colloquially referred to as "the Nuclear weapon designs are physical chemical and engineering arrangements that cause the physics package of a nuclear weapon to detonate Stefan Banach ( Ukrainian: Степан Степанович Банах 1892–1945 was a Polish Mathematician who worked in interwar Poland and in For functional analysis as used in psychology see the Functional analysis (psychology article Władysław Hugo Dionizy Steinhaus ( January 14, 1887 &ndash February 25, 1972) was a Polish Mathematician and Karol Borsuk ( May 8, 1905, Warsaw &ndash January 24, 1982, Warsaw) was a Polish mathematician Kazimierz Kuratowski ( Warsaw, February 2, 1896 &ndash June 18, 1980) was a Polish Mathematician and Logician Mark Kac (pronounced kahts, Marek Kac Ukrainian: Марко Срулевич Кац b ^[7] The café, originally on Akamemichna, is now called the Desertniy Bar, and is located at 27, Taras Shevchenko Prospekt. ^[8]

Prints and media

Starting in the 1900s a new movement started under with young authors from Eastern Europe. Young Jewish authors in particular were searching for a new identity through modern, Yiddish literature. Yiddish literature encompasses all belles lettres written in Yiddish the language of Ashkenazic Jewry which is related to Middle High German In Lviv, a small neo-romantic group of authors formed around the lyricist Schmuel Jankev Imber. The term neo-romanticism is used to cover a variety of movements in music and painting A lyricist is a Writer who specializes in Song Lyrics, usually paid for by a band to write a custom song(s Small print offices produced collections of modern poems and short stories. Through emigration a large network was established.

A second, smaller group tried in the 1930s to create a connection between avantgarde art and Yiddish culture. Avant-garde (avɑ̃gaʁd in French) means "advance guard" or "vanguard Members of this group were Debora Vogel, Rachel Auerbach and Rachel Korn. The Shoah destroyed this movement violently. Debora Vogel was, amongst many other Yiddish authors, murdered by the Nazis in the 1940s.

Films and books featuring Lviv

• Portions of Schindler's List were shot in the city centre, as this was less expensive than in Kraków. Schindler's List is a Biographical film directed by Steven Spielberg and written by Steven Zaillian. Kraków, in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow (ˈkrækaʊ M-W: krăk'ou krāk'ō is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland
• Some of the Austrian road-movie Blue Moon was shot in Lviv. Blue Moon is an Austrian movie written and directed by Andrea Maria Dusl in 2002.
• Parts of the movie and novel Everything Is Illuminated take place in Lviv. Everything Is Illuminated is the first Novel by the American writer Jonathan Safran Foer, published in 2002.
• Brian R. Banks' Muse & Messiah: The Life, Imagination & Legacy of Bruno Schulz (1892–1942) has several pages which discuss the history and cultural-social life of the Lviv region. The book includes a CD-ROM with many old and new photographs and the first English map of nearby Drohobych. Drohobych (Дрогóбич Cities' alternative names) is a City located at the confluence of the Tysmenytsia River and Seret, a tributary

Sports

Lviv was an important centre for sport in Central Europe and it is regarded as the cradle of Polish football. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered The first known official goal in a football match in Poland was scored there on 14 July 1894 during the Lviv-Kraków game. The goal was scored by Włodzimierz Chomicki, who represented the team of Lviv. Włodzimierz Michal Chomicki (born April 19, 1878 in Lwow, died July 12, 1953 in Chocianow) was a scorer of the first officially In 1904 Kazimierz Hemerling from Lviv published the first translation into Polish of the rules of football; another native of Lviv, Stanisław Polakiewicz, became the first officially recognised Polish referee in 1911, the year in which the first Polish Football Federation was founded in Lviv.

The first Polish professional football club, Czarni Lwów, opened in 1903 and the first stadium, which belonged to Pogon, in 1913. Czarni Lwów was one of the first Polish professional football club (then Sports club Another Lviv side, Pogon Lwów, was four times football champion of Poland (1922, 1923, 1925 and 1926). LKS Pogoń Lwów was one of the first and biggest Polish professional sports clubs and the second oldest Polish football club behind other teams from Lwów - In the late 1920s, as many as four teams from Lviv played in the Polish Football League (Pogon, Czarni, Hasmonea and Lechia). Several notable figures of Polish football come from this city, including Kazimierz Gorski, Ryszard Koncewicz, Michal Matyas and Waclaw Kuchar. Kazimierz Klaudiusz Górski ( March 2 1921 &ndash May 23 2006) was a legendary coach of Poland national football team and honorary Ryszard Tadeusz Koncewicz (born April 12 in Lwów, died March 15, 2001 in Warsaw) was a Polish Soccer player Michał Franciszek Mieczysław Matyas ( 28 September 1910 in Brzozów - 22 October 1975 in Kraków) was a Polish Wacław Michał Kuchar (born September 16, 1897 in Łańcut &mdash died February 13, 1981 in Warsaw) was a Polish

Lviv is also the Polish cradle of other sports. In January 1905 the first Polish ice-hockey match took place there; two years later the first ski-jumping competition was organized in nearby Slawsko, and in the same year the first Polish basketball games were organized in Lviv's gymnasiums. Slavske (Славське Slawsko is a popular Ski resort town in the Eastern Beskids range of the Carpathian mountains in western Ukraine Several years earlier, in the autumn of 1887, in a gymnasium by Lyczakowska Street, the first Polish track and field competition took place, with such sports as long jump and high jump. Lviv's athlete Wladysław Ponurski represented Austria in the 1912 Olympic Games in Stockholm. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The 1912 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the V Olympiad, were an International Multi-sport event which was celebrated in 1912 in ('stɔkhɔlm is Sweden 's Capital and its largest City. It is the site of the national Swedish government, the parliament, and the In addition, on 9 July 1922 the first official rugby game in Poland took place at the stadium of Pogon Lwów, in which the rugby team of Orzel Biały Lwów divided itself into two teams - "The Reds" and "The Blacks". Overview See also Playing rugby union A rugby union match lasts for 80 minutes (plus stoppage time with a short The referee of this game was a Frenchman by the name of Robineau.

Lviv now has several major professional football clubs and some smaller clubs. FC Karpaty Lviv, founded in 1963, plays in the first division of the Ukrainian Premier League. FC Karpaty Lviv (ФК «Карпати» Львів is a Ukrainian professional football club from the city of Lviv. History See also Soviet Top League See also Ukrainian Soviet competitions The league emerged and was established after the collapse of the Union Sometimes, the youth of Lviv assemble on the central street (Freedom Avenue) to watch and cheer an outdoor broadcast of a game.

Lviv's Ukraina Stadium is to be renovated and will host three group matches during EURO 2012. Ukraina Stadium (стадіон Україна is a multi-use Stadium in Lviv, Ukraine. The 2012 UEFA European Football Championship, commonly referred to as Euro 2012, will be the 14th European Championship for national football teams

Sister cities

Economy

Lviv is one of the largest cities in Ukraine and is growing rapidly. Corning is a City in Steuben County, New York, United States, on the Chemung River. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Kraków, in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow (ˈkrækaʊ M-W: krăk'ou krāk'ō is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Winnipeg (ˈwɪnɨpɛg is the capital and largest city in the Canadian province of Manitoba, and 7th largest municipality in Canada with a population Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Wrocław (Breslau Vratislav Vratislavia or Wratislavia Yiddish: ברעסלוי) is the chief City of the historical region of Lower Silesia Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Eskilstuna (ˈɛscɪlsˌtʰʉːna is a city in Södermanland, Sweden and the seat of Eskilstuna Municipality. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Banja Luka or Banjaluka ( Cyrillic: Бања Лука ˌbaɲaˈluːka is the capital and the largest Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan Novi Sad ( Cyrillic: Нови Сад 'nɔviː 'saːd; Hungarian: Újvidék Slovak Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Kutaisi (ქუთაისი ancient names Aea / Aia, Kutatisi, Kutaïssi) is Georgia 's second largest city and the capital of the Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Przemyśl (Перемишль Peremyshl, Prömsel פּשעמישל- Pshemishl) is a city in south-eastern Poland with 67847 inhabitants (2005 Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland It typifies a post-Soviet era developing city. It has problems with infrastructure and pollution, including heavy downtown car pollution on weekdays, some local corruption and irregularities in water supply (especially hot water).

According to the Ministry of Economy of Ukraine, the average salary in the Lviv Oblast is a little less than the average for Ukraine, which, in September 2006, was about 1000 UAH or roughly 200 USD. See also Lviv Oblast (Львівська область translit L’vivs’ka oblast’; also referred to as L’vivshchyna - Львівщина The hryvnia, sometimes hryvnya or (incorrectly hryvna or hrivna (гривня ˈɦrɪu̯nʲɑ sign: ₴, code: The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been

In 2006, Ukraine's economic freedom was rated at 3. 24, where a rating 1. 0 is "freer" than a rating 5. 0. According to the World Bank classification, Lviv is a lower middle-income city.

There are many street vendors of food, books, clothes, traditional cultural items and tourist gifts. There are many restaurants and shops, some of which sell expensive western-made goods.

In an interesting mixture of the past and present, peasants from the countryside sell their goods beside a cellphone shop in a medieval building.

Banking and money trading are an important part of the economy, with many banks and exchange offices throughout the city.

Education

Main article: List of universities in Ukraine

Lviv is an important education centre of Ukraine. This is a partial list of universities in Ukraine, by city Alchevsk Donbass State Technical University Official Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. It is home to three major universities and a number of smaller schools of higher education. A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects There are eight institutes of the National Academy of Science of Ukraine, more than forty research institutes, three academies and eleven state-owned colleges. The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Національна академія наук України Natsional’na akademiya nauk Ukrayiny) is the highest state research Another institute that was and is renowned in the region is the Lviv Polytechnic (in Polish: Politechnika Lwowska). Lviv Polytechnic National University ( Львівська політехніка Національний університет, Politechnika Lwowska Национальный

Universities

• Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical Academy - (Львiвський Національний Медичний Унiверситет iм. Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University (Universitatis Medicinalis Leopoliensis (Львiвський Національний Медичний Унiверситет iм Данила Галицького)
• Lviv University – (Львівський національний університет імені Івана Франка)
• Lviv Polytechnic – (Національний університет "Львівська політехніка")
• Ukrainian Catholic University – (Український Католицький Університет )

Tourist attractions

• the Old Town
  • Ploshcha Rynok Market Square; 18,300 square metres. History Beginnings The University was founded on January 20 1661 when the King John II Casimir of Poland issued the diploma granting the city's Lviv Polytechnic National University ( Львівська політехніка Національний університет, Politechnika Lwowska Национальный The Ukrainian Catholic University (Український Католицький Університет Ukrains'kyy Katolyts'kyy Universytet) is a Catholic university Lviv's Old Town (Старе Місто Львова Stare Misto L’vova; Stare Miasto we Lwowie is the historic centre of the western Ukrainian city of
    • Black House
  • Armenian Cathedral
  • Orthodox Cathedral with Korniakt Bell Tower
  • Latin Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
  • St. George's Cathedral of the Greek-Catholic Church
  • Dominican Church of Corpus Christi
  • Chapel of Boim family
• Lviv High Castle hill overlooking the historical center
  • Union of Lublin Mound
• Lychakivskiy Cemetery

References

See also

• List of famous Leopolitans
• Polish football clubs in Lviv: Pogoń Lwów, Czarni Lwów, Lechia Lwów

External links

The inhabitants of Lviv are commonly known in English as Leopolitans (from the Latin name for the city Leopolis) LKS Pogoń Lwów was one of the first and biggest Polish professional sports clubs and the second oldest Polish football club behind other teams from Lwów - Czarni Lwów was one of the first Polish professional football club (then Sports club Lechia Lwów (full name Lwowski Klub Sportowy "Lechia" Lwów) was the first Polish professional football club founded on summer 1903

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic