The Lund Cathedral (Swedish: Lunds Domkyrka, Danish: Lund Domkirke) is the Lutheran cathedral in Lund, Scania, Sweden. Swedish ( is a North Germanic language spoken by more than nine million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the Danish ( d̥ænsɡ̊ is one of the North Germanic languages (also called Scandinavian languages a sub-group of the Germanic branch of the Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther This article is about the history and organisation of the cathedral (lɵnd is a city in the province of Scania, southern Sweden. The town has 76188 inhabitants out of a muncipal total of 105000 Scania ( in Swedish and Danish) is a geographical region on the southernmost tip of the Scandinavian peninsula, a traditional province ( "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. It is the seat of the bishop of Lund of the Church of Sweden. Absalons ligstenjpg|thumb|150px|right|Absalon's gravestone in the monastery church in Sorø, Denmark Absalon was Archbishop of Lund 1177-1201 The Church of Sweden (Svenska kyrkan Ruoŧa girkui is the largest church in Sweden.
Contents |
History
Lund was an important town long before there was a cathedral. Lund was the site of the Skåne Assembly (Danish:landsting) at St Liber's Hill into the Middle Ages. It was also the site of a pre-Christian religious center. Lund was founded about 990 by Canute I who built the town as a royal town complete with a royal compound, palace would be too grand a name for what was a large farmhouse and outbuildings with an enclosing wall. Canute established a mint there where coins were produced. He instituted several bishoprics in 1060 including Lund.
A cathedral was built in Lund before 1085, but it is difficult to know if the present building was built in the same place. In the gift letter of Canute the Holy, dated to May 21, 1085, there is a mention of a cathedral built during the 1080s. Canute (or Knut IV (c 1043 &ndash July 10, 1086) also known as Canute the Saint and Canute the Holy ( Danish: Knud IV Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Canute gave several properties that enabled the building of the cathedral. However, sources indicate that Canute's cathedral is not the present Lund Cathedral. The Cathedral School was established in 1085, making it Denmark's oldest school.
Erik I of Denmark went to Rome on a pilgrimage and secured two important concessions from Pope Pascal II: sainthood for his murdered brother, Saint Canute IV and the creation of an archdiocese that included all of Scandinavia. Eric I of Denmark (c 1060 Slangerup, Denmark &ndash July 10, 1103) also known as Erik Ejegod Canute (or Knut IV (c 1043 &ndash July 10, 1086) also known as Canute the Saint and Canute the Holy ( Danish: Knud IV Lund was named as the headquarters. Bishop Asser became the first archbishop for all of Scandinavia in 1104 and the cathedral was begun sometime after he took office. Asser (d 908/909 was a Welsh Monk from St David's, Dyfed, who became Bishop of Sherborne in the 890s [1] The building was constructed in the typical basilica style with half-rounded arches supporting a flat timber ceiling. The cathedral was constructed out of granite blocks. The high altar of the crypt was consecrated in 1123. An altar is any structure upon which Sacrifices or other offerings are made for religious purposes or some other sacred place where ceremonies take place The cathedral and the high altar were consecrated to St Lawrence on September 1, 1145 by Archbishop Eskil, Asser's successor. Of the present church only the apse has remaind unchanged.
Lund became the religious heart of Denmark and over the years many monasteries, nunneries, priories sprang up around the cathedral.
Lund played a vital role in Denmark's history from the time it was made a bishopric. It was the place of many important meeting between kings and nobility. Valdemar II was crowned there in 1202. "Valdemar the Victorious" redirects here For the novel by Bernhard Severin Ingemann, see Valdemar the Victorious (novel.
In 1234 the church suffered an extensive fire. When the church was rebuilt a lecture wall, new vaults and a new facade to the west were added. Many valuable artistic additions were done to the church in mediaeval times. In the 1370s, magnificent gothic choir stalls where installed in the church, and in 1398 a gothic, cupboard-shaped wooden altarpiece was placed in the main chapel. See also Gothic art Gothic architecture is a style of Architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. An altarpiece is a picture or Relief representing a religious subject and suspended in a frame behind the Altar of a church An astronomical clock was installed in the nave around 1424 and renovated many times. In Romanesque and Gothic Christian Abbey, Cathedral Basilica and church Architecture, the nave is the
In the 1510's, during the reign of King John I, German artist Adam van Düren led a major renovation of the church. Hans ( Danish, Norwegian and Swedish) ( 2 February 1455 &ndash 20 February 1513) was union king of In the crypt, van Düren created a well decorated with interesting reliefs and a monumental sarcophagus for the last archbishop of Lund, Birger Gunnarsen.
Lund was an important cultural and religious city in the Middle Ages, as attested by its large number of churches and monasteries. The Reformation caused a dramatic decrease of the influence of the church in the city and country. In 1527 the Fraciscan Monastery was forcibly shut down by a mob of towns people who had received permission to close the monastery. Franciscans were especially hated because they lived by soliciting alms in addition to tithes and other fees ordinary people had to pay to the church. Torbern Bille was the last Archbishop and struggled vainly against the Lutherans until he was imprisoned in 1536. He was released the following year after he submitted to the Church Ordinances. The cathedral was stripped of statues, medieval artwork, side altars, and reliquaries.
After the Treaty of Roskilde, in 1658, the Bishopric of Lund was transferred to Sweden. The Treaty of Roskilde was signed on February 26, 1658 in the Danish city of Roskilde. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation.
An extensive restoration was done by Helgo Zettervall in the late 19th century, when the towers got their present appearance. Helgo Zettervall, older spelling Zetterwall, ( November 21, 1831 &ndash 1907 was a Swedish Architect and professor of the Royal Mosaic decoration was added to the interior of the apse in the 1920s.
Art and architecture
The church was built of sandstone following the Romanesque style of Lombardy (Northern Italy) and the Rhein region (Germany). Sandstone is a Sedimentary rock composed mainly of Sand -size Mineral or rock grains. Regional characteristics of Romanesque architecture|Romanesque art Romanesque architecture is the term that is used to describe the architecture of Middle Ages Europe which Lombardy (Lombardia Latin: Langobardia, Western Lombard: Lumbardìa, Eastern Lombard: Lombardia) is one of the Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. These influences are evident in the floorplan, the crypt and the arched gallery that decorate the upper floor of the apse. A floor plan ( floorplan) in Architecture and Building engineering is a Diagram, usually to scale, of the relationships between rooms In terms of European architecture a crypt (from the Latin crypta and the Greek κρυπτη, kryptē) is a stone chamber or APSE standing for Ada Programming Support Environment is a program or set of programs to support Software development in the Ada programming language.
The towers
The cathedral's towers stand 55 meters high and are, with their pyramidical roofs, a landmark on the skyline of Lund and clearly visible from the surrounding wide plain. The towers are not open to the general public. The oldest church bell was made in 1513.
The entrance
Two bronze doors built by Carl Johan Dyfverman serve as the main entrance. They hold 24 reliefs with motives from the Bible, particularly the Old Testament. A relief is a Sculptured Artwork where a modeled form is raised (or alternatively lowered from a flattened background without being disconnected from it Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christian Biblical canon. Above the doorway, a concrete pediment has three holy men as motives: Jesus Christ, Canute IV of Denmark, and Saint Lawrence. Concrete is a construction material composed of Cement (commonly Portland cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as Fly ash and Slag A pediment is a classical architectural element consisting of the triangular section found above the horizontal structure ( Entablature) typically supported by Holy Man is a Film produced in 1998 starring Eddie Murphy, Jeff Goldblum and Kelly Preston. Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) Canute (or Knut IV (c 1043 &ndash July 10, 1086) also known as Canute the Saint and Canute the Holy ( Danish: Knud IV
Interior
As a typical Romanesque building, Lund Cathedral is distinctively dark, with only small windows to allow sunshine to pass through. The Latin-cross church has three aisles and a transept. An aisle is in general a space for walking with rows of seats on either side or with rows of seats on one side and a wall on the other Full descriptions of the elements of a Gothic floorplan are found at the entry Cathedral diagram. The quire (under the crossing) has splendid gothic choir stalls from the 1370s. The gothic winged-altarpiece of the main chapel of the apse dates from 1398. An altarpiece is a picture or Relief representing a religious subject and suspended in a frame behind the Altar of a church APSE standing for Ada Programming Support Environment is a program or set of programs to support Software development in the Ada programming language.
The cathedral's south aisle has an information counter, a globe of light and various exhibitions.
Astronomical clock
The astronomical clock of the cathedral, the Horologium mirabile Lundense, was made around 1424. An astronomical clock is a Clock with special Mechanisms and Dials to display Astronomical information such as the relative positions of After having been in storage since 1837, it was restored and put back in place in 1923.
When it plays, one can hear In dulci jubilo from the smallest organ in the church, while six wooden figures, representing the three magi and their servants, pass by Mary and Jesus. The Magi (singular Magus, from Latin via Greek μάγος; Old English: Mage; from Persian maguš and Kurdish The clock plays two times a day, at 12:00 p. m. and 3:00 p. m. every day, except on Sundays when the earliest playing takes place at 1:00 p. m. in order not to interrupt the morning service.
On top of the clock there are two knights that mark the hours. The upper board of the clock is the astronomical clock. It shows, among other things, the different phases of the Moon and where the Sun sets.
The lower board of the clock is a calendar. With the help of it one can, among other things, calculate when different mobile religious holidays will fall and on which weekday a certain date will fall. In the middle of the calendar stands Saint Lawrence, the Patron Saint of the Cathedral, and by his side the Symbols of the Four Evangelists. The patron saint of a particular group of people is a Saint who would protect and 'love' the group and its members The Four Evangelists refers to the authors of the four Gospel accounts in the New Testament that bear the following ancient titles Gospel according The present board of the clock goes from 1923 to 2123, after that a new one must be obtained so that the clock can be used.
Organs
In the Lund Cathedral there are five organs. The biggest one is the gallery organ which was built between 1932 and 1934 by the Danish company Marcussen & Søn and is one of the largest in Sweden. Marcussen & Søn, known as Marcussen and previously as Marcussen & Reuter, is a Danish firm of organ builders The gallery organ has 102 notes divided in four manuals and a pedalboard. There are 7,074 pipes in total. In 1992 it was renovated by the same company.
The smallest organ is in the astronomical clock. It plays In dulci jubilo daily. The three other organs are in the Crypt, the Baptism Chapel and the Choir. In terms of European architecture a crypt (from the Latin crypta and the Greek κρυπτη, kryptē) is a stone chamber or
The crypt
The crypt has remained largely untouched since its consecration in 1123. The crypt is identified by its numerous and densely built pillars. The pillars are very different in style and were built by the architect Donatus. The most famous pillar is the one with the statue of a man embracing it. Local legend tells that the figure is Finn the Giant, builder of the cathedral. Fin is a Troll in a legend from Kalundborg, Zealand, Denmark. Another column has a similar sculpture of a woman, the wife of Finn according to legend. It is not known who the man on the column actually represents, but it could be the Biblical character Samson. Samson, Shimshon ( Hebrew: שמשון, Standard Šimšon Tiberian Šimšôn; meaning
The crypt's main altar is the oldest altar in the church and was consecrated in June 30, 1123 by archbishop Ascer. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper The crypt contain many sarcophagi, chests and grave slabs. Among its most important works of art are the relief-decorated well and the tomb of archbishop Birger Gunnarsen, created by Adam van Düren in the 1510s.
According to legend, the crypt may be the final resting place of the great hero Fionn mac Cumhaill, about whom legends abound in Irish and Scottish mythology. Fionn mac Cumhaill (ˈɸʲiːn̪ˠ mˠak ˈkũw̃aːlʲ in Irish, ˈfɪn mə ˈkuːl in English) (earlier Finn or Find mac Cumail or mac The Mythology of pre-Christian Ireland did not entirely survive the conversion to Christianity, but much of it was preserved shorn of its religious meanings Scottish mythology may refer to any of the mythologies of Scotland.
Functions
Apart from its religious functions the cathedral is also the place for the solemn ceremony of the conferment of doctor's degrees. It is also used for various sacral concerts.
Architects
This is an incomplete list of the architects of the cathedral.
- Carl Georg Brunius (1837-1859)
- Helgo Zettervall (1860-1902)
- Theodor Wåhlin (1902-42)
- Eiler Græbe (1944-67)
- Carl-Axel Acking (1970-77)
See also
External links
- [1] Official webside of the parish of Lund Cathedral. Helgo Zettervall, older spelling Zetterwall, ( November 21, 1831 &ndash 1907 was a Swedish Architect and professor of the Royal Carl-Axel Acking ( March 8 1910 - June 12 2001) was a Swedish Architect. This is a list of cathedrals around the world including both actual Cathedrals (seats of Bishops in episcopal denominations such as Catholicism
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic