Luis Martín García (19 August 1846, Melgar de Fernamental, Burgos, Spain - 18 April 1906, Rome, Italy) was a Spanish Jesuit, elected the 24th Superior General of the Society of Jesus. Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. For the game see 1846 (board game. Year 1846 ( MDCCCXLVI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display History Early man of Neanderthal occupied sites around Burgos as early as 800000 years ago Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order The Superior General of the Society of Jesus is the official title of the leader of the Society of Jesus &mdashthe Roman Catholic religious order also known
Contents |
Early years and formation
The third of six brothers Martín was born of humble parentage. After primary education in his own village he entered the seminary of Burgos (1858) where he spent six years for the regular priestly course of Philosophy and Theology. History Early man of Neanderthal occupied sites around Burgos as early as 800000 years ago Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective His intellectual inclination led him however to join the Society of Jesus in 1864. The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order Revolution in Spain and anti-clericalism forced him to move to France where he complete his Philosophical training (Poyanne, 1870) where he taught also humanities and rhetoric before doing his Theology (1873-77). Anti-clericalism is a historical movement that opposes Religious (generally Catholic institutional power and influence real or alleged in all aspects of public and political This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Priestly ordination (14 September 1876) was soon followed by the last stage of Jesuit formation, the so called ‘Tertianship’ (Third Year of Probation; 1878-79). Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Year 1876 ( MDCCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year
Professor and rector
Soon after the anti-religious law of Ferry (1880) compelled Jesuits to leave France. The Jules Ferry laws are a set of French laws which established first Free education ( 1881) then mandatory and laic education ( 1882 Fortunately the restoration of the Spanish monarchy in the 1870s had now made it possible to repatriate Jesuits back to Spain. On his return to Castile, Martín, though a man of letters, was redirected towards the Biblical Studies and teaching. Biblical studies is the academic study of the Judeo-Christian Bible and related texts Yet other changes were in store for him: he was made Rector of the Seminary of Salamanca: 1880-84), director of the journal El Mensajero del Corazon de Jesus (1884) and Superior of the Centre of Superior studies of Deusto-Bilbao (the future University of Deusto),
Provincial of Castile
As Rector of the seminary of Salamanca he had revealed qualities of leadership and commitment to spiritual and intellectual formation that led the Superior General to appoint him Provincial of Castile in 1886. A seminary, theological college, or divinity school is a specialized and often live-in Higher education institution for the purpose of instructing students Geography The city lies on a mountain by the Tormes River which is crossed by a bridge 150 m long built on 26 arches fifteen of which are of Roman origin, while The University of Deusto ( Spanish: Universidad de Deusto, Basque: Deustuko Unibertsitatea) is one of the most distinguished academic institutions He handled tactfully the deep divisions between Carlists and Integrists that were plaguing Catholics in Spain—particularly in the Basque area—including the Jesuits. Carlism is a traditionalist and legitimist political movement in Spain seeking the establishment of a separate line of the Bourbon family on
Called to Rome: Vicar General
Martin was called to Rome by Anton Anderledy to first pilot a projected document of studies in the Society. Anton Maria Anderledy, ( June 3, 1819, Berisal (Valais Switzerland - January 18, 1892, Fiesole (Florence Italy was a Swiss Jesuit elected A few hours before his death (1892) Anderledy made him Vicar General of the Society, effectively entrusting him with the calling and organizing the General Congregation that would elect a new Superior General. The political tension between the Church and the new Kingdom of Italy was making it difficult for the Congregation to meet in Italy. Martin obtained from Pope Leo XIII that the Congregation meet in Loyola, (Spain). Pope Leo XIII ( March 2, 1810 – July 20, 1903) born Count Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci, was the 256th Pope Loyola may refer to People Ignatius of Loyola, a Catholic saint Martín Ignacio de Loyola, Franciscan friar and circumnavigator This is the only General Congregation to have met outside Italy.
General Congregation XXIV
The 24th General congregation opened on 24 September 1892. Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina. Year 1892 ( MDCCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Martin was elected on the second ballot (42 on 70) and declared Superior General (2 October). Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule The Congregation over, Martín took a round-about route back to Fiesole, Italy in order to visit France, England, Ireland, Belgium and Germany. Fiesole is a town and Comune of the Province of Florence in the Italian region of Tuscany, on a famously scenic height above England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. This was his only visit to countries which would provide many of the problems of his Generalate. Martin's problems in dealing with Northern European Jesuits can be better understood if one remembers that the Jesuit dissidents with whom he was familiar in Spain were of the reactionary and anti-intellectual type. This experience did little to prepare him to understand the more liberal ideas of northern European Jesuits.
Martin’s government
- Committing himself to govern ad mentem congregationis Martin wrote several letters to the whole Society that were expression of a concern voiced by the Congregation’s fathers: a letter on Religious Discipline (respecting the religious enclosure) (1893), and two (1894 and 1895) on the Temporal Administration of Goods (the spirit of Religious Poverty). Poverty (also called penury) is deprivation of common necessities that determine the quality of life including food clothing shelter and safe Drinking water, and Other important letters echoed papal documents on the Spiritual Exercises (Leo XIII, in 1900) and on Biblical Studies (Pius X, 1904). Pope Leo XIII ( March 2, 1810 – July 20, 1903) born Count Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci, was the 256th Pope Biblical studies is the academic study of the Judeo-Christian Bible and related texts Saint Pius X ( Latin: Pius PP X) ( June 2, 1835 &mdash August 20, 1914) born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, was the
- Relations with Leo XIII and Pius X were warm and encouraging. Pope Leo XIII ( March 2, 1810 – July 20, 1903) born Count Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci, was the 256th Pope Saint Pius X ( Latin: Pius PP X) ( June 2, 1835 &mdash August 20, 1914) born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, was the Given the circumstances (The loss of the Papal States was not yet accepted and the Pope was considering himself a 'Prisoner in the Vatican') Martin felt the need of giving them unsparing support, whatever initiatives they took, especially through the journal Civiltà Cattolica). The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa Following up on a decree of the General Congregation he moved back the headquarter of the Society of Jesus from Fiesole to Rome (1895).
- In France, following on the initiative of Leo XIII, he encouraged the Jesuits to reconcile themselves with the republican ideals. Pope Leo XIII ( March 2, 1810 – July 20, 1903) born Count Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci, was the 256th Pope All over the Northern European countries he encouraged greater involvement in social questions (implementing the encyclical Rerum Novarum of 1893)
- In England, in the face of strong opposition he successfully opened or reopened Jesuit schools (Wimbledon, Stamford Hill, Campion Hall)
- He opened news missions areas (Jamaica, Honduras) entrusting them to the American Jesuits and sent a Visitor to far away Australia (1895). Christian socialism generally refers to those on the Christian left whose politics are both Christian and Socialist and who see these two philosophies as Rerum Novarum (Translation Of New Things) is an Encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII on May 16 1891. Wimbledon is a Suburb of London, part of the London Borough of Merton and located south west of Charing Cross. Campion Hall is one of the Permanent Private Halls of the University of Oxford in England. Jamaica (ˈdʒəˈmeɪkə} is an Island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width situated in the Caribbean Sea. Honduras in Spanish, República de Honduras) is a democratic republic in Central America. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The apostle of the negro slaves, Peter Claver was canonized in 1888 and later (1896) declared patron saint of the missions among the Africans. Negro is a term referring to people of Black African ancestry As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Saint Peter Claver ( June 26, 1580 – September 8, 1654) (San Pedro Claver Corberó was a Jesuit who due to his remarkable life
- His main concern however seems to have been his own country, Spain, where he succeeded in rooting out integrist tendencies among Jesuits in spite of the backing they were having from highly placed Vatican officials. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. He gave strong support to intellectual work and encouraged the launching of the journal Razon y Fe (1901).
- Historians are particularly grateful to Martin for having initiated (at the request of GC 24) a scientifically critical edition of the documents pertaining to the foundation and early years of the Society. The publication of the Monumenta Historica Societatis Iesu were started in Madrid in 1894 and carried on later in Rome. The Monumenta Historica Societatis Iesu (MHSI is a collection of scholarly volumes (157 to this day on critically edited documents on the origin and early years of the Society of Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. He launched also the major projects of comprehensive history of the Society in Spain (Astrain), France (Fouqueray), England (Hughes), Germany (Duhr), Italy (Tacchi-Venturi), Belgium-Netherlands (Poncelet), Portugal, etc
- Towards the end of his life, after the election of Pius X, Martin had to face the crisis of Modernism. Saint Pius X ( Latin: Pius PP X) ( June 2, 1835 &mdash August 20, 1914) born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, was the Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century Modernists were hunted and expelled from the Church. So was it for George Tyrrell, English Jesuit, who was expelled from the Society and excommunicated in 1906 in spite of Martin’s intervention. George Tyrrell ( February 6 1861 &ndash July 15 1909) was a Jesuit priest (until his expulsion and a Modernist Catholic scholar Excommunication is a religious Censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community Many others were condemned if not expelled. The Bollandists were also in trouble. The Bollandists are an association of scholars - originally all Jesuit, but now including non-Jesuits -- philologists and historians -- who since the early seventeenth century
- Membership of the Society steadily increased during his tenure: from 13,274 when Martin took office (1892) to 15,661 in 1906.
Suffering and death
Even at the beginning of his term Martín's physical health had been poor and it grew steadily worse with the years. In 1905, a tumor forced the amputation of his right arm. Amputation is the removal of a body extremity by trauma or Surgery. Pope Pius X granted him permission to celebrate mass despite his disability, a privilege for which he was most grateful. Saint Pius X ( Latin: Pius PP X) ( June 2, 1835 &mdash August 20, 1914) born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, was the The cancer, however, soon invaded his lungs and he died in Rome, on 18 April 1906. Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting
Writings
- Epistolae Selectae, Roma.
- Memorias del P. Luis Martin (ed. by J. R. Eguilor), 2 vol. , Roma, 1988.
Bibliography
- Chandlery, P. L. : El M. R. P. Luis Martin Garcia. Bosquejo biografico, Burgos, 1947.
- Sanz de Diego, R. : "El General de los jesuitas, Luis Martin, y la politica espanola", in Studia historica et philologica, Roma, 1984.
- Schultenover, D. G. George Tyrrell; in search of Catholicism, Sheperdstown, 1981.
| Preceded by Anton Anderledy |
Superior General of the Society of Jesus 1892–1906 |
Succeeded by Franz Xavier Wernz |
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic