Iberian Peninsula at about 200 BC [1].

The Lusitanians (or Lusitani in Latin) were an Indo-European people living in the western Iberian Peninsula long before it became the Roman province of Lusitania (modern Portugal south of the Douro River and what now is Extremadura in modern Spain). Portugal is a European Nation whose origins go back to the Early Middle Ages. The Prehistory of the Iberian peninsula begins with the arrival of the first Hominins c In Latin poetry Oestreminis ("Extreme West" was a name given to the territory of what is today modern Portugal, comparable to Finis terrae, the Ophiussa, also spelled Ophiusa, is the ancient name given by the ancient Greeks to what is now Portuguese territory The Gallaeci, Callaeci, or Callaici were a Pre- Roman Celtic single or various tribes living in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula The Celtici were a Celtic tribe of the Iberian peninsula, akin either to the Lusitanians and Gallaecians or the Celtiberians, living The Cynetes or Conii were a one of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula, living in today's Algarve and Low Alentejo regions of southern The Roman conquest of Hispania was a historical period that began with the Roman landing at Empúries in 218 BC and ended with the Roman conquest of the Iberian The Second Punic War (referred to as "The War Against Hannibal" by the Romans lasted from 218 to 201 BC and involved combatants in the western The Lusitanian War, called the Purinos Polemos (meaning Fiery War) was a war of resistance fought between the advancing legions of the Roman Republic Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra, Gibraltar This article concerns the Roman province For the ship see RMS Lusitania. Gallaecia or Callaecia was the name of a Roman province that comprised The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East The Visigothic kingdom was a Western European power from the fifth to eighth century one of the Successor states to the Western Roman Empire, originally The Suebi or Suevi (from Proto-Germanic * swēbaz based on the Proto-Germanic root * swē- meaning "one's own" Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period The Kingdom of Asturias was the first Christian political entity to be established in the Iberian peninsula after the collapse of the Visigothic Kingdom of León was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula. Condado de Portucale was the first County founded in Portugal. The County of Coimbra (Condado de Coimbra was a political entity instituted as a military unit of defense in the borders of the Kingdom of Galicia in the Iberian Peninsula The Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal was formed in 1065 after the County of Portugal declared Independence following Condado Portucalense was the second County founded in Portugal. The Kingdom of Portugal was Portugal 's general designation under the monarchy. The history of Portugal, in most of the 12th and 13th centuries is chiefly that of its origin as a separate state in the process of the Christian The Consolidation of the Monarchy in Portugal ( 1279 - 1415) 1279 Until the Early 14th Century The chief problems now confronting the monarchy For additional context see History of Portugal and Portuguese Empire. The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta This article is a comprehensive list of all the actual possessions of the Portuguese Empire Iberian Union is a modern day term that refers to the historical political unit that governed all of the Iberian peninsula south of the Pyrenees from 1580–1640 The History of Portugal from the beginning of Maria I's reign in 1777 to the end of the Liberal Wars in 1834 spans a complex historic period in which several The Portuguese First Republic (Primeira República spans a complex 16 year period in the history of Portugal, between the end of the Constitutional Monarchy The Ditadura Nacional ( Portuguese for National Dictatorship was the name of the Portuguese regime initiated by the election of President Óscar Carmona Estado Novo ( Portuguese for " New State " pron (ɨʃ'tadu 'novu also known as the Second Republic) is the name of the Portuguese The Portuguese Third Republic is a period in the History of Portugal corresponding to the current democratic regime installed after the Carnation Revolution Euro 2004 Euro 2004 was won by Greece The final match was played by Greece and Portugal. This article covers the economic history of Portugal. Portugal was once one of the largest and most powerful political and economic powers in the world The Military history of Portugal is as long as the history of the country, either before the emergence of the socio-political reality of an independent Portuguese state The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta The Portuguese language developed in the Western Iberian Peninsula from Latin brought there by Roman soldiers and colonists starting in the 3rd century Medieval music Liturgical repertoire In the early days of the Catholic Church several local liturgies developed such as the Gallican in France the Sarum in England This is a historical timeline of Portugal. See also History of Portugal Pre-Roman Western Iberia (Before the 3rd century BC Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin provincia, pl provinciae) was the basic and until the Tetrarchy (circa This article concerns the Roman province For the ship see RMS Lusitania. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Douro or Duero ( Latin: Durius, Spanish: Duero, Portuguese: Douro, pron. Extremadura is an autonomous community of western Spain whose capital city is Mérida. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. They spoke the Lusitanian language. Lusitanian (so named after the Lusitani or Lusitanians) was a paleohispanic language that clearly belongs to the Indo-European family like the The modern Portuguese people see the Lusitanians living in the western Iberian peninsula as their ancestors. The Portuguese people (os Portugueses literally the Portuguese) are the Ethnic group or Nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west The most notable Lusitanian was Viriathus. Viriathus (known as Viriato in Portuguese and Spanish) ( ? - 139 BC was the most important leader of the Lusitanian people that resisted

Origins

Lusitanians may have come from the Alps and settled in the region in the 6th century BCE. The 6th century BC started the first day of 600 BC and ended the last day of 501 BC. But historians and archeologists are undecided about their ethnic origins. See also History An historian is an individual who studies and writes about History, and is regarded as an Authority on it Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos Some modern authors consider them to be indigenous and initially dominated by the Celts, before gaining full independence from them. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts The archeologist Scarlat Lambrino proposed that they were originally a tribal group of Celtic origin related to the Lusones that inhabited the east of the Iberian Peninsula. The Lusones were an ancient Celtiberian (Pre- Roman) people of the Iberian peninsula (the Roman Hispania) in the high Tajuña River Possibly, both tribes came from the Swiss mountains. Many prefer to see the Lusitanians as native Iberian (rather than mixed Celt-Iberian), resulting from intermarriage between tribes. The Celtiberians (or Celt-Iberians were a Celtic people of Hallstatt culture

The first area settled by the Lusitanians was probably the Douro valley and the region of Beira Alta; in Beira they stayed until they defeated the Celts and other tribes, then they expanded up to the Tagus middle valley (current Spanish Extremadura), before being conquered by the Romans. Beira Alta ( pron. 'bɐiɾɐ aɫtɐ was a Portuguese Province in the central part of the country Extremadura is an autonomous community of western Spain whose capital city is Mérida. The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the

Originally the Roman province of Lusitania included the territories of Asturia and Gallaecia, but these were later ceded to the jurisdiction of new Provincia Tarraconensis and the former remained as Provincia Lusitania et Vettones. The Principality of Asturias ( Spanish: Principado de Asturias, Asturian: Principáu d'Asturies or Asturies) is an Gallaecia or Callaecia was the name of a Roman province that comprised The Vettones were one of the pre- Roman Celtic peoples of the Iberian Peninsula (the Roman Hispania, modern Spain and Portugal Its northern border was along the Douro, while on its eastern side its border passed through Salmantica and Caesarobriga to the Anas (Guadiana) river. Guadiana (Wadi Ana Anas Guadiana Guadiana pron. gwɐdi'ɐnɐ or Odiana) is one of the major Rivers of Spain and Portugal

Culture

Lusitanian culture was influenced by Celtic culture. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts

Lusitanians lived in small quadrangular houses (round in the north) with a single floor, made of stones. Their clothes were made of wool or of goat skin. They wore necklaces, bracelets, and other jewellery made of gold. They made their jewels using a filigree method, or by hammering. Wine was only used in festivities and they usually drank water, goats milk and beer. Lusitanians practiced monogamy. Monogamy is the custom or condition of having only one mate in a Relationship, thus forming a Couple. They used boats made of leather, or from harvested lumber.

They used anointing-rooms twice a day and took baths in vapors that rose from heated stones, then bathing in cold water.

They practiced gymnastic exercises such as boxing and racing. They sacrificed goats, horses, and human prisoners to Cariocecus, god of war. Cariocecus was the God of War in Lusitanian mythology, in the cultural area of Lusitania (in the territory of modern Portugal)

In battles with the Romans, Lusitanians gained a reputation as fierce fighters. They used weapons such as the dagger, the iron javelin, and the brass spear. A dagger (from Vulgar Latin: 'daca' - a Dacian Knife) is a typically double-edged blade used for Stabbing or thrusting The pilum (plural pila) was a heavy javelin commonly used by the Roman army in ancient times This is an article about a particle accelerator For uses of spear, see Spear or Spear (disambiguation. Roman records attest to their presence among Carthaginian mercenaries in battles in the Pyrenees. Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers The Pyrenees (Pirineos French: Pyrénées; Catalan: Pirineus; Occitan: Pirenèus; Aragonese: Perinés

Religion

Main article: Lusitanian mythology

The Lusitanians worshipped various gods in a very diverse polytheism, using animal sacrifice. Lusitanian mythology is the Mythology of the Lusitanians, the Indo-European people of western Iberia, in the territory comprising most of modern They represented their gods and warriors in rudimentary sculpture. Endovelicus was the most important god: his cult eventually spread across the Iberian peninsula and beyond, to the rest of the Roman Empire and his cult maintained until the 5th century; he was the god of public health and safety. Endovelicus ( Endovélico in Portuguese) was an Iron Age god of Public health and Safety, worshipped in pre- Roman and Roman The 5th century is the period from 401 to 500 in accordance with the Julian calendar in Anno Domini / Common Era. The goddess Ataegina was especially popular in the south; as the goddess of rebirth (Spring), fertility, nature, and cure, she was identified with Proserpina during the Roman era. Ataegina or Ataecina (Spanish Atégina was a Chthonic Goddess worshipped by the ancient Iberians, Lusitanians, and Celtiberians Proserpina is an ancient Goddess whose story is the basis of a myth of Springtime. Lusitanian mythology was related to Celtic mythology, and during later Roman rule it also became heavily influenced by Roman mythology, as Romans also started venerating Lusitanian gods. Runesocesius, the javelin god, was also an important god, and often formed the supreme trinity in the Lusitanian pagan religion with Endovelicus and Ataegina. Runesocesius was the God of javelins in Lusitanian mythology, in the cultural area of Gallaecia and Lusitania (in the territory of

The Lusitanians practiced the cult of the dead, and used cremation.

Language

Main article: Lusitanian language

The Lusitanian language was a paleohispanic language that clearly belongs to the Indo-European family like the Celtiberian language. Lusitanian (so named after the Lusitani or Lusitanians) was a paleohispanic language that clearly belongs to the Indo-European family like the The Paleohispanic languages were the languages used in the Iberian peninsula before Latin became the dominant language Celtiberian (also known as northeastern Hispano-Celtic) is an extinct Indo-European language of the Celtic branch spoken by the Celtiberians

The precise filiation of the Lusitanian language inside Indo-European family is still in debate: there are those who endorse that it is a Celtic language with an obvious "celticity" to most of the lexicon, over many anthroponyms and toponyms. The Celtic languages are descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic" a branch of the greater Indo-European Language family. A second theory relates Lusitanian with the Italic languages; based on a relation of the name of Lusitanian deities with other grammatical elements of the area. The Italic subfamily is a member of the Indo-European language family's Centum branch Finally, Ulrich Schmoll proposed a new branch to which he named "Galician-Lusitanian".

Tribes

Map showing the main pre-Roman tribes in Portugal and their main migrations. Turduli movement in red, Celtici in brown and Lusitanian in a blue colour. Most tribes neighbouring the Lusitanians were dependent on them. Names are in Latin.

The Lusitanians were primarily a single tribe that lived between the rivers Douro and Tagus. A tribe, viewed historically or developmentally consists of a Social group existing before the development of or outside of States Many anthropologists use The Douro or Duero ( Latin: Durius, Spanish: Duero, Portuguese: Douro, pron. The Tagus ( Latin Tagus, Spanish Tajo, Portuguese Tejo, pron. Later, the name Lusitania was adopted by ancient Calaicians or Gallaeci (tribes living in the north of Douro River) and other closely surrounding tribes, eventually spreading as a label to all the local people fighting the Roman rule - but also because they were all culturally and ethnically very similar. Gallaecia or Callaecia was the name of a Roman province that comprised Most of these tribes were from the north of the Douro river.

Tribes, often known by their Latin names, living in the area of Portugal prior to the Roman rule:

• Bracari - living between the rivers Tâmega and Cávado, in the area of the modern city of Braga;
• Callaici -living north of the River Douro;
• Celtici - Celts living in Alentejo;
• Coelerni - living in the mountains between the rivers Tua and Sabor;
• Cynetes or Conii - living in the Algarve and the south of Alentejo;
• Equaesi - living in the most mountainous region of modern Portugal;
• Grovii - a mysterious tribe living in the Minho valley;
• Interamici - living in Trás-os-Montes and in the border areas with Galicia (in modern Spain);
• Leuni - living between the rivers Lima and Minho;
• Luanqui - living between the rivers Tâmega and Tua;
• Lusitani - being the most numerous and dominant of the region;
• Limici - living in the swamps of the river Lima, on the border between Portugal and Galicia);
• Narbasi - living in the north of modern Portugal (interior) and nearby area of southern Galicia;
• Nemetati - living north of the Douro Valley in the area of Mondim;
• Paesuri - a dependent tribe of the Lusitanians, living between the rivers Douro and Vouga;
• Quaquerni - living in the mountains at the mouths of rivers Cavado and Tâmega;
• Seurbi - living between the rivers Cávado and Lima (or even reaching the river Minho);
• Tamagani - from the area of Chaves, near the river Tâmega;
• Tapoli - another dependent tribe of the Lusitanians, living north of the river Tagus, on the border between modern Portugal and Spain;
• Turduli - in the east of Alentejo (Guadiana Valley);
• Turduli Veteres - the "ancient Turduli" living south of the estuary of the river Douro;
• Turdulorum Oppida - Turduli living in the Portuguese region of Estremadura;
• Turodi - living in Trás-os-Montes and bordering areas of Galicia;
• Vettones - living in the Spanish provinces of Ávila and Salamanca, as well as parts of Zamora, Toledo and Cáceres;
• Zoelae - living in the mountains of Serra da Nogueira, Sanabria and Culebra, up to the mountains of Mogadouro in northern Portugal and adjacent areas of Galicia. The Bracari were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, akin to the Calaicians or Gallaeci, living in the northwest of modern Portugal, in Braga (ˈBrag-uh a city and municipality in northwestern Portugal, is the capital of the district of Braga, the oldest archdiocese The Gallaeci, Callaeci, or Callaici were a Pre- Roman Celtic single or various tribes living in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula The Celtici were a Celtic tribe of the Iberian peninsula, akin either to the Lusitanians and Gallaecians or the Celtiberians, living Alentejo (ɐlẽˈtɛʒu is a south-central region of Portugal. The Coelerni were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia in Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula) part of Calaician or Gallaeci people, The Cynetes or Conii were a one of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula, living in today's Algarve and Low Alentejo regions of southern The Algarve ( pron aɫ'gaɾv(ɨ is the southernmost region of mainland Portugal. Alentejo (ɐlẽˈtɛʒu is a south-central region of Portugal. The Equaesi were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the north of modern Portugal, between the provinces of Minho and Trás-os-Montes Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Grovii were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the north of modern Portugal, in the province of Minho, around the Minho river The Interamici were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the north of modern Portugal, in the province of Trás-os-Montes, near the Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro ( pron. tɾaz-uʒ-'mõtɨʃ i 'aɫtu 'do(owɾu is a historical province of Portugal located in the northeastern corner of the country Galicia (occasionally Galiza) is an autonomous community in northwest Spain. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Leuni were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the north of modern Portugal, in the province of Minho, between the rivers The Luanqvi were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the north of modern Portugal, in the province of Trás-os-Montes, between the The Limici were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the swamps of the river Lima, in the border region between Minho ( Portugal The Narbasi were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the province of Minho (north of modern Portugal) and nearby areas of modern The Nemetati were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the north of modern Portugal between the Cávado and Ave Rivers in The Paesuri were an ancient Celtiberian tribe of Lusitania, akin to the Lusitanians, to whom they were a dependent tribe living between the rivers The Quaquerni were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the north of modern Portugal, province of Minho, in the mountains at the mouths The Seurbi were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the north of modern Portugal, in the province of Minho, between the rivers The Tamagani were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the north of modern Portugal, in the province of Trás-os-Montes, from the area The Tapoli were an ancient Celtiberian tribe of Lusitania, akin to the Lusitanians, to whom they were a dependent tribe living just north of the river The Turduli were an ancient Celtiberian tribe of Lusitania, akin to the Lusitanians, living in the south of modern Portugal,in the east of the Alentejo (ɐlẽˈtɛʒu is a south-central region of Portugal. The Turduli Veteres, or Ancient Turduli were an ancient Celtiberian tribe of Lusitania, akin to the Lusitanians and Calaicians The Turdulorum Oppida (Latin - Oppidums of the Turduli) or Turduli living in the Portuguese region of Estremadura (coastal central Portugal Estremadura ((ɨʃtɾɨmɐˈðuɾɐ is a historical Province of Portugal. The Turodi were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the north of modern Portugal, in the province of Trás-os-Montes and border areas Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro ( pron. tɾaz-uʒ-'mõtɨʃ i 'aɫtu 'do(owɾu is a historical province of Portugal located in the northeastern corner of the country Galicia (occasionally Galiza) is an autonomous community in northwest Spain. The Vettones were one of the pre- Roman Celtic peoples of the Iberian Peninsula (the Roman Hispania, modern Spain and Portugal Ávila is a province of central-western Spain, in the southern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. Salamanca is a province of western Spain, in the western part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. Zamora is a Spanish province of western Spain, in the western part of the autonomous community of Castile and Leon. Toledo is a province of central Spain, in the western part of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha. Cáceres is a province of western Spain, in the northern part of the autonomous community of Extremadura. The Zoelae were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the north of modern Portugal, in the province of Trás-os-Montes, between the Mogadouro ( pron. mugɐ'do(owɾu is a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 760 Galicia (occasionally Galiza) is an autonomous community in northwest Spain.

War with the Romans and eventual Romanisation

Main article: Lusitanian War

Since 193 BCE, the Lusitanians had been fighting the Romans. The Lusitanian War, called the Purinos Polemos (meaning Fiery War) was a war of resistance fought between the advancing legions of the Roman Republic In 150 BCE, they were defeated by Praetor Servius Galba: springing a clever trap, he killed 9,000 Lusitanians and later sold 20,000 more as slaves in Gaul (modern France). Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Three years later (147 BCE), Viriathus became the leader of the Lusitanians and severely damaged the Roman rule in Lusitania and beyond. Viriathus (known as Viriato in Portuguese and Spanish) ( ? - 139 BC was the most important leader of the Lusitanian people that resisted In 139 BCE Viriathus was betrayed and killed in his sleep by his companions (that had been sent as emissaries to the Romans), Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus, bribed by Marcus Pompilius Lenas. Audax Ditalcus and Minurus were the supposed assassins of the Lusitanian leader Viriathus. However, When Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus return to receive their reward by the Romans, the Consul Servilius Cipianus ordered their execution, declaring, "Rome does not pay traitors".

After Viriathus' rule, the Lusitanians became largely romanised and more interbred with them, acquiring Roman culture and language; the Lusitanian cities, in a manner similar to those of the rest of the romanised Iberian peninsula, eventually gained the status of "Citizens of Rome". The Portuguese language itself is a local evolution of the Roman language, Latin. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome.

Contemporary meaning

Further information: Lusitanic, Lusophone

Lusitanians are often used by Portuguese writers as a metaphor for the Portuguese people, and similarly, Lusophone is used to refer to a Portuguese speaker. Lusitanic ( Portuguese Lusitânico) from Latin Lusitanicus, adjective from Lusitania, the name of a Roman A Lusophone (or lusophone) is someone who speaks the Portuguese language natively or by adoption Metaphor (from the Greek: μεταφορά - metaphora, meaning "transfer" is language that directly compares seemingly unrelated subjects The Portuguese people (os Portugueses literally the Portuguese) are the Ethnic group or Nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal.

Lusitanic is at present a term used to categorize persons who share the linguistic and cultural traditions of the Portuguese-speaking nations of Portugal, Brazil, Macau, East Timor, Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Guinea Bissau and others. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste (officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste) is a country in Southeast Asia. Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (República de Angola Pronounced ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɨ ɐ̃ˈgɔlɐ Repubilika ya Ngola is a country in south-central Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique (Moçambique or República de Moçambique, ʁɛ'publikɐ d musɐ̃'bik is a country in southeastern Africa The Republic of Cape Verde ( Portuguese: Cabo Verde, 'kabu 'veɾdɨ is a Republic located on an Archipelago in the Macaronesia São Tomé and Príncipe, officially the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, is an Island nation in the Gulf of Guinea, off the western equatorial The Republic of Guinea-Bissau (ˈgɪni bɨˈsaʊ República da Guiné-Bissau ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɐ giˈnɛ biˈsau is a country in Western Africa, and one of the smallest

See also

• Cornelius Bocchus
• Gaius Appuleius Diocles
• Lusitania
• Lusitanic
• Emerita Augusta
• Gallaecia
• Portugal
• Galicia (Spain)
• History of Portugal
• History of Galicia
• Badajoz
• Astur-Leonese
• Timeline of Galician History
• Timeline of Portuguese history
• Extremadura
  • Pre-Roman Western Iberia (Before the 3rd Century BC)
  • Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia (3rd Century BC to 4th Century AC)
• Hispania
• Spain
• Roman Empire
• Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula

References

External links

• Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC)