Lupins
Wild Perennial Lupin (Sundial lupine, Lupinus perennis)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Subclass: Rosidae (unranked) Eurosids I Order: Fabales Family: Fabaceae Subfamily: Faboideae Tribe: Genisteae Subtribe: Lupininae Genus: Lupinus L.

Lupin, often spelled lupine in North America, is the common name for members of the genus Lupinus in the legume family (Fabaceae). Lupinus perennis ( Indian beet, Old maid's bonnets, and Sundial lupine) is a Medicinal plant in the Fabaceae family Lupinus perennis ( Indian beet, Old maid's bonnets, and Sundial lupine) is a Medicinal plant in the Fabaceae family Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Magnoliopsida is the Botanical name for a class of Flowering plants By definition the class will include the family Magnoliaceae, but its Under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN Rosidae is a Botanical name at the rank of subclass. In the APG II system for the classification of the Angiosperms the name rosids refers to a Clade, meaning a Monophyletic group of plants Fabales is an order of Flowering plants It is included in the rosid group of the Eudicots in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II Fabaceae or Leguminosae is a large and economically important family of Flowering plants which is commonly known as the legume family, pea Faboideae is a Subfamily of the Flowering plant family Fabaceae or Leguminosae Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic In Biological classification, family ( Latin Fabaceae or Leguminosae is a large and economically important family of Flowering plants which is commonly known as the legume family, pea The genus comprises between 200-600 species, with major centers of diversity in South America and western North America - subgen.Platycarpos) and subgen. Lupinus - in the Mediterranean region and Africa. In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. ^[1]

The species are mostly herbaceous perennial plants 0. A herbaceous plant (or in botanical use a Herb) is a Plant that has leaves and stems that die down at the end of A perennial plant or perennial ( Latin per, "through" annus, "year" is a Plant that lives for more than 3-1. 5 m (1-5 ft) tall, but some are annual plants and a few are shrubs up to 3 m (10 ft) tall - see also bush lupin -, with one species (Lupinus jaimehintoniana, from the Mexican state of Oaxaca) a tree up to 8 m high with a trunk 20 cm (8 in) in diameter. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International Botanically an annual plant is a Plant that usually germinates, Flowers and dies in one Year. A shrub or Bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of Woody plant, distinguished from a Tree The Free and Sovereign State of Oaxaca ( Estado Libre y Soberano de Oaxaca), in Spanish phonemically /oa'xaka/ named for its largest city, is one of the A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or They have a characteristic and easily recognised leaf shape, with soft green to grey-green leaves which in many species bear silvery hairs, often densely so. In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. The leaf blades are usually palmately divided into 5–28 leaflets or reduced to a single leaflet in a few species of the southeastern United States. In Botany, the following terms are used to describe the shape of plant leaves: Acicular ( acicularis) Slender and pointed needle-like The flowers are produced in dense or open whorls on an erect spike, each flower 1-2 cm long, with a typical peaflower shape with an upper 'standard', two lateral 'wings' and two lower petals fused as a 'keel'. A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also A centimetre ( American spelling: centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one hundredth A pea (inaccurately called a '''sweet pea''' by food distubutors is most commonly the small spherical Seed or the seed-pod of the Legume Pisum A petal (from Ancient Greek petalon "leaf" "thin plate" regarded as a highly modified leaf is one member or part of the corolla Due to the flower shape, several species are known as bluebonnets or quaker bonnets. The bluebonnet, a name common to several North American species of Lupinus ' is the state Flower of Texas. The fruit is a pod containing several seeds. The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. A legume is a Plant in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae or a Fruit of these specific plants A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored

Like most members of their family, lupins can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere into ammonia, fertilizing the soil for other plants. Nitrogen fixation is the process by which Nitrogen is taken from its natural relatively inert molecular form (N2 in the atmosphere and converted into Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel The genus Lupinus is nodulated by Bradyrhizobium soil bacteria^[2]. Root nodules occur on the roots of plants that associate with Vigna bacteria. Bradyrhizobium is a genus of Gram-negative Soil Bacteria, many of which fix nitrogen. Some species have a long central tap roots or proteoid roots. A Plant 's taproot is a straight tapering Root that grows vertically down Proteoid roots, also known as cluster roots, are Plant Roots that form clusters of closely spaced short lateral rootlets

Lupins contain significant amounts of certain secondary compounds like isoflavones and toxic alkaloids, e. Secondary metabolism (also called special metabolism) is a term for pathways and Small molecule products of Metabolism that are not absolutely required This article is about the chemical compounds alkaloids For the Pharmaceutical company in the Republic of Macedonia see Alkaloid (company. g. lupinine. Lupinine is a bitter tasting Alkaloid present in Lupinus spp of Leguminosae plants

Contents 1 Cultivation and uses 1.1 Horticulture and ecology 2 Selected species 3 Lupins in popular culture 4 See also 5 Footnotes 6 References 7 External links

Cultivation and uses

The yellow legume seeds of lupins, commonly called lupin beans, were quite popular with the Romans and they spread the cultivation of them throughout the Roman Empire; hence common names like lupini in Romance languages. A legume is a Plant in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae or a Fruit of these specific plants Lupin or Lupini Beans are yellow legume seeds of the Lupinus genus plant most commonly the Lupinus luteus or Yellow Lupin, and were once a common The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all Lupin beans are commonly sold in a salty solution in jars (like olives and pickles) and can be eaten with or without the skin. The Olive ( Olea europaea) is a Species of small Tree in the family Oleaceae, native to the coastal areas of the eastern Lupins are also cultivated as forage and grain legumes. Forage is plant material (mainly plant leaves and stems eaten by grazing Livestock.

Today, lupini dishes are most commonly found in Mediterranean countries, especially in Portugal, Egypt, and Italy, and also in Brazil and in Spanish Harlem, where they are popularly consumed with beer. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Spanish Harlem, also known as El Barrio and East Harlem, is a low income neighborhood in Harlem area of New York City, Beer is the world's oldest and most widely consumed Alcoholic beverage and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea The Andean variety of this bean is from the Andean Lupin (tarwi, L. The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. Lupinus mutabilis is a species of Lupin grown in the Andes for its edible Bean. mutabilis) and was a widespread food in the Incan Empire. The Inca Empire (or Inka Empire) was the largest empire in Pre-Columbian America. The Andean Lupin and the Mediterranean L. albus (White Lupin), L. Lupinus albus ( Linaeus 1753 commonly known as the white lupin, is a member of the Genus Lupinus in the family Fabaceae angustifolius (Blue Lupin)^[3] and Lupinus hirsutus^[4] are also edible after soaking the seeds for some days in salted water^[5]. Lupinus angustifolius L 1753 Sp Pl721 – narrow-leafed or blue lupin They are known as altramuz in Spain and Argentina. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. In Portuguese the lupin beans are known as tremoços, and in Antalya (Turkey) as tirmis. Antalya (formerly known as Adalia; from Pamphylian Greek: Αττάλεια Attália) is a city on the Mediterranean coast of southwestern Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Lupins were also used by Native Americans in North America, e. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. g. the Yavapai people. Yavapai (sometimes translated as mouthy or talkative people, but generally translated as the sun people because they worshipped the sun though many agree that it

These lupins are referred to as sweet lupins because they contain smaller amounts of toxic alkaloids than the bitter lupin varieties. This article is about the chemical compounds alkaloids For the Pharmaceutical company in the Republic of Macedonia see Alkaloid (company. Newly bred variants of sweet lupins are grown extensively in Germany; they lack any bitter taste and require no soaking in salt solution. The seeds are used for different foods from vegan sausages to lupin-tofu or baking-enhancing lupin flour. Tofu, also (the Japanese Romaji spelling doufu (the Chinese Pinyin spelling often used in Chinese recipes or bean curd (the literal Flour is a powder made of Cereal grains It is the key ingredient of Bread, which is a staple food in many countries and therefore the availability Given that lupin seeds have the full range of essential amino acids and that they, contrary to soy, can be grown in more temperate to cool climates, lupins are becoming increasingly recognized as a cash crop alternative to soy. An essential amino acid or indispensable amino acid is an Amino acid that cannot be synthesized de novo by the organism (usually referring to In Agriculture, a cash crop is a crop which is grown for Money.

Lupin milk is a milk substitute made from lupin protein. Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl

Three Mediterranean species of lupin, Blue Lupin, White Lupin and Yellow Lupin (L. The Mediterranean Basin refers to the lands around and surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea. Lupinus luteus is known as yellow lupin References 1 Intraspecific Diversity of Lupins 2 luteus) are widely cultivated for livestock and poultry feed. Both sweet and bitter lupins in feed can cause livestock poisoning. Lupin poisoning is a nervous syndrome caused by alkaloids in bitter lupins, similar to neurolathyrism. Lathyrism or Neurolathyrism is a neurological disease of humans and domestic animals caused by eating certain Legumes of the Genus Lathyrus Mycotoxic lupinosis is a disease caused by lupin material that is infected with the fungus Diaporthe toxica^[6]; the fungus produces mycotoxins called phomopsins, which cause liver damage. Mycotoxin (from the Greek μύκης (mykes mukos "fungus" is a Toxin produced by an organism of the Fungus kingdom which includes Mushrooms

On 22 December 2006, the European Commission submitted directive 2006/142/EC, which amends the EU foodstuff allergen list to include "lupin and products thereof".

Horticulture and ecology

Lupins are popular ornamental plants in gardens. The mission blue butterfly, Icaricia icarioides missionensis, is a blue or lycaenid Butterfly subspecies that is native to the San Francisco Bay Ornamental plants are typically grown in the flower Garden or as House plants Most commonly they are grown for the display of their Flowers Other common A garden is a planned space usually outdoors set aside for the display cultivation and enjoyment of Plants and other forms of Nature. There are numerous hybrids and cultivars. In Biology, hybrid has two meanings The first meaning is the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa. A cultivar is a cultivated Plant that has been selected and given a unique name because of its decorative or useful characteristics it is usually distinct from similar Some species, such as Garden Lupin (Lupinus polyphyllus) and hybrids like the Rainbow Lupin (L. Lupinus polyphyllus ( Large-leaved Lupine, Big-leaved Lupine, or primarily in cultivation Garden Lupin) is a species of Lupine × regalis) are common garden flowers. Others, such as the Yellow Bush Lupin (L. Lupinus arboreus ( Yellow Bush Lupine) is a species of Lupine native to the western United States in California, where it is widely arboreus) are considered invasive weeds when they appear outside their native range. Introduced species|Weed Invasive species is a phrase with several definitions WEED (1390 AM) is a Radio station broadcasting a Spanish format

In New Zealand lupins have escaped into the wild and grow in large numbers along main roads and streams on the South Island. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island The South Island is the larger of the two major islands of New Zealand, the other being the more populous North Island. The seeds are carried by car tires and water flow, and unfortunately, some tourist shops in the major tourist areas have been reported to have sold packets of lupin seeds, with the instructions to plant, water and watch them grow into a giant beanstalk. They are usually Garden Lupins, principally blue, pink and violet, with some yellow, and are very attractive, providing colourful vistas with a backdrop of mountains and lakes; however, they smother the original vegetation. The New Zealand environment authorities have a campaign to reduce their numbers, although this seems a hopeless task, especially when faced with such ignorance as mentioned above. In fields they seem to be eradicated by sheep, and hence remain largely restricted to ungrazed roadside verges and stream banks.

For several Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), lupins are an important larval food. Lepidoptera is an order of Insect that includes Moths and butterflies. A larva ( Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of Animal with indirect development, undergoing Metamorphosis (for example These include:

• Callophrys irus (Frosted Elfin)^[7][8]
• Chesias legatella (The Streak)^[9]
• Chionodes braunella
• Glaucopsyche xerces (Xerces Blue) - extinct
• Icaricia icarioides missionensis (Mission Blue)^[10][8]
• Lycaeides melissa samuelis (Karner Blue)^[7][8]
• Melanchra persicariae (Dot Moth)
• Phymatopus behrensii
• Schinia suetus^[11]

The endangered Lange's Metalmark (Apodemia mormo langei) mates on Silver Bush Lupin (L. The streak ( Chesias legatella) is a Moth of the family Geometridae. The Xerces Blue butterfly ( Glaucopsyche xerces) is an extinct species of butterfly In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. The mission blue butterfly, Icaricia icarioides missionensis, is a blue or lycaenid Butterfly subspecies that is native to the San Francisco Bay The Karner Blue, Lycaeides melissa samuelis, is a small blue Butterfly found in small areas of New Jersey, the Great Lakes region The Dot Moth ( Melanchra persicariae) is a Moth of the family Noctuidae. Apodemia mormo langei, also known as Lange's Metalmark Butterfly, is an endangered North American butterfly albifrons).

The most significant diseases of lupins are anthracnose as well as wilting and root rot diseases caused by Fusarium and other pathogens, and some bacterial and viral diseases. Canker and anthracnose are general terms for a large number of different Plant Diseases characterised by broadly similar Symptoms including the Wilting refers to the loss of rigidity of non-woody parts of Plants This occurs when the Turgor pressure in non- lignified plant cells falls towards Root rot is a condition found in both indoor and outdoor plants although more common in indoor plants with poor drainage Fusarium is a large genus of filamentous Fungi widely distributed in soil and in association with plants A pathogen (from Greek πάθος pathos "suffering passion" and γἰγνομαι (γεν- gignomai (gen- "I give birth to" infectious ^[12]

Selected species

Lupins in popular culture

• Bluebonnet lupins, notably the Texas Bluebonnet (Lupinus texensis) are the state flower of Texas, USA. Lupinus texensis (common name Texas Bluebonnet) is a species of Lupine which is endemic to Texas. The bluebonnet, a name common to several North American species of Lupinus ' is the state Flower of Texas. Lupinus texensis (common name Texas Bluebonnet) is a species of Lupine which is endemic to Texas. This is a list of US state flowers: See also List of US state trees Lists of U Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

• A Monty Python sketch featured a would-be Robin Hood named Dennis Moore, who stole lupins from the rich and gave them to the poor. Monty Python (sometimes known as The Pythons) is the collective name of the six creators of Monty Python's Flying Circus, a British Television Robin Hood is an archetypal figure in English folklore, whose story originates from medieval times but who remains significant in popular culture where Although he was very successful, the poor argued that money or food would be more practical.

• The lupin has also lent its name to Arsène Lupin, the main character in a series of stories by Maurice Leblanc (the name is a parody of Edgar Allan Poe's C. Auguste Dupin). Arsène Lupin is a fictional Gentleman thief who appears in a Book series of Detective fiction / Crime fiction Novels written by Maurice-Marie-Émile Leblanc ( 11 November, 1864 - 6 November, 1941) was a French novelist and writer of Short stories, Edgar Allan Poe (January 19 1809 – October 7 1849 was an American poet, short-story Writer, editor and Literary critic, C Auguste Dupin is a fictional Detective created by Edgar Allan Poe. He was a gentleman thief who first appeared in 1905. In the Victorian vernacular a gentleman thief is a particularly well-behaving and apparently well bred thief Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The popular Japanese comic book/Anime character Lupin III is an unofficial spin-off of this series. ˈmɑŋgə is the Japanese word for Comics (sometimes called komikku コミック and print Cartoons In their modern form manga date from shortly (anime in Japanese, is a Japanese Manga series written and illustrated by Kazuhiko Kato under the Pen name of " Monkey Punch "

• In the British adventure series The Avengers, in the episode Who's Who it is revealed the British Secret Service gives their agents code name based on flowers worn on the lapel (e. The Avengers was a British Television series featuring Secret agents in 1960s Britain. This is an episode list for the 1960s British Television series The Avengers. The Secret Intelligence Service ( SIS) colloquially known as MI6 is the United Kingdom 's external Intelligence agency. g. "Tulip", "Daffodil", "Rose"). Though he is only seen dead, one agent is clearly wearing a lupin.

• In the children's book Miss Rumphius by Barbara Cooney, the protagonist plants lupins to make the world a more beautiful place. Miss Rumphius is a 1982 children’s fiction book by Barbara Cooney. Barbara Cooney (1917–2000 was an American children's Author and Illustrator of more than 200 books and double Caldecott Medalist She has written

• In the Colin Hopper novel The Eye of the Wall the main characters are served lupin stew.

• In the Japanese magical girl anime Ojamajo Doremi, the character Onpu Segawa frequently sings a lullaby titled Lupinus no Komoriuta ("Lullaby of the Lupins") to baby Hana Makihatayama during season 2. belong to a sub-genre of Japanese fantasy Anime and Manga. Magical girl stories feature young girls with superhuman abilities who are forced to fight evil and protect This is a list of Ojamajo Doremi CD releases released in Japan

• As a first name, "Lupin" is used in two famous works of fiction. In George Grossmith's comic novel The Diary of a Nobody, the protagonists' son is named Lupin, and in J. George Grossmith (9 December 1847 &ndash 1 March 1912 was an English Comedian, Writer, Composer, Actor, and singer Diary of a Nobody, an English comic Novel written by George Grossmith and illustrated by his brother Weedon, first appeared in K. Rowling's Harry Potter series, Harry has a friend and teacher named Remus Lupin, who is a werewolf. The Order of the Phoenix is a fictional Organisation in the Harry Potter series of books written by J See also Lycanthropy (disambiguation Werewolves, also known as lycanthropes, are mythological or folkloric humans with the ability to

See also

• Alice Eastwood

Footnotes

1. ^ Ainouche & Bayer (1999)
2. ^ Kurlovich et al. Alice Eastwood (1859 in Toronto, Canada - October 30 1953 in San Francisco, California) was a Canadian American (2002)
3. ^ Murcia & Hoyos ([1998])
4. ^ Hedrick (1919): 387-388
5. ^ Azcoytia, Carlos: Historia de los altramuces. Un humilde aperitivo. [in Spanish]
6. ^ Williamson et al. (1994)
7. ^ ^{a b} Only known from Sundial Lupin (L. Lupinus perennis ( Indian beet, Old maid's bonnets, and Sundial lupine) is a Medicinal plant in the Fabaceae family perennis)
8. ^ ^{a b c} Endangered
9. ^ Recorded on Yellow Bush Lupin (L. An endangered species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming Extinct because it is either few in numbers or threatened by changing environmental or predation Lupinus arboreus ( Yellow Bush Lupine) is a species of Lupine native to the western United States in California, where it is widely arboreus)
10. ^ Only known from Silver Bush Lupin (L. albifrons), Summer Lupin (L. formosus), and Varied Lupin (L. variicolor)
11. ^ Feeds exclusively on Lupinus species
12. ^ Golubev & Kurlovich (2002)

References

• Ainouche, Abdel-Kader & Bayer, Randall J. (1999): Phylogenetic relationships in Lupinus (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) based on internal transcribed spacer sequences (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Am. J. Bot. 86(4): 590-607. The American Journal of Botany ( is a peer-reviewed scientific journal which includes research papers on all aspects of plant biology PDF fulltext
• Golubev, A. A. & Kurlovich, Boguslav S. (2002): Diseases and Pests. In: Kurlovich, Boguslav S. (ed. ): Lupins: geography, classification, genetic resources and breeding: 287-312. Published by the author. ISBN 5-86741-034-X
• Hedrick, U. P. (ed. ) (1919): Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World
• Kurlovich, Boguslav S. ; Tikhonovich, I. A. ; Kartuzova, L. T. ; Heinänen, J. ; Kozhemykov, A. P. ; Tchetkova, S. A. ; Cheremisov B. M. & Emeljanenko, T. A. (2002): Nitrogen fixation. In: Kurlovich, Boguslav S. (ed. ): Lupins: geography, classification, genetic resources and breeding: 269-286. Published by the author. ISBN 5-86741-034-X
• Murcia, José & Hoyos, Isabel ([1998]): Características y aplicaciones de las plantas: ALTRAMUZ AZUL (Lupinus angustifolius) [in Spanish]. Retrieved 2007-10-09.
• Williamson, P. M. ; Highet, A. S. ; Gams, W. ; Sivasithamparam, K. & Cowling, W. A. (1994): Diaporthe toxica sp. nov. , the cause of lupinosis in sheep. Mycological Research 98(12): 1364-1365. HTML abstract ADRIS record

External links

• CLASSIFICATION OF LUPINS
• Nitrogen Cycle
• Lupins Resource Website
• Alternative Field Crops Manual: Lupine
• Lupins

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