| Luxating patella Classification and external resources | |
| ICD-10 | M21.1 |
|---|---|
Luxating patella (or trick knee, subluxation of patella, or floating patella), is a condition in which the patella, or kneecap, dislocates or moves out of its normal location. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision ( ICD -10) is a coding of diseases and signs symptoms abnormal findings M00-M99 - Diseases of the Musculoskeletal system and Connective tissue (M00-M25 Arthropathies (M00-M03 Infectious arthropathies The patella or kneecap is a thick triangular Bone which articulates with the Femur and covers and protects the knee joint
Patellar luxation is a common condition in dogs, particularly small and miniature breeds. The dog ( Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated Subspecies of the gray wolf, a Mammal of the Canidae family of the order The condition usually becomes evident between the ages of 4 to 6 months. It also occurs in cats, especially the Domestic Shorthair. WikipediaManual of Style (spelling, articles should conform to one overall spelling style of English typically the one most linked to the article topic (if it is geographic A domestic shorthaired cat (DSH is a Cat fancy term used to describe a shorthaired Cat that does not have a Pedigree or belong to a recognized Cat [1]
It also occurs in humans, where it can be associated with damage to the anterior cruciate ligament. The anterior cruciate ligament (or ACL) is one of the four major Ligaments of the Knee. [2]
Contents |
Presentation
Most cases of patellar luxation are medial and this is frequently a congenital problem in toy and miniature breed dogs. Breeds showing a predisposition for medial patellar luxation include miniature and toy poodles, Yorkshire terriers, Pomeranians, Pekingese, Chihuahuas and Boston Terriers. Large breed dogs are also affected and the Labrador retriever seems particularly predisposed. Patellar luxation is less common in cats than in dogs. Predisposed breeds include the Devon Rex and the Abyssinian. Although the specific cause of patellar luxation is unknown in these cases, it is generally agreed that a defect in hind limb conformation is the underlying cause. [3]
Causes
It can be caused by some form of blunt trauma, or may be a congenital defect. A congenital disorder is a disease or disorder that is present at birth In congenital cases, it is usually bilateral.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is made through palpation of the knee. X-rays are necessary in some cases. X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of Electromagnetic radiation. The luxating patella often causes no or very slight symptoms. There may be intermittent limping in the rear leg. Osteoarthritis can develop secondarily. Osteoarthritis ( OA, also known as degenerative Arthritis, degenerative joint disease) is a clinical syndrome in which low-grade inflammation
There are four diagnostic grades of patellar luxation[4], each more severe than the previous:
- Grade I - the patella can be manually luxated but is reduced (returns to the normal position) when released;
- Grade II - the patella can be manually luxated or it can spontaneously luxate with flexion of the stifle joint. In Anatomy, flexion is a position that is made possible by the joint angle decreasing The patella remains luxated until it is manually reduced or when the animal extends the joint and derotates the tibia in the opposite direction of luxation;
- Grade III - the patella remains luxated most of the time but can be manually reduced with the stifle joint in extension. The tibia, shinbone, or shankbone is the larger and stronger of the two Bones in the Leg below the Knee in vertebrates and connects Flexion and extension of the stifle results in reluxation of the patella;
- Grade IV - the patella is permanently luxated and cannot be manually repositioned. There may be up to 90¼ of rotation of the proximal tibial plateau. The femoral trochlear groove is shallow or absent, and there is displacement of the quadriceps muscle group in the direction of luxation. The femur is the thigh bone In Humans, it is the longest, most voluminous and strongest Bone. "Quads" redirects here For other uses see Quad The quadriceps femoris ( Latin for "four-headed of the femur" also
Treatment
Grades III and IV, as well as most grade II cases, require surgery to correct, if the animal has difficulty walking. Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē, via chirurgiae meaning "hand work" is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental The surgery involves a sulcoplasty, a deepening of the trochlear sulcus that the patella sits in. Sulcoplasty is an orthopedic surgical procedure performed on a Sulcus, which is a groove or indentation present on particular bones
Additional help can be given with the use of pet ramps, stairs, or steps. These can help the animal travel from one place to another, especially up and down, without adding any pain or damage to the patella.
External Links
References
- ^ Ettinger, Stephen J. ;Feldman, Edward C. (1995). Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 4th ed. , W. B. Saunders Company. ISBN 0-7216-6795-3.
- ^ The Knee and Shoulder Centers - [PRINTABLE Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery]. Retrieved on 2007-11-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont
- ^ http://www.vetspecialists.co.uk/06_Animal_Welfare/Orthopaedics/Patellar_Luxation.html
- ^ OFA. Patellar Luxation (text/html). Orthopedic Foundation for Animals. The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA is a Not-for-profit organization based in Columbia Missouri that aims to research and prevent orthopedic and hereditary Retrieved on 2007-09-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself
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