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Christianity |
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Martin Luther · Johann Sebastian Bach |
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| Book of Concord | |
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Augsburg Confession |
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Evangelical Catholic · Law and Gospel |
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Lutheran World Federation |
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Lutheran orthodoxy was an era in the history of Lutheranism, which began in 1580 from the writing of the Book of Concord and ended at the Age of Enlightenment. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther The Luther seal or Luther rose is a widely-recognized symbol for Lutheranism. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time Pietism was a movement within Lutheranism, lasting from the late 17th century to the mid-18th century and later Neo-Lutheranism was a 19th century revival movement within Lutheranism which began as a reaction against theological rationalism and Pietism. Martin Luther (November 10 1483 February 18 1546 was a German Monk, theologian, university professor Father of Protestantism, and church reformer WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section.2 This article is written in British English including maximised use of "-ise" Dietrich Bonhoeffer ˈdiːtrɪç ˈboːnhøfɐ ( February 4, 1906 &ndash April 9, 1945) was a German Lutheran Albert Schweitzer, MD, OM, (January 14 1875 &ndash September 4 1965 was an Alsatian theologian, Musician, Philosopher Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (ˈsœːɐn ˈkʰiɐ̯kəˌɡ̊ɒˀ in Danish Anglicized as;) Philipp Melanchthon (born Philipp Schwartzerd) ( February 16, 1497 &ndash April 19, 1560) was a German professor and theologian Henry Melchior Muhlenberg (an anglicanization of Heinrich Melchior Mühlenberg ( September 6, 1711 &ndash October 7, 1787) was a German Paul Gerhardt ( March 12, 1607 – May 27, 1676) was a German Hymn writer Trygve Halvdan Lie ( ( July 16, 1896 &ndash December 30, 1968) was a Norwegian politician Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld ( (29 July 1905 &ndash 18 September 1961 was a Swedish Diplomat, Christian mystic, and the second Secretary-General Carl Ferdinand Wilhelm Walther ( October 25 1811 – May 7 1887) was the first President of the Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod Martin Chemnitz ( November 9 1522 &ndash April 8 1586) was an eminent second-generation Lutheran theologian, reformer The Book of Concord or Concordia (1580 is the historic doctrinal standard of the Lutheran Church, consisting of ten credal The Augsburg Confession, also known as the "Augustana" from its Latin name Confessio Augustana is the primary confession of faith of the Lutheran The Smalcald Articles or Schmalkald Articles (Schmalkaldische Artikel are a summary of Lutheran doctrine written by Martin Luther in 1537 for a meeting The Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope ( 1537) ( Latin, Tractatus de Potestate et Primatu Papae The Tractate Luther's Large Catechism consisted of works written by Martin Luther and compiled Christian canonical texts, published in April of 1529. Luther's Small Catechism was written by Martin Luther and published in 1529 for the training of children Formula of Concord ( 1577) ( Latin: Formula concordiae, " Harmony Concord " also the " Bergic Book " is an authoritative The term Evangelical Catholic is used by Christian believers who consider themselves both " Catholic " and " evangelical. The relationship between God's Law and the Gospel is a major topic in Lutheran and Reformed theology Sola scriptura ( Latin ablative, "by scripture alone" is the assertion that the Bible as God's written word is self-authenticating Sola gratia is one of the Five solas propounded to summarise the Reformers' basic beliefs during the Protestant Reformation; it is a Latin term Sola fide ( Latin: by Faith alone also historically known as the doctrine of justification by faith is a doctrine that distinguishes most In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted The confession of one's Sins is a religious practice important to many faiths e The Eucharist, also called Holy Communion or Lord's Supper and other names is a Christian Sacrament by which in a common interpretation those Sacramental union ( Latin, unio sacramentalis; German, sakramentliche Einigkeit) is the Lutheran theological Doctrine The name Agenda (“Things to be Done” Germ. Agende or Kirchenagende) is given particularly in the Lutheran Church, to the official books Divine Service is the term used in the Eastern Orthodox Church to describe the daily cycle of public services celebrated in the Temple (church building The Lutheran liturgical calendar is a listing which details the primary annual festivals and events that are celebrated liturgically by various Lutheran churches The International Lutheran Council is a worldwide association of confessional Lutheran denominations The Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference (CELC is the successor to the Evangelical Lutheran Synodical Conference of North America except that it is international Laestadianism is a conservative Lutheran revival movement started in the middle of the 19th century This is a list of Lutheran denominations grouped by affiliation with international Lutheran bodies The word orthodox, from Greek orthodoxos "having the right opinion" from orthos ("right true straight" + doxa ("opinion Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther The Book of Concord or Concordia (1580 is the historic doctrinal standard of the Lutheran Church, consisting of ten credal The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century Lutheran orthodoxy was parallelled by similar eras in Calvinism and tridentine Roman Catholicism after the Counter-Reformation. Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the The Counter-Reformation (also Catholic Reformation denotes the period of Catholic revival from the pontificate of Pope Pius IV in 1560 to the close of the
Contents |
Theology
The Book of Concord gave inner unity to Lutheranism, which had many controversies, mostly between Gnesio-Lutherans and Philippists in Roman Catholic outward pressure and in alleged "crypto-Calvinistic" influence. The Book of Concord or Concordia (1580 is the historic doctrinal standard of the Lutheran Church, consisting of ten credal The Philippists formed a party in early Lutheranism. Their opponents were called Gnesio-Lutherans. Crypto-Calvinism is a term for Calvinist influence in the Lutheran Church during the decades just after the death of Martin Luther (1546 Theology became now more like stable theoretical defining. Scholastic paradigm was gradually adopted again for theological argumentation against Jesuits and it was finally established by Johann Gerhard. Scholasticism was the dominant form of theology and philosophy in the Latin West in the Middle Ages, particularly in the 12th 13th and 14th centuries The word paradigm ( Greek:παράδειγμα (paradigmacomposite from para- and the verb δείχνυμι "to show" as a whole -roughly- meaning "example" The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order Johann Gerhard ( October 17, 1582 – August 10, 1637) was a Lutheran church leader and theologian Abraham Calovius represents the climax of Lutheran scholasticism. Abraham Calovius ( 16 April 1612 &ndash 25 February 1686) was a Lutheran theologian and was one of the champions of Lutheran Other orthodox Lutheran theologians were e. g. Martin Chemnitz, Aegidius Hunnius, Leonhard Hutter, Nicolaus Hunnius, Jesper Rasmussen Brochmand, Salomo Glassius, Johann Hülsemann, Johann Conrad Dannhauer, Johannes Andreas Quenstedt, Johann Friedrich König and Johann Wilhelm Baier. Martin Chemnitz ( November 9 1522 &ndash April 8 1586) was an eminent second-generation Lutheran theologian, reformer Aegidius Hunnius the Elder (b Dec 21 1550 Winnenden - d April 4 1603 Wittenberg) Lutheran theologian and father Leonhard Hutter (January 1563 - October 23, 1616) was a German Lutheran theologian. Nicolaus Hunnius (b at Marburg July 11, 1585; d at Lübeck Apr 12, 1643) the third son of Egidius Hunnius Jesper Rasmussen Brochmand, Bishop of Zealand; born at Køge (20 m Salomo Glassius ( May 20, 1593 - July 27, 1656) was a German Theologian and biblical critic born at Johann Hülsemann (1602-1661 was a German Lutheran Theologian. Johann Conrad Dannhauer (b at Köndringen (10 m n of Freiburg) March 24, 1603; d Johannes Andreas Quenstedt ( August 13, 1617 - May 22, 1688) was a German Lutheran dogmatician Johann Wilhelm Baier ( November 11, 1647 &ndash October 19, 1695) was Lutheran theologian of the seventeenth century Theological heritage of Philip Melanchthon rose up again in Helmstedt School and especially in theology of Georgius Calixtus, which caused Syncretistic Strife. Philipp Melanchthon (born Philipp Schwartzerd) ( February 16, 1497 &ndash April 19, 1560) was a German professor and theologian The University of Helmstedt, official Latin name Academia Julia ("Julius University" was a University in Helmstedt, Brunswick-Lüneburg Georgius Calixtus or Calisen ( December 14, 1586 &ndash March 19, 1656) was a German Lutheran Theologian Syncretism consists of the attempt to reconcile disparate or contradictory beliefs often while melding practices of various schools of thought Other theological issue was Crypto-Kenotic Controversy. [1] The last famous orthodox Lutheran theologian before Enlightenment and Neology was David Hollatz. Neology, the name given to the Rationalist theology of Germany or the rationalisation of the Christian Religion. David Hollatz, Lutheran dogmatician born at Wulkow near Stargard (34 km ESE of Stettin) in Pomerania, 1648 died at Jakobshagen Late orthodox Valentin Ernst Löscher took part in controversy against Pietism. Valentin Ernst Löscher (born at Sondershausen December 29, 1673; died at Dresden December 12, 1749) was a German orthodox Pietism was a movement within Lutheranism, lasting from the late 17th century to the mid-18th century and later
Worship and spirituality
Congregations maintained the full Mass rituals in their normal worship as suggested by Luther. The Mass is the Eucharistic celebration in the Latin liturgical rites of the Roman Catholic Church. In his Hauptgottesdienst (Main Service of Worship), Holy Communion was celebrated on each Sunday and festival. The Eucharist, also called Holy Communion or Lord's Supper and other names is a Christian Sacrament by which in a common interpretation those The traditional parts of the service were retained. Sometimes even incense was also used. Incense is composed of Aromatic biotic materials It releases fragrant Smoke when burned [2] Services were conducted in vernacular language, but in Germany, Latin was also present in both the Ordinary and Proper parts of the service. Vernacular refers to the Native language of a country or a locality The Ordinary of the Mass ( Latin: Ordo Missae) is the set of texts of the Roman Catholic Church Latin Rite Mass that are generally The Proper (Latin proprium) is a part of the Christian liturgy that varies according to the date either representing an observance within the Liturgical Year This helped students maintain their familiarity with the language. [3] As late as the time of Johann Sebastian Bach, churches in Leipzig still heard Polyphonic motets in Latin, Latin Glorias, chanted Latin collects and The Creed sung in Latin by the choir[4]
Church music flourished and this era is considered as a "golden age" of Lutheran hymnody. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section.2 This article is written in British English including maximised use of "-ise" This sort of fix restores section edit linkpoints to where they belong In Music, polyphony is a texture consisting of two or more independent Melodic voices, as opposed to music with just one voice ( Monophony " Gloria in excelsis Deo " ( Latin for "Glory to God in the highest" is the title and beginning of a hymn known also as the Greater Doxology Chant (from Old French chanter) is the Rhythmic speaking or Singing of Words or Sounds often primarily on one or two In Christian Liturgy, a collect kol-ekt' is both a liturgical action and a short general Prayer. A creed is a statement of Belief — usually Religious belief — or Faith often recited as part of a religious service [5] Some hymnwriters include Philipp Nicolai, Johann Heermann, Johann von Rist and Benjamin Schmolck in Germany, Haquin Spegel in Sweden, Thomas Hansen Kingo in Denmark, Petter Dass in Norway, Hallgrímur Pétursson in Iceland and Hemminki Maskulainen in Finland. Philipp Nicolai ( August 10 1556 in Bad Arolsen - Mengeringhausen &ndash October 26 1608 in Hamburg) was Johann Heermann ( 11 October, 1585 - 17 February, 1647) German Poet and Hymn -writer Johann von Rist (1607-1667 German poet was born at Ottensen in Holstein (today Hamburg on 8 March 1607; the son of the Benjamin Schmolck ( December 21, 1672 -1737 was a German Lutheran composer of Hymns He was born as a Pastor 's son in Haquin Spegel (Haqvin born ( June 14, 1645 &ndash April 17, 1714) as Håkan Spegel in Ronneby in south-east Thomas Hansen Kingo ( December 15, 1634 &ndash October 14, 1703 Odense) was a Danish bishop poet and hymn-writer Petter Dass (born in 1647 died September 18, 1707) was the foremost Norwegian Poet and Hymn writer of his generation Hallgrímur Pétursson (1614 &ndash October 27 1674) was one of Iceland 's most famous poets and a minister at Hvalneskirkja and Saurbær The most famous orthodox Lutheran hymnwriter is Paul Gerhardt. Paul Gerhardt ( March 12, 1607 – May 27, 1676) was a German Hymn writer Prominent church musicians and composers include Michael Praetorius, Melchior Vulpius, Johann Hermann Schein, Heinrich Schütz, Johann Crüger, Dieterich Buxtehude and Johann Sebastian Bach[6][7]
Orthodoxy produced numerous postils, which were important devotional reading and with hymns conserved orthodox Lutheran spirituality later in age of Pietism and Neology. Michael Praetorius (probably February 15 1571 &ndash February 15 1621 was a German Composer, organist, and writer about Music. Melchior Vulpius (1560 or 1570 - August 7, 1615) was a German singer and composer of church music Johann Hermann Schein (January 20 1586 &ndash November 19 1630 was a German composer of the early Baroque era Heinrich Schütz (October 8 ( JC) 1585 Köstritz - November 6 1672 Dresden) was a German Composer and organist, generally regarded Johann Crüger (April 9 1598 – February 23 1662 was a German Composer of well-known Hymns Crüger was born in Groß Breesen near Guben as the son Dieterich Buxtehude ( Dietrich, Diderich) (c 1637 &ndash 9 May 1707 was a German-Danish Organist, Lutenist WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section.2 This article is written in British English including maximised use of "-ise" Postil or Postilla: A medieval Latin term for a marginal note or a Biblical commentary affixed to a text being an abbreviation of the phrase post illa verba textus. Pietism was a movement within Lutheranism, lasting from the late 17th century to the mid-18th century and later Neology, the name given to the Rationalist theology of Germany or the rationalisation of the Christian Religion. E. g. Johann Gerhard, Heinrich Müller and Christian Scriver wrote also other kind of devotional literature [1]. Johann Gerhard ( October 17, 1582 – August 10, 1637) was a Lutheran church leader and theologian Christian Scriver ( January 2, 1629 &ndash April 5, 1693) was a German Lutheran devotional writer Mediaeval mystical tradition continued in works of Martin Moller, Johann Arndt and Joachim Lütkemann. Christian Mysticism is traditionally practised through the disciplines of Prayer (including oratio meditation and Contemplation Martin Moller ( 10 November, 1547 - 2 March, 1606) German Poet and mystic. Johann Arndt (or Arnd) ( December 27 1555 &ndash May 11 1621) was a German Lutheran theologian who Pietism became rival of orthodoxy but adopted some orthodox devotional literature like Arndt's, Scriver's and Prätorius' which have later often been mixed with pietistic literature. Pietism was a movement within Lutheranism, lasting from the late 17th century to the mid-18th century and later Johann Arndt (or Arnd) ( December 27 1555 &ndash May 11 1621) was a German Lutheran theologian who Christian Scriver ( January 2, 1629 &ndash April 5, 1693) was a German Lutheran devotional writer Generally 17th century was more difficult age than the age of reformation, e. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time g. due to Thirty Years' War. For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War. This can be seen often also in hymns and devotional writings.
Evaluation of Lutheran orthodoxy
The era of Lutheran orthodoxy is not well known, and it has been very often looked at only through the view of neo-protestantic Liberal theology and Pietism and thus underestimated. For liberal political views within Christianity see Christian left. Pietism was a movement within Lutheranism, lasting from the late 17th century to the mid-18th century and later Also the wide gap between theology of orthodoxy and rationalism has sometimes more or less limited later theological neo-Lutheran and confessional Lutheran attempts to understand and restore Lutheran orthodoxy. In Epistemology and in its broadest sense rationalism is "any view appealing to Reason as a source of knowledge or justification" (Lacey 286 Neo-Lutheranism was a 19th century revival movement within Lutheranism which began as a reaction against theological rationalism and Pietism. Confessional Lutheran is a name used by certain Lutheran Christians to designate themselves as those who accept the doctrines taught in the Book of Concord Most significant theologians of orthodoxy can be said to be Martin Chemnitz and Johann Gerhard. Martin Chemnitz ( November 9 1522 &ndash April 8 1586) was an eminent second-generation Lutheran theologian, reformer Johann Gerhard ( October 17, 1582 – August 10, 1637) was a Lutheran church leader and theologian Lutheran orthodoxy can also be reflected in such rulers as Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Altenburg and Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. Ernst I Duke of Saxe-Gotha and Altenburg, called "the Pious" (b For the other Swedish kings known as Gustavus Adolphus see Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden or Gustav VI Adolf of Sweden
References
- ^ Lutheran Theology after 1580 article in Christian Cyclopedia
- ^ Gesch. d. ev. Kirche in Deutschland, p. 300 by Rudolf Rocholl
- ^ Worship and Liturgy in the 17th century Lutheran Music, accessed November 7, 2006
- ^ Worship and Liturgy in the 16th century Lutheran Music, accessed November 7, 2006
- ^ Hymnody, Christian, article in Christian Cyclopedia
- ^ Composers of the 17th century Lutheran Music, accessed November 7, 2006
- ^ Composers of the 18th century Lutheran Music, accessed November 7, 2006
See also
External links
- Sketch of the dogmaticians of Lutheran orthodoxy from The Doctrinal Theology of the Evangelical Lutheran Church by Heinrich Schmid
- Lutheran Legacy
- Repristination Press - The Center for the Study of Lutheran Orthodoxy