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Luis Federico Leloir
An early photograph of Leloir in his twenties
An early photograph of Leloir in his twenties
Born September 6, 1906(1906-09-06)
Paris, France
Died December 2, 1987 (aged 81)
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Residence Buenos Aires, Argentina
Citizenship Argentina
Ethnicity Basque
Fields Biochemistry
Institutions University of Buenos Aires
Washington University in St. Louis (1943-1944)
Columbia University (1944-1945)
Fundación Instituto Campomar (1947-1981)
University of Cambridge (1936-1943)
Alma mater University of Buenos Aires
Known for galactosemia
lactose intolerance
carbohydrate metabolism
Notable awards Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1970)
French Legion of Honor (1982)

Luis Federico Leloir (September 6, 1906 – December 2, 1987) was an Argentine doctor and biochemist who received the 1970 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) Buenos Aires is the Capital and largest city of Argentina. It is geographically located on the southern shore of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. The Basques (Euskaldunak are a people who inhabit a region spanning over parts of north-central Spain and southwestern France. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living Organisms It deals with the Structure and function of cellular components such as The University of Buenos Aires (in Spanish Universidad de Buenos Aires - ( UBA) is the largest University in Argentina, founded on August Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval Galactosemia is a rare genetic metabolic disorder which affects an individual's ability to properly metabolize the sugar Galactose. Lactose intolerance is the inability to metabolize Lactose, a sugar found in Milk and other Dairy products because the required enzyme Carbohydrate metabolism denotes the various biochemical processes responsible for the formation, breakdown and interconversion of Carbohydrates The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Nobelpriset i kemi is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of Chemistry. Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living Organisms It deals with the Structure and function of cellular components such as The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature Along with Mario Molina, he is one of the first two Hispanic scientists to ever receive the award. José Mario Molina-Pasquel Henríquez (born March 19, 1943 in Mexico City) is a Mexican -born U Although born in France, Leloir received the majority of his education at the University of Buenos Aires and was director of the private research group Fundación Instituto Campomar until his death in 1987. Although his laboratories were often plagued by lack of financial support and second-rate equipment, his research into sugar nucleotides, carbohydrate metabolism, and renal hypertension has garnered international attention and fame and has led to significant progress in understanding, diagnosing and treating the congenital disease galactosemia. Nucleotides are Organic compounds that consist of three joined structures a nitrogenous base a Sugar, and a Phosphate group Carbohydrates (from ' Hydrates of Carbon ' or saccharides ( Greek σάκχαρον meaning " Sugar " are the most The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles Hypertension, also referred to as high blood pressure, HTN or HPN, is a medical condition in which the Blood pressure is chronically elevated Galactosemia is a rare genetic metabolic disorder which affects an individual's ability to properly metabolize the sugar Galactose. Luis Leloir is buried in La Recoleta Cemetery, Buenos Aires. La Recoleta Cemetery is a famous cemetery located in the exclusive Recoleta neighbourhood of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Buenos Aires is the Capital and largest city of Argentina. It is geographically located on the southern shore of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern

Contents

Biography

Early years

Leloir's parents, Federico and Hortensia Aguirre Leloir, traveled from Buenos Aires to Paris in the middle of 1906 with the intention of operating on Federico's illness. However, Federico died in late August, and a week later Luis was born in an old house at 81 Víctor Hugo Road in Paris, a few blocks away from the Arc de Triumph[1]. The Arc de Triomphe is a monument in Paris, France that stands in the centre of the Place Charles de Gaulle also known as the Place de l'Étoile. After returning to Argentina in 1908, Leloir lived together with his eight siblings on their family's extensive property El Tuyú that his grandparents had purchased after their immigration from the Basque Country of northern Spain. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. {El Tuyú comprises 400 km² of rocky land that along the coastline from San Clemente del Tuyú to Mar de Ajó which has since become a popular tourist attraction[2])

During his childhood, the future Nobel Prize winner found himself observing natural phenomenon with particular interest; his schoolwork and readings highlighted the connections between the natural sciences and biology. His education was divided between Escuela General San Martín(primary school), Colegio Lacordaire(secondary school), and for a few months at Beaumont College in England. Beaumont College was a Jesuit Public school in Old Windsor Berkshire England. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland His grades were unspectacular, and his first stint in college ended quickly when he abandoned his architectural studies that he had begun in Paris' École Polytechnique. For other Écoles Polytechniques see École Polytechnique de Montréal and École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne. [3]

It was during the 1920s that Leloir supposedly invented salsa golf (golf sauce). Salsa golf (literally golf sauce) is a cold sauce of somewhat thick consistency common in Argentina. After being served prawns with the usual sauce during lunch with a group of friends at the Ocean Club in Mar del Plata, Leloir came up with a peculiar combination of ketchup and mayonnaise to spice up his meal. With the financial difficulties that later plagued Leloir's laboratories and research, he would joke, "If I had patented that sauce, we'd have a lot more money for research right now". [4]

Career

Buenos Aires

Leloir(top left) with family on the Argentine coastline, 1951.
Leloir(top left) with family on the Argentine coastline, 1951.

After returning again to Argentina, Leloir obtained his Argentine citizenship and joined the Department of Medicine at the University of Buenos Aires in hopes of receiving his doctorate. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. The University of Buenos Aires (in Spanish Universidad de Buenos Aires - ( UBA) is the largest University in Argentina, founded on August However, he got off to a rocky start, requiring four attempts to pass his anatomy exam. [5] He finally received his diploma in 1932 and began his residency in the Hospital de Clínicas and his medical internship in Ramos Mejía hospital. After some initial conflicts with colleagues and complications in his method of treating patients, Leloir decided to dedicate himself to research in the laboratory, claiming that "we could do little for our patients. . . antibiotics, psychoactive drugs, and all the new therapeutic agents were unknown [at the time]"[1].

In 1933, he met Bernardo A. Houssay, who pointed Leloir towards investigating in his doctoral thesis the suprarenal glands and carbohydrate metabolism. Bernardo Alberto Houssay ( April 10, 1887 &ndash September 21, 1971) was an Argentine Physiologist who in 1947 with In Mammals the adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped Endocrine glands that sit on top of the Kidneys their Houssay happened to be friends with Carlos Bonorino Udaondo, the brother-in-law of Victoria Ocampo, one of Leloir's cousins. Victoria Ocampo ( Buenos Aires, April 7, 1890 - Buenos Aires January 27, 1979) was an Argentine intellectual described Following the recommendation of Udaondo, Leloir began working with Houssay, who in 1947 would later win the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin is awarded once a year by the Swedish Karolinska Institute. The two would develop a close relationship, collaborating on various projects until Houssay's death in 1971; in his lecture after winning the Nobel Prize, Leloir claimed that his "whole research career has been influenced by one person, Prof. Bernardo A. Houssay". [1][6]

Cambridge

After only two years, Leloir received recognition from the medical department at UBA for having produced the best doctoral thesis. Feeling that his knowledge in fields such as physics, mathematics, chemistry, and biology was lacking, he continued attending classes at the University as a part-time student. Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles In 1936 he traveled to England to begin advanced studies at the University of Cambridge, under the supervision of another Nobel Prize winner, Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, who had obtained that distinction in 1929 for his work in physiology and in revealing the critical role of vitamins in maintaining good health. The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins OM FRS ( June 20, 1861 Eastbourne, Sussex - May 16, 1947 Cambridge Physiology (from Greek grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the mechanical physical A vitamin is an Organic compound required as a Nutrient in tiny amounts by an Organism. Leloir's research in the Biochemical Laboratory of Cambridge centered around enzymes, more specifically the effects of cyanide and pyrophosphate on succinic dehydrogenase; from this moment Leloir began to specialize in researching carbohydrate metabolism. Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins A cyanide is any Chemical compound that contains the cyano group (C≡N which consists of a Carbon Atom triple-bonded to a In Chemistry, the Anion, the Salts and the Esters of Pyrophosphoric acid are called pyrophosphates.

United States

Leloir returned to Buenos Aires in 1937 after his brief stay at Cambridge. 1943 saw Leloir marry; Luis Leloir and Amelia Zuberbuhler would later have a daughter also named Amelia. However, his return to Argentina was amidst conflict and strife; Houssay had been expelled from the University of Buenos Aires for signing a public petition opposing the fascist Nazi regime in Germany and the military government led by Pedro Pablo Ramírez. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. General Pedro Pablo Ramírez Machuca (1884 - 1962 was President of Argentina from June 7 1943 to February 24 1944 Leloir fled to the United States, where he assumed the position of associate professor in the Department of Pharmacology at Washington University in St. Louis, collaborating with Carl Cori and Gerty Cori and thereafter worked with David E. Green at the College of Pysicians and Surgeons, Columbia University as a research assistant. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Pharmacology (from Greek grc φάρμακον pharmakon, "drug" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of how Drugs Carl Ferdinand Cori (December 5 1896 &ndash October 20 1984 was an Austrian-American biochemist and pharmacologist born in Prague (then in Dr Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz, ( August 15, 1896 &ndash October 26, 1957) was an American biochemist David Ezra Green ( August 5, 1910 – July 8, 1983) was an America biochemist who made huge contributions to the study of Enzymes Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. Leloir would late credit Green with instilling within him the initiative to establish his own research group once back in Argentina[1].

Fundación Instituto Campomar

Luis Leloir and Carlos Eugenio Cardini at work in Fundación Instituto Campomar, 1960.
Luis Leloir and Carlos Eugenio Cardini at work in Fundación Instituto Campomar, 1960.

In 1945 Leloir ended his exile and returned to Argentina to work under Houssay at the Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de la Fundación Campomar, which Leloir would direct from its creation in 1947 by businessman and patron Jaime Campomar. Initially, the institute was composed of five rooms, a bathroom, central hall, patio, kitchen, and changing room. [7] During the final years of the 1940s, although lacking financial resources and operating with very low-cost teams, Leloir's successful experiments would reveal the chemical origins of sugar synthesis in yeast as well as the oxidation of fatty acids in the liver; together with J. Yeasts are a growth form of eukaryotic Microorganisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with about 1500 Species currently described Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state In Chemistry, especially Biochemistry, a fatty acid is a Carboxylic acid often with a long unbranched Aliphatic tail ( chain) which M. Muñoz, he produce an active cell-free system, a first in scientific research. It had initially been assumed that in order to study a cell, scientists could not separate it from its host organism, as oxidation could only occur in intact cells. [8] Along the way, Muñoz and Leloir, unable to procure the costly centrifuge needed to separate cell contents, improvised by spinning a tire stuffed with salt and ice. [9]

By 1947 he had formed a team that included Rawell Caputo, Enrico Cabib, Raúl Trucco, Alejandro Paladini, Carlos Cardini y José Luis Reissig, with whom he investigated and discovered why a malfunctioning kidney and angiotensin helped cause hypertension. Angiotensin causes blood vessels to constrict and drives blood pressure up Hypertension, also referred to as high blood pressure, HTN or HPN, is a medical condition in which the Blood pressure is chronically elevated [10] That same year, his colleague Rawell Caputo, in his investigations of the mammary gland, made discoveries regarding carbohydrate storage and its subsequent transformation into a reserve energy form in organisms. Mammary glands are the organs that in Mammals produce Milk for the sustenance of the young

Chemical structure of galactose. Leloir and his team discovered that in galactosemia, patients lacked the necessary enzyme (Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase) to convert unusable galactose into usuable glucose.
Chemical structure of galactose. Galactose (Gal (also called brain sugar) is a type of Sugar which is less sweet than Glucose. Leloir and his team discovered that in galactosemia, patients lacked the necessary enzyme (Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase) to convert unusable galactose into usuable glucose. Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (or GALT) is an Enzyme ( responsible for converting ingested Galactose to Glucose.

At the beginning of 1948, Leloir and his team identified the sugar nucleotides that were fundamental to the metabolism of carbohydrates, turning the Instituo Campomar into a biochemistry institution well-known throughout the world. Immediately thereafter, Leloir received the Argentine Scientific Society Prize, one of the many awards he would receive both in Argentina and internationally. During this time, his team dedicated itself to the study of glycoproteins; Leloir and his colleagues elucidated the primary mechanisms of galactose metabolism (now coined the Leloir pathway[11]) and determined the cause of galactosemia, a serious genetic disorder that resulted in lactose intolerance. Not to be confused with Peptidoglycan. Glycoproteins are proteins that contain Oligosaccharide chains ( Glycans) covalently attached A genetic disorder is a condition caused by abnormalities in Genes or Chromosomes While some diseases such as Cancer, are due to genetic abnormalities acquired Lactose intolerance is the inability to metabolize Lactose, a sugar found in Milk and other Dairy products because the required enzyme

The following year, he reached an agreement with Roland Garcia, dean of the Department of Natural Sciences at UBA, which named Leloir, Carlos Eugenio Cardini and Enrico Cabib as titular professors in the University's newly founded Biochemical Institute. The Institute would help develop scientific programs in budding Argentinian universities as well as attract researchers and scholars from the United States, Japan, England, France, Spain, and other Latin American countries. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics.

Following Campomar's death in 1957, Leloir and his team applied to the National Institutes of Health in the United States desperate for funding, and surprisingly was accepted. "NIH" redirects here For other meanings of NIH see NIH (disambiguation. In 1958, the Institute found a new home in a former all-girls school, a donation from the Argentine government. As Leloir and his research gained greater prominence, further research came from the Argentine Research Council, and the Institute would later become associated with the University of Buenos Aires. [12]

Later years

Leloir celebrating with colleagues December 10, 1970 after winning the Nobel Prize.
Leloir celebrating with colleagues December 10, 1970 after winning the Nobel Prize. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

As his work in the laboratory was coming to an end, Leloir continued his teaching position in the Department of Natural Sciences at the University of Buenos Aires, taking a hiatus only to complete his studies at Cambridge and at the Enzyme Research Laboratory in the United States.

In 1983, Leloir became one of the founding members of the Third World Academy of Sciences. TWAS the academy of sciences for the developing world -- until 2004 named Third World Academy of Sciences -- is a merit-based science academy uniting more than 800 scientists

Nobel Prize

On December 2nd, 1970, Leloir received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry from the King of Sweden for his discovery of the metabolic pathways in lactose, becoming only the third Argentine to receive the prestigious honor in any field. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. In his acceptance speech at Stockholm, he borrowed Winston Churchill's famous 1940 speech to the House of Commons and remarked, "never have I received so much for so little". ('stɔkhɔlm is Sweden 's Capital and its largest City. It is the site of the national Swedish government, the parliament, and the Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords [13] Leloir and his team reportedly celebrated by drinking champagne from test tubes, a rare departure from the humbleness and frugality that characterized the atmosphere of Fundación Instituto Campomar under Leloir's direction. The $80,000 prize money was spent directly on research,[14] and when asked about the significance of his achievement, Leloir humbly responded:[15]

"This is only one step in a much larger project. I discovered(no, not me: my team) the function of sugar nucleotides in cell metabolism. I want others to understood this, but it is not easy to explain: this is not a very noteworthy deed, and we hardly know even a little. "

Legacy

Leloir published a short autobiography, entitled "Long Ago and Far Away" in the 1983 Annual Review of Biochemistry. The title, Leloir claims, is derived from one of William Henry Hudson's novels that depicted the country wildlife and scenery of Leloir's childhood[1]. William Henry Hudson ( August 4, 1841 &ndash August 18, 1922) was an author naturalist and ornithologist.

He died in Buenos Aires December 2, 1987 of a heart attack soon after returning to his home from the laboratory, and is buried in La Recoleta Cemetery. La Recoleta Cemetery is a famous cemetery located in the exclusive Recoleta neighbourhood of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Mario Bunge, a friend and colleague of Leloir, claims that his lasting legacy was proving that "scientific research on an international level, although precarious, was possible in an underdeveloped country in the middle of political strife" and credits Leloir's vigilance and will for his ultimate success. Mario Augusto Bunge (born September 21, 1919, Buenos Aires) is an Argentine philosopher and physicist mainly active in [16] With his research in dire financial straits, Leloir often resorted to homemade gadgets and contraptions to continue his work in the laboratory. In one instance, Leloir reportedly used waterproof cardboard to create makeshift gutters in order to protect his laboratory's library from the rain. [17]

Leloir was known for his humbleness, focus and consistency, described by many as a "true monk in science". [18] Every morning his wife Amelia would drive him in their Fiat 600 and drop him off at 1719 Julián Alvarez Street, location of Fundación Instituto Campomar, with Leloir wearing the same worn out, gray overalls. "600" can also refer to the later Fiat Seicento The Fiat 600 (or "Seicento" is a City car produced by the Italian He worked sitting on the same straw seat for decades and encouraged colleagues to eat lunch in the laboratory to save time, bringing enough meat stew to share with everyone. [19] Indeed, despite Leloir's frugality and extreme dedication to his research, he was a sociable man, claiming not to like working alone. [20]

The Fundación Instituto Campomar has since been renamed Fundación Instituto Leloir, and has grown to become a 21,000 sq. foot building with 20 senior researchers, 42 technicians and administrative personnel, 8 post doctorate fellows, and 20 Ph. D. candidates. The Institute conducts research in a variety of fields, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. Alzheimer's disease ( AD) also called Alzheimer disease or simply Alzheimer's, is the most common form of Dementia. Parkinson's disease (also known as Parkinson disease or PD) is a degenerative disorder of the Central nervous system that often impairs the sufferer's Multiple sclerosis (abbreviated MS also known as disseminated sclerosis or encephalomyelitis disseminata) is an autoimmune condition in which the [21]

Awards and distinctions

Leloir(left) with Armando Parodi and his daughter Amelia in the laboratory.
Leloir(left) with Armando Parodi and his daughter Amelia in the laboratory.
Leloir with his wife Amelia and cardiac surgeon René Favaloro.
Leloir with his wife Amelia and cardiac surgeon René Favaloro.
Year Distinction
1943 Third National Science Award
1958 T. Ducett Jones Memorial Award
1965 Bunge and Born Foundation Award
1966 Gairdner Foundation Award
1967 Columbia University's Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
1968 Benito Juárez Award
1968 Honorary Doctorate from Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
1968 Argentina Chemistry Association's José Jolly Kyle Award
1969 Honorary member of the English Biochemical Society
1970 Nobel Prize for Chemistry
1971 Legion de Honor “Orden de Andrés Bello”
1976 Bernardo O'Higgins en el Grado de Gran Cruz
1982 French Legion of Honor

Published works

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Luis Federico Leloir, "Long Ago and Far Away"
  2. ^ welcomeargentina. com, "San Clemente del Tuyú: Historia de la ciudad y leyendas de la zona" web:http://www.welcomeargentina.com/sanclementedeltuyu/historia.html
  3. ^ "Cientificos Argentinos Distinguidos Con El Premio Nobel En Ciencia" web:http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi98/ConociendoNuestraCiencia/nobel%20leloir.html
  4. ^ Pedro Tesone (2006). Luis Federico Leloir. Sociedad Argentina de Diabetes. Retrieved on 2007-03-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China.
  5. ^ Valeria Roman, "A cien años del nacimiento de Luis Federico Leloir" web:http://www.clarin.com/diario/2006/08/27/sociedad/s-01259864.htm
  6. ^ Luis Leloir, "Two decades of research on the biosynthesis of saccharides" web:http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1970/leloir-lecture.html
  7. ^ Ariel Barrios Medina, "Luis Federico Leloir (1906-1987): un esbozo biográfico" web: http://www.houssay.org.ar/hh/bio/leloir.htm
  8. ^ Nicole Kresge, Robert D. Simoni, and Robert L. Hill, "Luis F. Leloir and Biosynthesis of Saccharides" web:http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/full/280/19/e16
  9. ^ Ariel Barrios Medina, "Luis Federico Leloir (1906-1987): un esbozo biográfico" web: http://www.houssay.org.ar/hh/bio/leloir.htm
  10. ^ "The Substance Causing Renal Hypertension"(E. Braun-Menedez, J. C. Fasciolo, L. F. Leloir, J. M. Muñoz)The Journal of Physiology(1940) no. 98 pg. 283-298
  11. ^ Holton JB, Walter JH, and Tyfield LA. “Galactosemia” in The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, 8th edition, 2001. Scriver, Beaudet, et al. , McGraw-Hill, vol I, chapter 72 , p. 1553-1587.
  12. ^ World of Scientific Discovery, Thomas Gale, Thomson Corporation, 2005-2006
  13. ^ Nobelprize. org: "Luis Leloir- Banquet Speech" web:http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1970/leloir-speech.html
  14. ^ Valeria Roman, "A cien años del nacimiento de Luis Federico Leloir" web:http://www.clarin.com/diario/2006/08/27/sociedad/s-01259864.htm
  15. ^ Comodoro Rivadavia. Luis Federico Leloir. Chubut Argentina. Retrieved on 2007-03-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China.
  16. ^ Mario Bunge, "Luis F. Leloir" web:http://www.clubdelprogreso.com/index.php?sec=04_05&sid=43&id=2513
  17. ^ World of Scientific Discovery, Thomas Gale, Thomson Corporation, 2005-2006
  18. ^ Valeria Roman, "A cien años del nacimiento de Luis Federico Leloir" web:http://www.clarin.com/diario/2006/08/27/sociedad/s-01259864.htm
  19. ^ Valeria Roman, "A cien años del nacimiento de Luis Federico Leloir" web:http://www.clarin.com/diario/2006/08/27/sociedad/s-01259864.htm
  20. ^ Ariel Barrios Medina, "Luis Federico Leloir (1906-1987): un esbozo biográfico" web: http://www.houssay.org.ar/hh/bio/leloir.htm
  21. ^ Instituto Leloir, web:http://www.leloir.org.ar/Paginas/Institute.htm

Bibliography

See also

External links

Awards
Preceded by
Derek Harold Richard Barton
and Odd Hassel		 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1970		 Succeeded by
Gerhard Herzberg


Persondata
NAME Leloir, Luis Federico
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION Argentine biochemist
DATE OF BIRTH 1906-9-6
PLACE OF BIRTH Paris, France
DATE OF DEATH 1987-12-2
PLACE OF DEATH Buenos Aires, Argentina


The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize for Biology or Biochemistry is an annual prize awarded by Columbia University to a researcher or group of researchers that have made an outstanding The University of Buenos Aires (in Spanish Universidad de Buenos Aires - ( UBA) is the largest University in Argentina, founded on August Bernardo Alberto Houssay ( April 10, 1887 &ndash September 21, 1971) was an Argentine Physiologist who in 1947 with Galactosemia is a rare genetic metabolic disorder which affects an individual's ability to properly metabolize the sugar Galactose. Sir Derek Harold Richard Barton FRS ( 8 September 1918 - 16 March 1998) was a British Organic chemist and Odd Hassel ( May 17 1897 &mdash May 11 1981 was a Norwegian physical chemist and Nobel Laureate The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Nobelpriset i kemi is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of Chemistry. Gerhard Herzberg, PC, CC, FRSC, FRS ( December 25, 1904 &ndash March 3, 1999) was a pioneering Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Buenos Aires is the Capital and largest city of Argentina. It is geographically located on the southern shore of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics.
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